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The economic effect of climate hazard events varies by time and by location. This paper investigates how climate shocks to local property markets transmit to capital markets and provides evidence of the extent to which forward‐looking climate risk is capitalized into the public valuations of those property markets. We first quantify the exposure of real estate portfolios to locations that recently experienced climate events (Event Exposure). Using an event study framework, we find that, in the post‐event period, a one‐standard‐deviation increase in ex‐ante Event Exposure is associated with a 0.2–1.4 percentage points decrease in quarterly stock returns. Cross‐sectional analyses reveal that differences in return effects can be explained by variation in the extent to which the area focuses on climate change. Similarly, we find that forward‐looking climate risk assessment negatively affects firm valuations only in markets with a focus on climate change. Consistent with these findings, we provide evidence that climate events (shocks) induce retail investors (noise traders) to decrease their stock holdings and that blockholders tend to take the opposite side in these transactions. We also show that conditioning on consumer sentiment helps to explain cross‐sectional variation in the response of stock returns to climate events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has been used for regulatory purposes at the US EPA and in the research community for decades. In 2012, we released the WRF-CMAQ coupled model that enables aerosol information from CMAQ to affect meteorological processes through direct effects on shortwave radiation. Both CMAQ and WRF-CMAQ are considered limited area models. Recently, we have extended domain coverage to global scale linking the meteorological Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere (MPAS-A, hereafter referred simply to as MPAS) with CMAQ to form the MPASCMAQ global coupled model. To configure these three different models, i.e. CMAQ (offline), WRF-CMAQ, and MPASCMAQ, we have developed the Advanced Air Quality Modelling System (AAQMS) for constructing each of them effortlessly. We evaluate this newly-built MPAS-CMAQ coupled model using two global configurations: a 120 km uniform mesh and a 92–25 km variable mesh with the finer area over North America. Preliminary computational tests show good scalability and model evaluation, a three years simulation (2014–2016) for the uniform mesh case and a monthly simulation of January and July 2016 for the variable mesh case, on ozone and PM2.5, show reasonable performance with respect to observations. The 92–25 km configuration has a high bias in wintertime surface ozone across the United States and this bias is consistent with the 120 km result. Summertime surface ozone in the 92–25 km configuration is less biased than the 120 km case. The MPAS-CMAQ system reasonably reproduces the daily variability of daily average PM from the Air Quality System (AQS) network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) is an invasive species that requires significant disturbance to eradicate. Previous studies have identified associations between the Brazilian pepper tree and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). However, limited research has explored the connection between disturbance from removal and the effect on EMF. This study investigated the sensitivity of EMF and the broader fungal community to the full and selective removal of the Brazilian pepper tree. During the selective removal of Brazilian pepper tree, we examined the mycorrhizal community of the Arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis) to assess the influence of the restoration disturbance on native species. We used ITS2 sequencing to identify the EMF present during the restoration. Our expectation was that both removal efforts would reduce the presence of EMF. Contrary to our predictions, full removal increased EMF richness and relative abundance in the soil. As anticipated, selective removal reduced the richness and relative abundance of EMF associated with soil. Selective removal led to a decrease in the richness of EMF in arroyo willow roots with no effect on relative abundance. Moreover, fungal community composition in soil and roots shifted significantly during selective and full removal. However, the community composition of EMF, specifically, remained constant across treatment types. During full removal efforts, the application of organic soil amendments may have contributed to the increase in the diversity and relative abundance of EMF. Selective removal will require additional measures, such as soil amendments, to curtail the loss of EMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Over 99% of 7- and 8-year-old children reached adult street-crossing competency after training in a virtual reality pedestrian environment. • On average, children required ten 30-minute training sessions to master competency, and the extent of training required varied widely across children. • In univariate analyses, male gender, higher scores on visual memory, visual perception, processing speed, and working memory tasks, and fewer externalizing symptoms were all positively associated with faster mastery of pedestrian skills. • In a multivariable model, only child age significantly predicted speed of mastery, with older children learning quicker. • Implementation of child pedestrian safety training in virtual reality is recommended, but must be conducted cautiously to ensure children are adequately trained. Introduction : Pedestrian injuries represent a leading cause of child death globally. One prevention strategy is teaching children street-crossing skills. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a strategy to offer repeated street-crossing practice and overcome ethical barriers of training children in live traffic. This study addressed two questions pertinent to implementation of child pedestrian safety training within VR: (a) how much training do children require to achieve adult street-crossing competency, and (b) what individual differences might facilitate children to acquire that competency more efficiently? Methods: Five hundred 7- and 8-year-olds were recruited. Children completed pedestrian safety training within VR for up to 25 thirty-minute training sessions until they achieved adult levels of mastery. At baseline, four cognitive-perceptual skills (visual memory, visual perception, processing speed, working memory) and parent-reported externalizing symptomatology were assessed. Results: On average, children achieved adult pedestrian safety competency after 10.0 training sessions (SD = 4.8). Just one child (<1%) failed to achieve adult pedestrian functioning after 25 training sessions. In univariate analyses, boys took slightly longer than girls to achieve adult functioning, and visual memory, visual perception, processing speed, working memory, and fewer externalizing symptoms were all positively associated with shorter time to mastery. In a multivariable model, only child age was a statistically significant predictor. Conclusion: Almost all participants achieved adult street-crossing skills competency through VR training, although they required about 10 sessions on average. Analysis of predictor variables confirmed that nearly all 7- and 8-year-olds are trainable. Practical Application: Implementation of VR pedestrian safety training is recommended, but must be conducted cautiously to ensure children are not permitted to engage independently in traffic until they are assessed and demonstrate sufficient skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio‐scientific issues (SSI) instruction positions the understanding and practice of science in the context of issues that are informed by science but require reasoning about their societal dimensions to respond to those issues effectively. For this reason, instruction in the context of SSI has been considered the gateway to contemporary visions of scientific literacy. SSI instruction is often framed in line with the Socio‐Scientific Issues Teaching and Learning (SSI‐TL) framework, which is prominent in the literature and well‐used by researchers to frame professional development but potentially less familiar to classroom teachers. Given that teachers are likely familiar with the 5E learning cycle, they might experience an easier transition to developing and facilitating SSI instruction using the SSI‐TL model if framed through a lens of 5E. In this article, we unpack the SSI‐TL model of instruction through a 5E lens, then provide an exemplary prototype of the new SSI‐TL infused 5E instruction in the context of a globally relevant SSI to highlight the overlap between engagement in essential science practices and socio‐scientific reasoning. We hope that teachers become more comfortable developing science literacy by addressing both science and societal dimensions of contemporary SSI by considering the SSI‐TL Framework through a 5E lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of Fournier's gangrene (FG), a life-threatening infection of the external genitalia and perineum. The patient, a 52-year-old man, developed FG following routine surgery. The article outlines the management steps taken, including early debridement, intensive care monitoring, and reconstructive surgery. The case highlights the importance of multidisciplinary input and the need for further research to optimize the management of FG. [Extracted from the article]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating sequela of aneurysm rupture. Because it disproportionately affects younger patients, the population impact of hemorrhagic stroke from subarachnoid hemorrhage is substantial. Secondary brain injury is a significant contributor to morbidity after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Initial hemorrhage causes intracranial pressure elevations, disrupted cerebral perfusion pressure, global ischemia, and systemic dysfunction. These initial events are followed by two characterized timespans of secondary brain injury: the early brain injury period and the delayed cerebral ischemia period. The identification of varying microglial phenotypes across phases of secondary brain injury paired with the functions of microglia during each phase provides a basis for microglia serving a critical role in both promoting and attenuating subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced morbidity. The duality of microglial effects on outcomes following SAH is highlighted by the pleiotropic features of these cells. Here, we provide an overview of the key role of microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury as both cytotoxic and restorative effectors. We first describe the ontogeny of microglial populations that respond to subarachnoid hemorrhage. We then correlate the phenotypic development of secondary brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage to microglial functions, synthesizing experimental data in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion The impact of a transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in patients undergoing cesarean section requires further evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative pain scores and opioid use in cesarean surgery patients undergoing either a TAP block and scheduled multimodal pain management (SMPM) or SMPM alone.In this retrospective, dual cohort study, cesarean surgery patients underwent neuraxial anesthesia and a TAP block (SMPM/TAP) or SMPM; the TAP block incorporated ropivacaine (20–30 mL) administered bilaterally. The group analyses involved a comparison of postoperative pain scores using the visual analog scale and opioid consumption at 24 and 24–48 h.There were 94 (52.8%) patients in the SMPM/TAP group and 84 (47.2%) subjects in the SMPM alone group. At 24 h postoperatively, the SMPM/TAP group exhibited significantly lower pain scores (4.07 vs 4.54) than the SMPM group (P < 0.001) and reduced opioid consumption (2.29 vs 3.28 mg; P < 0.001). However, at 24–48 h, the SMPM group demonstrated lower pain scores (5.46 vs 5.98) compared to the SMPM/TAP group (P < 0.001) and reduced opioid consumption (8.75 vs 10.21 mg; P < 0.001); overall opioid consumption was higher (12.50 vs 12.02 mg) in the SMPM/TAP group (P < 0.001).The TAP block improved cesarean surgery patients' pain scores and reduced opioid consumption at 24 h postoperatively but the effect of the TAP block was ephemeral as the SMPM/TAP group exhibited inferior pain scores and greater opioid consumption compared to the SMPM group at 24–48 h postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explores the potential of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) as an environmentally friendly and nontoxic semiconductor photocatalytic material with a narrow band gap. The research focuses on investigating, photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) using CZTS-based nanocomposites prepared through hydrothermal approach. The experiments conducted in this study aim to determine the kinetics of photodegradation and adsorption of MB. Several models are applied to the experimental data to understand the underlying principles governing photocatalysis. The CZTS-gCN and CZTS-GO nanocomposites are thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction for phase purity and crystallite size, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and other characterization are also employed to observe the morphology, phase structure, optical band gap, recombination of charge carriers The study discusses a potential method for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the CZTS nanocomposite under light conditions. The photodegradation rate of MB dye is evaluated, showing a remarkable 64% degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusion To assess whether adults with diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents undergoing general endotracheal anaesthesia during nine common surgical procedures who are glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP1‐RA) users, compared with non‐users, are at increased risk of six peri‐ and post‐procedure complications.A retrospective observational cohort analysis of over 130 million deidentified US adults with diabetes (defined as being on oral hypoglycaemic agents) from a nationally representative electronic health dataset between 1 January 2015 and 1 April 2023 was analysed. Cohorts were matched by high‐dimensionality propensity scoring. We compared the odds of six peri‐ and postoperative complications in GLP1‐RA users and non‐users. A sensitivity analysis compared these odds in GLP1‐RA users to non‐users with diabetes and obesity. We measured the odds of (a) a composite outcome of postoperative decelerated gastric emptying, including antiemetic use, ileus within 7 days post‐procedure, gastroparesis diagnosis, gastric emptying study; (b) postoperative aspiration or pneumonitis; (c) severe respiratory failure; (d) postoperative hypoglycaemia; (e) inpatient mortality; and (f) 30‐day mortality.Among 13 361 adults with diabetes, 16.5% were treated with a GLP1‐RA. In the high‐dimensionality propensity score‐matched cohort, GLP1‐RA users had a lower risk of peri‐ and postoperative complications for decelerated gastric emptying and antiemetic use compared with non‐users. The risk of ileus within 7 days, aspiration/pneumonitis, hypoglycaemia and 30‐day mortality were not different. A sensitivity analysis showed similar findings in patients with diabetes and obesity.No increased risk of peri‐ and postoperative complications in GLP1‐RA users undergoing surgery with general endotracheal anaesthesia was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of a lab-on-a-molecule, which was proposed just short of two decades ago, has captured the imagination of scientists. From originally being proposed as an AND logic gate driven by three chemical inputs as a direct way of detecting congregations of chemical species, the definition of what constitutes a lab-on-a-molecule has broadened over the years. In this review, molecules that can detect multiple analytes by fluorescence, among other techniques, are reviewed and discussed, in the context of molecular logic and multi-analyte sensing. The review highlights challenges and suggestions for moving the frontiers of research in this field to the next dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beamline optics and endstations at branch B of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source are described. B07-B provides medium-flux X-rays in the range 45-2200 eV from a bending magnet source, giving access to local electronic structure for atoms of all elements from Li to Y. It has an endstation for high-throughput X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) measurements under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. B07-B has a second endstation dedicated to NEXAFS at pressures from UHV to ambient pressure (1 atm). The combination of these endstations permits studies of a wide range of interfaces and materials. The beamline and endstation designs are discussed in detail, as well as their performance and the commissioning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies of recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) have assessed adolescents both before and after RCL or considered moderators of RCL effects. The present study tested whether RCL was more strongly associated with cannabis use for girls and among youth whose parents had a history of cannabis use during adolescence. Data were pooled from 940 adolescents from three intergenerational studies that began in Washington (where RCL was enacted in 2012), Oregon (RCL year = 2015), and New York (RCL year = 2021). Youth were assessed repeatedly from ages 13 to 18 years (k = 3,650 person–years) from 1999 to 2020 (prior to RCL in New York). Parent cannabis use at or before age 18 years (yes/no) was assessed prospectively during the parent's adolescence. Multilevel models focused on the between-subjects effects of years of youth exposure to RCL on adolescents' mean cannabis use likelihood, and interactions with child sex and parent use history. Child exposure to RCL was associated with a higher likelihood of cannabis use if their parents had a history of adolescent use, (Estimate [SE] = 0.67 [0.25], p = 0.008), versus no such history (Estimate [SE] = −0.05 [0.28], p = 0.855). RCL effects were not moderated by child sex. The effects of RCL on adolescents' cannabis use may depend on their parents' history of using the drug. Identifying other moderators of RCL effects, and understanding the mechanisms of these risks and the ways that parents and communities can offset them, are prevention priorities. (1) Adolescents' use of cannabis may have intergenerational consequences, making it more likely their future offspring will use cannabis. (2) Whether or not recreational cannabis legalization influences adolescents' cannabis use may depend on their parents' cannabis use history. (3) Parenting in a state with liberalized cannabis policies may present new challenges and require that novel prevention resources be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome P450 CYP121A1 is a well-known drug target against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the human pathogen that causes the deadly disease tuberculosis (TB). CYP121A1 is a unique P450 enzyme because it uses classical and non-classical P450 catalytic processes and has distinct structural features among P450s. However, a detailed investigation of CYP121A1 protein structures in terms of active site cavity dynamics and key amino acids interacting with bound ligands has yet to be undertaken. To address this research knowledge gap, 53 CYP121A1 crystal structures were investigated in this study. Critical amino acids required for CYP121A1's overall activity were identified and highlighted this enzyme's rigid architecture and substrate selectivity. The CYP121A1-fluconazole crystal structure revealed a novel azole drug–P450 binding mode in which azole heme coordination was facilitated by a water molecule. Fragment-based inhibitor approaches revealed that CYP121A1 can be inhibited by molecules that block the substrate channel or by directly interacting with the P450 heme. This study serves as a reference for the precise understanding of CYP121A1 interactions with different ligands and the structure–function analysis of P450 enzymes in general. Our findings provide critical information for the synthesis of more specific CYP121A1 inhibitors and their development as novel anti-TB drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since labour geography first started demonstrating workers' ability to shape geographies, geographers have problematised the agency of labour. This article responds to a recent intervention by Strauss (2020a; Progress in Human Geography 44 [1]:150-159), challenging the sub-discipline to reflect on who counts as a worker and what counts as work. By combining theories of roles and intersectionality, the article poses a related question: as whom do workers act? Theoretically, a critical realist approach to labour agency forms the basis for an intersectional reading of the active subject. To illustrate our argument, we juxtapose the accounts of three people who speak for groups of workers or are asked to justify the actions of collective actors like unions or social movements. By showing how these actors improvise their own role incumbency while actively negotiating social identities, the article problematises the epistemology of constrained labour agency while responding to Strauss' call for a rethinking of the ontologies of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Music in Twentieth-Century Oxford: New Directions" by Robin Darwall-Smith and Susan Wollenberg. The book explores the history of music in Oxford during the 20th century, focusing on the role of enthusiastic amateur music-making and the social significance of music in the collegiate spirit of Oxford's women's colleges. It also highlights the professionalization of university music in Oxford, the transformation of college choirs into world-class ensembles, and the academic development of music in the University. However, the article criticizes the book for its exclusion of non-classical music activities and its lack of interpretation and analysis. [Extracted from the article]

UV light at 222 nm inactivates SARS-CoV-2 virions at intensities appearing to be benign to skin and eyes. It can disinfect air without requiring protection of persons from UV as is needed at longer UV wavelengths. The lower risk of damage from 222-nm UV results from enhanced absorption of this UV in the outermost parts of eyes and skin. Microbes can be partially shielded from 250- to 285-nm UV when in host particles. Does the higher absorption at 222-nm increase the shielding of microbes within particles, and if so, to what extent? We use literature values to approximate the compositions and optical properties of SARS-CoV-2 virions and four types of fluids from the respiratory tract and mouth. We model virions within spherical host particles (homogeneous except for the virions), calculate the UV absorbed by the virions, and use these values to calculate survival fractions of virions in particles (Sp). We find that shielding is relatively small for particles generated in quiet breathing (typically 1.5-µm or smaller). For larger particles, shielding increases as the host-particle diameter increases. Shielding is greater at 222- than at 254-nm for all pairs of UV-fluence and particle-diameters calculated. The higher eye-safety thresholds at 222-nm allow use of larger fluences and shorter inactivation times. Because shielding increases as host-particle size increases, and because significant fractions of airborne disease-transmitting particles have diameter >1.5-µm, it appears that the sizes and optical properties of host particles must be considered in designing and verifying UV inactivation systems for such particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. Review Question: Does pharmacological therapy decrease either the incidence or severity of disease or infection caused by EHV‐1 in domesticated horses? Methods: A systematic review was preformed searching AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, and WHO Global Health Index Medicus Regional Databases to identify articles published before February 15, 2021. Selection criteria were original research reports published in peer reviewed journals, and studies investigating in vivo use of therapeutic agents for prevention or treatment of EHV‐1 in horses. Outcomes assessed included measures related to clinical outcomes that reflect symptomatic EHV‐1 infection or virus infection. We evaluated risk of bias and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. Results: A total of 7009 unique studies were identified, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated valacyclovir or small interfering RNAs, and single studies evaluated the use of a Parapoxvirus ovis‐based immunomodulator, human alpha interferon, an herbal supplement, a cytosine analog, and heparin. The level of evidence ranged between randomized controlled studies and observational trials. The risk of bias was moderate to high and sample sizes were small. Most studies reported either no benefit or minimal efficacy of the intervention tested. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our review indicates minimal or limited benefit either as a prophylactic or post‐exposure treatment for any of the studied interventions in the mitigation of EHV‐1‐associated disease outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection is associated with upper respiratory disease, EHM, abortions, and neonatal death. Research Questions: Are nasal secretions a more sensitive biological sample compared to blood for the detection of EHV‐1 infection? How long is EHV‐1 detectable after primary infection by PCR? Methods: MedLine and Web of Science searches identified original peer‐reviewed reports evaluating nasal shedding and viremia using virus isolation methods or PCR published in English before October 9, 2023. Results: Sixty experimental and 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria. EHV‐1 detection frequency by qPCR in nasal secretions and blood from naturally‐infected horses with fever and respiratory signs were 15% and 9%, respectively; qPCR detection rates in nasal secretions and blood from horses with suspected EHM were 94% and 70%, respectively. In experimental studies the sensitivity of qPCR matched or exceeded that seen for virus isolation from either nasal secretions or blood. Detection of nasal shedding typically occurred within 2 days after EHV‐1 inoculation with a detection period of 3 to 7 days. Viremia lasted 2 to 7 days and was usually detected ≥1 days after positive identification of EHV‐1 in nasal secretions. Nasal shedding and viremia decreased over time and remained detectable in some horses for several weeks after inoculation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Under experimental conditions, blood and nasal secretions have similar sensitivity for the detection of EHV‐1 when horses are sampled on multiple consecutive days. In contrast, in observational studies detection of EHV‐1 in nasal secretions was consistently more successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. Objective: To determine if there is an association between the level and duration of EHV‐1 viremia and either abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in domesticated horses? Methods: A systematic review was performed searching numerous databases to identify peer reviewed reports that evaluated viremia and EHM, or viremia and abortion published before January 19, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were assessed for risk of bias or publication quality. Results: A total of 189 unique studies were identified, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty studies evaluated viremia and neurologic outcomes including 4 observational studies. Eight experimental studies examined viremia and abortion, which used the Ab4 and OH03 virus strains or recombinant Ab4 derivatives. Incidence rates for both EHM and abortion in experimental studies varied among the studies as did the level of evidence. Viremia was generally detectable before the onset of either EHM or abortion. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, sample sizes were small, and multiple studies reported negative outcome data. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The results of this study support that viremia is regularly present before EHM or abortion occurs. However, no inferences could be made about the relationship between the occurrence of either neurological signs or abortion and the magnitude or duration of viremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in horses is associated with respiratory and neurologic disease, abortion, and neonatal death. Hypothesis: Vaccines decrease the occurrence of clinical disease in EHV‐1‐infected horses. Methods: A systematic review was performed searching multiple databases to identify relevant studies. Selection criteria were original peer‐reviewed research reports that investigated the in vivo use of vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by EHV‐1 in domesticated horses. Main outcomes of interest included pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, and nasal shedding. We evaluated risk of bias, conducted exploratory meta‐analyses of incidence data for the main outcomes, and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for each vaccine subtype. Results: A total of 1018 unique studies were identified, of which 35 met the inclusion criteria. Experimental studies accounted for 31/35 studies, with the remainder being observational studies. Eight vaccine subclasses were identified including commercial (modified‐live, inactivated, mixed) and experimental (modified‐live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant). Risk of bias was generally moderate, often because of underreporting of research methods, and sample sizes were small leading to imprecision in the estimate of the effect size. Several studies reported either no benefit or minimal vaccine efficacy for the primary outcomes of interest. Meta‐analyses revealed significant heterogeneity was present, and our confidence in the quality of evidence for most outcomes was low to moderate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our review indicates that commercial and experimental vaccines minimally reduce the incidence of clinical disease associated with EHV‐1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at investigating how loanwords from Japanese and Korean are used in informal written Cantonese media discourse, including print and social media. Data from these media were collected from designated websites for 15 min every other day over a two-week period. The results show that loanwords from Korean, being written in a phonographic script hangul (한글), are rendered into written Cantonese typically through phonetic adaptation using Chinese morpho-syllables, while their Chinese-specific morphographic meanings are ignored. By contrast, lexical items from Japanese written in kanji tend to be borrowed directly through graphic borrowing, paying no regard to their Japanese pronunciation. Japanese being written with mixed scripts, kanji and two kana syllabaries, graphic borrowing from hiragana or katakana is rare, with the Japanese grammatical particle の being a notable exception. We conclude that lexical items written in a phonographic script tend to be rendered into written Cantonese phonetically, while those written in character-based hànzì are borrowed directly through graphic borrowing but assigned Cantonese pronunciation. In informal interaction between Cantonese-dominant Hongkongers, colloquial written Cantonese relies on the affordance of script mixing for its vitality, in print as much as in internet-mediated social media discourse. 摘要: 前人研究香港境內之語言接觸，多數側重於英語對廣府話和港式中文書面語之影響，相反方向者亦有涉獵；而探索廣府話與日、韓等其他外語之接觸者，鮮矣。本研究旨在透過考察口語體粵文於坊間媒體話語中，使用日語及韓語借詞之慨況，以填補這片空白。搜集資料為期兩週，期間我們隔日花一刻鐘，於某些特定的社交媒體尋找語料。本文先簡單回顧英語借詞輸入港式中文背後之語言學理論，以及香港媒體話語中混雜日韓字詞之來由，然後講述分析及結果。本研究結果顯示，因為現代韓語一般以諺文書寫，這種表音文字與漢字之結構有相當差距，借入廣府話時皆透過音譯方式，所用漢字但求合音，字意不拘；而日語借詞則多以形借方式直接取用原有之日語漢字表達，儘管粵日發音差異不少。現代書寫日語之文字系統由漢字及兩套假名表所組成，直接形借平假名及片假名之例子不多，而虛詞「の」是一個罕見特例。本研究得出以下結論：原有以表音文字所書之詞語，多數以音譯方式進入廣府話，而原有以漢字所書者，借入後則直接以該等漢字呈現，並以廣府音讀出。然而，部分詞匯並非直接借入，有些日韓借詞首先以音借或形借形式向國語或臺灣 閩語、客語輸入，然後再以形借方式輾轉再輸出到港式中文中。香港人於非正規場合之主流交際語為廣府話，口語體粵文於紙媒及網絡上之社交媒體話語每每見之，而賴以維持其活力者，乃係夾雜多種文字之示能性。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective future thinking is a budding research field concerned with the act of imagining possible events in the future of a collective--typically one's nation. Prior research has shown that people imagine more positive than negative events in the personal future but more negative than positive events in the collective future. This interaction has been interpreted as a valence-based dissociation between collective and personal cognition. We examine if degrees of self-relatedness may account for these effects. In Study 1, participants (N= 299) imagined events in the future of their country and family, rated how central they viewed these collectives to their self and identity and rated the collectives' futures for positive and negative valence. Positive and negative valence of the imagined collective futures was strongly associated with how central the collectives were viewed to the self. In Study 2, participants (N = 306) rated self-centrality, personal agency, and moral decline perceived for their country. All three measures explained independent variance in how positive the futurewas for their country. In Study 3, participants (N =310) self-nominated collectives that they viewed as highly versus minimally central to their self and identity. The futures of highly central collectives were rated more positive than negative, whereas such positive bias was absent for the futures of minimally self-central collectives. Overall, the findings indicate that a continuum of different degrees of self-relatedness may explain the Valence× Domain interaction in previous work, and suggest a need to integrate research on collective future thinking with self-serving biases in social cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child impeding packs are difficult for children to open so protect them from unintended access to hazardous contents inside the pack. However, if packs are difficult for adults to open, in normal usage scenarios, this may result in a higher occurrence of packs being left open. This research explores differences in ease of usage and closure compliance between two types of child impeding packs of liquid laundry detergent capsules. The two packs, "Pinch & Lift" and "Press & Lift", had different opening and closing mechanisms. "Press & Lift" also included an audible "click" signal to confirm complete closure to the user. The research was performed across two studies. In both studies, the packs were used in participants' homes according to their usual storage and usage practices as replacements to their current liquid laundry detergent capsule pack. All participants had small children living with them in their household. In Study 1, self-reported closure and ease of use data was collected from 99 adult participants in Germany. They used each package in their home for 10 days. Study 2 extended Study 1 by measuring closure rates with an objective assessment using in pack sensors for a 10-day period for each pack. Self-reported closure and ease of use data were also collected. Study 2 was conducted with 87 participants in the United Kingdom. Results across both studies showed "Press & Lift" with the audible "Click" close signal to be rated by participants to be significantly easier to open and close and have a higher self-reported closure rate than "Pinch & Lift". In addition, Study 2 results demonstrated higher closure rates using "Press & Lift" based on the sensor-measured closure compliance. Together, the results suggest transition to a pack with a mechanism that is child impeding and easier for an adult to use with an audible closure signal, like the "Press & Lift" system, has potential to reduce child access to a capsule from a pack by reducing the likelihood of the pack being left open by the adult user. Ultimately, such packs could protect children from potential poisoning injury across a range of consumer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiopulmonary and renal end organ (CPR) complications are associated with early mortality among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, there is limited knowledge regarding acute care utilization for individuals with SCD and CPR complications. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of CPR complications in a state specific SCD population and compare acute care utilization among individuals with and without CPR complications. We leveraged 2017–2020 data for individuals with SCD identified by the Sickle Cell Data Collection program in Wisconsin. The prevalence of CPR complications is determined for distinct age groups. Generalized linear models adjusted for age compared the rate of acute care visits/person/year among individuals who had cardiopulmonary only, renal only, both cardiopulmonary and renal, or no CPR complications. There were 1378 individuals with SCD, 52% females, mean (SD) age 28.3 (18.5) years; 48% had at least one CPR complication during the study period. The prevalence of CPR complications was higher in adults (69%) compared to pediatric (15%) and transition (51%) groups. Individuals with SCD and cardiopulmonary complications had higher acute visit rates than those without CPR complications (5.4 (IQR 5.0–5.8) vs 2.4 (IQR 2.1–2.5), p <0.001)). Acute care visit rates were similar between individuals with SCD who had renal only complications and no CPR complications (2.7 (IQR 2.5–3.0) vs 2.4 (2.1–2.5), p = 0.24). The high acute care visit rates, especially for those with cardiopulmonary complications, warrant further investigation to understand risk factors for CPR complications, the underlying reasons and identify effective disease management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion To examine the role of bowel diversion and reconstructive surgeries in managing Fournier's gangrene (FG) to facilitate multidisciplinary collaboration between urologists, colorectal and plastic surgery teams.A review of the literature was conducted using the databases Medline, Embase, PubMed in June 2023. The review included studies that evaluated the outcomes of FG following reconstructive surgeries or diverting colostomies.The existing evidence suggests that bowel diversion and colostomy formation could reduce the need for further debridement, shorten the time to wound healing, and facilitate skin graft or flap uptake in patients with FG. Additionally, the psychological impact of a stoma was shown not to be a major concern for patients. However, stoma carries a risk of perioperative complications and therefore may prolong the length of hospital stay. In reviewing the evidence for reconstruction in FG, large and deep defects seem to benefit from skin grafts or flaps. Noticeably, burial of testicles in thigh pockets has grown out of favour due to concerns regarding the thermoregulation of the testicles and the psychological impact on patients.The use of bowel diversion and reconstructive surgeries in managing FG is case dependent. Therefore, it is important to have close discussions with colorectal and plastic surgery teams when managing FG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transcarotid (TC) vascular access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as the first-choice alternative to the transfemoral access, in patients unsuitable for the latter. The use of both the left and right common carotid arteries (CCAs) for TC-TAVI has been described, but the optimal side is subject to debate. We conducted this pilot study to compare the level of vessel tortuosity and plaque burden from either the left CCA to the aortic annulus, or the right CCA to the aortic annulus, considering them as surrogates for technical and procedural complexity. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent TC-TAVI between 2018 and 2021 in our institution were included. Using three-dimensional reconstruction, pre-TAVI neck and chest computed tomography angiography exams were reviewed to assess the tortuosity index (TI), sum of angles metric, as well as plaque burden, between each CCA and the aortic annulus. Results: We included 46 patients who underwent TC-TAVI. No significant difference regarding the mean TIs between the left and right sides (respectively 1.20 and 1.19, p = 0.82), the mean sum of angles (left side: 396°, right side: 384°, p = 0.27), and arterial plaque burden (arterial plaque found in 30% of left CCAs and 45% of right CCAs, p = 0.19) was found. Conclusions: We found no convincing data favoring the use of one particular access side over the other one. The choice of the CCA side in TC-TAVI should to be made on a case-by-case basis, in a multidisciplinary fashion, and may also depend on the operators' experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine how involvement in the Whole Health System of care, clinically and personally (through employee-focused activities), would affect employee satisfaction, engagement, burnout, and turnover intent in the Veterans Health Administration. Methods: Multivariate logistic regression analysis of cross-sectional survey from Veterans Health Administration employees was used to determine the influence of Whole Health System involvement and EmployeeWhole Health participation on job attitudes. Results: Whole Health System involvement was associated higher job satisfaction, higher levels of engagement, lower burnout, and lower turnover intent.A similar pattern of results was identified when looking specifically at Employee Whole Health participation and associated job attitudes. Conclusions: Employees who are either directly involved in delivering Whole Health services to veterans or who have participated in Whole Health programming for their own benefit may experience a meaningful positive impact on their well-being and how they experience the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propranolol is a heavily prescribed, nonspecific beta‐adrenoceptor (bAR) antagonist frequently found in wastewater effluents, prompting concern over its potential to adversely affect exposed organisms. In the present study, the transcriptional responses of 4, 5, and 6 days postfertilization (dpf) ±1 h fathead minnow, exposed for 6, 24, or 48 h to 0.66 or 3.3 mg/L (nominal) propranolol were characterized using RNA sequencing. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was used as an estimate of sensitivity. A trend toward increased sensitivity with age was observed; fish >7 dpf at the end of exposure were particularly sensitive to propranolol. The DEGs largely overlapped among treatment groups, suggesting a highly consistent response that was independent of age. Cluster analysis was performed using normalized count data for unexposed and propranolol‐exposed fish. Control fish clustered tightly by age, with fish ≥7 dpf clustering away from younger fish, reflecting developmental differences. When clustering was conducted using exposed fish, in cases where propranolol induced a minimal or no transcriptional response, the results mirrored those of the control fish and did not appreciably cluster by treatment. In treatment groups that displayed a more robust transcriptional response, the effects of propranolol were evident; however, fish <7 dpf clustered away from older fish, despite having similar numbers of DEGs. Increased sensitivity at 7 dpf coincided with developmental milestones with the potential to alter propranolol pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, such as the onset of exogenous feeding and gill functionality as well as increased systemic expression of bAR. These results may have broader implications because toxicity testing often utilizes fish <4 dpf, prior to the onset of these potentially important developmental milestones, which may result in an underestimation of risk for some chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:807–820. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an analytical technique that enables the simultaneous detection of hundreds to thousands of chemical species while retaining their spatial information; usually, MSI is applied to biological tissues. Combining these elements can create ion images, which allows for the identification and localization of multiple chemical species within the sample. Being able to produce molecular images of biological tissues has already impacted the study of health and disease; however, the next logical step is being able to combine MSI with quantitative mass spectrometry methods to both quantify and determine the localization of disease progression or drug action. In this tutorial, we will detail the main factors to consider when designing a qMSI experiment and highlight the methods that have been developed to overcome these added complexities, specifically for those newer to the field of MSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented shock to capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors. This scoping review of 670 articles explored the spatial, temporal, and thematic coverage of this event. The search period was January 1, 2020 to February 7, 2022. Articles were mainly peer-reviewed journals (88%) with the remainder from the gray literature (12%). Studies were performed at the global (21%), multi-country (11%), national (45%), and sub-national (23%) levels. Most studies involved primary or secondary data collection (71%) and the remainder were either review articles (17%) or commentaries (12%). Among the studies using primary and secondary data, nearly half (49%) were performed in the first five months of the pandemic (March to July 2020), and 84% within the first year of the pandemic (March 2020–February 2021). There were many studies in South and Southeast Asia, Southern Europe, China, and the United States, and fewer studies in other regions. The pandemic created challenges and opportunities, with heterogeneity in impacts among industrial and small-scale sectors, production methods, geographies, value chains, and by gender. Cumulative impacts from climate change and conflicts contributed to pandemic-related hardships. Increased unemployment and inflation led to rising food insecurity for small-scale producers, fishworkers, and low-income households. Aquatic food intake was more severely affected than other food groups during lockdowns, and it decreased more in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Responses were diverse, reflecting the capacity and resources of a country, but in general there was unprecedented public support to sustain the private sector (i.e., income support, tax relief, subsidies). As this study focused mainly on the first year of the pandemic, future work is needed to identify which groups exited the pandemic stronger or weaker, what factors enabled some populations to bounce-back, how the crisis affected value chains, and the effectiveness of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Half of all patients with an end colostomy after sigmoid colectomy (Hartmann's procedure) never undergo Hartmann's reversal, frequently secondary to frailty. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the utility of a five-item modified frailty index (mFI-5) in predicting post-operative outcomes after Hartmann's reversal. Methods: The National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database captured patients with elective Hartmann's reversals from 2011 to 2020. Clinical covariates were evaluated with univariate analysis and modified Poisson regression to determine association with overall morbidity, overall mortality, and extended length of stay (eLOS) when categorized by mFI-5 score. Results: 15,172 patients underwent elective Hartmann's reversal (91.6% open and 8.4% laparoscopic). Patients were grouped by mFI-5 score (0: 48.7%, 1: 38.2%, ≥ 2: 13.1%). Adjusted multivariable analysis showed frail patients (mFI-5≥2) had increased overall mortality (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.21-4.11), morbidity (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.12-1.35), and eLOS (OR 1.12, 95% 1.02-1.23). Among frail patients, a laparoscopic approach was associated with decreased overall morbidity (OR.64, 95% CI 0.56-.73) and decreased eLOS (OR.46, 95% CI 0.39-.54) when compared to open approach. Discussion: An mFI-5 of ≥2 was associated with greater morbidity, mortality, and eLOS following Hartmann's reversal. However, there were no mortality or eLOS differences in patients with an mFI-5 of 1 and only a 14% increase in any morbidity, making these patients potentially good candidates for Hartmann's reversal. Furthermore, laparoscopic surgery was associated with a protective effect for overall morbidity and eLOS, potentially mitigating some of the risk associated with higher frailty scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experts estimate virtual urgent care programs could replace approximately 20% of current emergency department visits. In the absence of widespread quality guidance to programs or quality reporting from these programs, little is known about the state of virtual urgent care quality monitoring initiatives. Objective: We sought to characterize ongoing quality monitoring initiatives among virtual urgent care programs. Approach: Semi-structured interviews of virtual health and health system leaders were conducted using a pilot-tested interview guide to assess quality metrics captured related to care effectiveness and equity as well as programs' motivations for and barriers to quality measurement. We classified quality metrics according to the National Quality Forum Telehealth Measurement Framework. We developed a codebook from interview transcripts for qualitative analysis to classify motivations for and barriers to quality measurement. Key Results: We contacted 13 individuals, and ultimately interviewed eight (response rate, 61.5%), representing eight unique virtual urgent care programs at primarily academic (6/8) and urban institutions (5/8). Most programs used quality metrics related to clinical and operational effectiveness (7/8). Only one program reported measuring a metric related to equity. Limited resources were most commonly cited by participants (6/8) as a barrier to quality monitoring. Conclusions: We identified variation in quality measurement use and content by virtual urgent care programs. With the rapid growth in this approach to care delivery, more work is needed to identify optimal quality metrics. A standardized approach to quality measurement will be key to identifying variation in care and help focus quality improvement by virtual urgent care programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive decline and spinal pain (back pain [BP] and neck pain [NP]) represent a major public health challenge, yet the potential relationship between them remains elusive. A retrospective analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Ageing Danish Twins was performed to determine any potential relationships between BP/NP and cognitive function adjusting for age, sex, educational and socioeconomic status. A total of 4731 adults (2788 females/1943 males) aged 78 ± 6 (SD) years were included in the analysis. We observed a 1‐month prevalence of 25% with BP, 21% with NP and 11% for combined BP/NP. While there were no differences in cognition scores for males and females reporting combined BP/NP, compared to those without combined BP/NP (34.38 points [95% confidence interval (CI) = 31.88, 36.88] vs. 35.72 points [95% CI = 35.19, 36.26]; P = 0.180; and 35.72 points [95% CI = 35.19, 36.26] vs. 35.85 points [95% CI = 35.39, 36.31]; P = 0.327; for male and females, respectively), an adjusted analysis revealed that males with combined BP/NP presented with lower cognitive scores compared to males without combined BP/NP (81.26 points [95% CI = 73.80, 88.72] vs. 79.48 points [95% CI = 70.31, 88.66]; P = 0.043). The findings of this hypothesis‐generating study may highlight a potential sex‐specific association between spinal pain and later‐life neurodegeneration. What is the central question of this study?Do adults reporting spinal pain (neck pain and/or low back pain) exhibit lower cognitive function compared to pain‐free controls, and to what extent does this relationship differ as a function of biological sex?What is the main finding and its importance?In elderly males reporting spinal pain, cognitive function was selectively lower compared to females following adjustment for age, sex, educational and socioeconomic status. These findings identify spinal pain as a potential modifiable risk factor for latent neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens to the gang ties of people when they leave prison and return to the community? There is much speculation but little empirical research concerning carceral gang spillover, which refers to the reproduction of prison gang associations, identities, politics, and structures in communities. This study examined continuity and change in gang embeddedness in a representative sample of 802 men in Texas interviewed in prison and reinterviewed twice upon release. Based on a series of multilevel models this study arrived at four main conclusions. First, prisons are a vector of gang activity. Embeddedness in gangs dropped markedly after release from prison and continued to recede with temporal distance from prison. Second, the residue of imprisonment was moderated by pre-release gang status. Negative linear trends were stronger for active gang members and weaker for former and never gang members. Third, a temporary surge in gang identification occurred for active and former gang members despite continued declines in gang associations, reflecting a behavioral-cognitive decoupling. Finally, the types of groups with which prisoners affiliated contoured trajectories of gang embeddedness. The declining significance of gangs with prisoner reentry opens productive lines of inquiry on carceral gang spillover and offers policy and practice guidance concerning reentering populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is contributing to rapid changes in lake ice cover across the Northern Hemisphere, thereby impacting local communities and ecosystems. Using lake ice cover time‐series spanning over 87 yr for 43 lakes across the Northern Hemisphere, we found that the interannual variability in ice duration, measured as standard deviation, significantly increased in only half of our studied lakes. We observed that the interannual variability in ice duration peaked when lakes were, on average, covered by ice for about 1 month, while both longer and shorter long‐term mean ice cover duration resulted in lower interannual variability in ice duration. These results demonstrate that the ice cover duration can become so short that the interannual variability rapidly declines. The interannual variability in ice duration showed a strong dependency on global temperature anomalies and teleconnections, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We conclude that many lakes across the Northern Hemisphere will experience a decline in interannual ice cover variability and shift to open water during the winter under a continued global warming trend which will affect lake biological, cultural, and economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A pervasive negative relationship between the species richness of an assemblage and the mean global range size of the species it contains has recently been identified. Here, we test for an effect of habitat patch size on the mean landscape‐scale incidence (estimating local range size) of constituent species independent of variation in richness. Location: Global. Time Period: Contemporary. Major Taxa Studied: Various. Methods: We devised a new standardized patch‐scale metric, Mean Species Landscape‐scale Incidences per Patch (MSLIP). Positive values indicate a patch contains more widespread (high‐incidence) species than expected relative to their frequency in the landscape; negative values indicate the presence of more narrow‐range (low‐incidence) species. For 202 metacommunity datasets (archipelagos, habitat islands and fragments) we regressed MSLIP on patch size, testing four hypotheses: (i) no effect (zero slope), (ii) more widespread species in smaller patches (negative slope), (iii) more narrow‐range species in smaller patches (positive slope), (iv) a composite effect (curvilinear/unimodal). Results: There was a generally negative curvilinear relationship between MSLIP and patch size, consistent with smaller and larger patches respectively containing more high‐ and low‐incidence species than expected. At intermediate patch sizes, mean species incidence approximates that of the overall landscape. Relative richness mediated this relationship; species‐rich sites of any size increasingly favoured low‐incidence species, species‐poor sites high‐incidence species. Results were consistent for taxonomic groups, and metacommunity types, except aquatic habitat islands. Main Conclusions: The dependence of mean species incidence on both patch size and relative richness has implications for biodiversity and community assembly theory, or when seeking to understand ecological processes sensitive to species composition (e.g., ecosystem functioning, trophic web structures). We propose the 'patch size where the MSLIP regression intersects zero' as a benchmark distinguishing smaller from larger patches, with the expectation small patches preferentially support more high‐incidence and large patches more low‐incidence species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify and better understand themes related to why people living with obesity (PwO) in Canada may not use professional support and to explore potential strategies to address the challenges. Methods: One‐on‐one interviews and online surveys, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, were conducted. A total of 20 PwO were interviewed and a separate group of 200 PwO were surveyed. Results from the interviews guided the development of the survey. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the association between the theme domain scores of the PwO and their prior experience with obesity management strategies. Results: The 200 PwO surveyed provided representation across Canada and were diverse in age, background and gender. The most prominent domains associated with use of professional support by PwO were: Intention (rs = −0.25; p < 0.01); Social/Professional Role and Identity (rs = −0.15; p < 0.05); and Optimism (rs = −0.15; p < 0.05). For example, PwO without professional support less often reported being transparent in obesity discussions, perceived obesity to be part of their identity, and expected to manage the illness long term. Many PwO hesitated to use various adjunctive therapies due to concerns about affordability, long‐term effectiveness, and side effects. Conclusion: This study identified contextual, perception and resource considerations that contribute to healthcare decision‐making and the use by PwO of professional support to manage obesity, and highlighted key areas to target with interventions to facilitate obesity management. Strategies such as consistent access to healthcare support and educational resources, as well as improved financial support may help PwO to feel more comfortable with exploring new strategies and take control of their healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine whether a continuous infusion of a glucagon‐like peptide receptor (GLP‐1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) co‐agonist, G3215 is safe and well tolerated in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial of G3215 in overweight or obese participants, with or without type 2 diabetes. Results: Twenty‐six participants were recruited and randomized with 23 completing a 14‐day subcutaneous infusion of G3215 or placebo. The most common adverse events were nausea or vomiting, which were mild in most cases and mitigated by real‐time adjustment of drug infusion. There were no cardiovascular concerns with G3215 infusion. The pharmacokinetic characteristics were in keeping with a continuous infusion over 14 days. A least‐squares mean body weight loss of 2.39 kg was achieved with a 14‐day infusion of G3215, compared with 0.84 kg with placebo infusion (p <.05). A reduction in food consumption was also observed in participants receiving G3215 and there was no deterioration in glycaemia. An improved lipid profile was seen in G3215‐treated participants and consistent with GCGR activation, a broad reduction in circulating amino acids was seen during the infusion period. Conclusion: An adaptive continuous infusion of the GLP‐1/GCGR co‐agonist, G3215, is safe and well tolerated offering a unique strategy to control drug exposure. By allowing rapid, response‐directed titration, this strategy may allow for mitigation of adverse effects and afford significant weight loss within shorter time horizons than is presently possible with weekly GLP‐1R and multi‐agonists. These results support ongoing development of G3215 for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Compost organic matter was characterized with a color sensor. • Compost organic matter content was differentiated by principal components analysis. • Accurate compost organic matter quantification is possible in seconds. Composted materials serve as an effective soil nutrient amendment. Organic matter in compost plays an important role in quantifying composted materials overall quality and nutrient content. Measuring organic matter content traditionally takes considerable time, resources, and various laboratory equipment (e.g., oven, muffle furnace, crucibles, precision balance). Much like the quantitative color indices (e.g., sRGB R, sRGB G, sRGB B, CIEL*a* b*) derived from the low-cost NixPro2 color sensor have proven adept at predicting soil organic matter in-situ , the NixPro2 color sensor has the potential to be effective for predicting organic matter in composted materials without the need for traditional laboratory methods. In this study, a total of 200 compost samples (13 different compost types) were measured for organic matter content via traditional loss-on-ignition (LOI) and via the NixPro2 color sensor. The NixPro2 color sensor showed promising results with an LOI-prediction model utilizing the CIEL*a* b* color model through the application of the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) algorithm yielding an excellent prediction accuracy (validation R2 = 0.87, validation RMSE = 4.66 %). Moreover, the PCA scoreplot differentiated the three lowest organic matter compost types from the remaining 10 compost types. These results have valuable practical significance for the compost industry by predicting compost organic matter in real time without the need for laborious, time-consuming methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professionals with lived experience (LE) of mental distress might better understand service users, educate colleagues, and serve as role models. This exploratory quantitative study asked U.S. social work education leaders if they perceive positives and negatives of professionals having LE; what advice they would offer students with LE; and analyzed whether certain experiences influenced responses. Having LE and/or close relationships with people with LE was associated with perceiving positives, which was associated with advising students about using LE to help others. Perceiving negatives was associated with advising about difficulties. Implications are offered for preparing professionals to use LE in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated immunosuppression may increase the risk of hospitalization with mpox. Among persons diagnosed with mpox in the state of Georgia, we characterized the association between hospitalization with mpox and HIV status. People with HIV and a CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 or who were not engaged in HIV care had an increased risk of hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people take advantage of new technologies to make their voices heard on important social issues. However, it is unclear whether they see expression as an end-point or starting-point for civic engagement, and how those perceptions relate to feelings of civic efficacy. This online study explored this question by asking young people aged between 18 and 25 (N = 873) to describe how they could address a civic issue they care about. The greatest efficacy was observed among participants who identified ways of using political expression to achieve civic goals extending beyond raising awareness to exerting influence through electoral or civic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold static storage preservation of donor hearts for periods longer than 4 hours increases the risk of primary graft dysfunction (PGD). The aim of the study was to determine if hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) could safely prolong the preservation time of donor hearts. We conducted a nonrandomized, single arm, multicenter investigation of the effect of HOPE using the XVIVO Heart Preservation System on donor hearts with a projected preservation time of 6 to 8 hours on 30-day recipient survival and allograft function post-transplant. Each center completed 1 or 2 short preservation time followed by long preservation time cases. PGD was classified as occurring in the first 24 hours after transplantation or secondary graft dysfunction (SGD) occurring at any time with a clearly defined cause. Trial survival was compared with a comparator group based on data from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Registry. We performed heart transplants using 7 short and 29 long preservation time donor hearts placed on the HOPE system. The mean preservation time for the long preservation time cases was 414 minutes, the longest being 8 hours and 47 minutes. There was 100% survival at 30 days. One long preservation time recipient developed PGD, and 1 developed SGD. One short preservation time patient developed SGD. Thirty day survival was superior to the ISHLT comparator group despite substantially longer preservation times in the trial patients. HOPE provides effective preservation out to preservation times of nearly 9 hours allowing retrieval from remote geographic locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction between 'Singapore English' and 'Singaporean English' is interesting. It appears that small places tend to use the bare name of the country, while larger countries use the derived adjective. So we find: Singapore English, Hong Kong English, Brunei English; but American English, German English, Malaysian English. On this basis, we might favour Chinese English over China English, because China is big. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of multiphase postmortem CT angiography (PMCTA) to detect plaque enhancement as a surrogate marker of inflammation, using fatal coronary plaques obtained from autopsies following sudden cardiac death. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included 35 cases (12 women, 34%; median [IQR] age, 52 [11] years), with autopsy-proven coronary thrombosis, histological examination, and multiphase PMCTA. Two radiologists blinded towards histological findings assessed PMCTA for plaque enhancement of the culprit lesion in consensus. Two forensic pathologists determined the culprit lesion and assessed histological samples in consensus. Cases with concomitant vasa vasorum density increase and intraplaque and periadventital inflammation were considered positive for plaque inflammation. Finally, we correlated radiology and pathology findings. Results: All 35 cases had histological evidence of atherosclerotic plaque disruption and thrombosis; 30 (85.7%) had plaque inflammation. Plaque enhancement at multiphase PMCTA was reported in 21 (60%) and resulted in a PPV of 95.2% (77.3–99.2%) and an NPV of 28.6% (17–43.9%). Median histological ratings indicated higher intraplaque inflammation (p =.024) and vasa vasorum density (p =.032) in plaques with enhancement. We found no evidence of a difference in adventitial inflammation between CT-negative and CT-positive plaques (p =.211). Conclusions: Plaque enhancement was found in 2/3 of fatal atherothrombotic occlusions at coronary postmortem CT angiography. Furthermore, plaque enhancement correlated with histopathological plaque inflammation and increased vasa vasorum density. Plaque enhancement on multiphase CT angiography could potentially serve as a noninvasive marker of inflammation in high-risk populations. Clinical relevance statement: Phenotyping coronary plaque more comprehensively is one of the principal challenges cardiac imaging is facing. Translating our ex vivo findings of CT-based plaque inflammation assessment into clinical studies might help pave the way in defining high-risk plaque better. Key Points: • Most thrombosed coronary plaques leading to fatality in our series had histological signs of inflammation. • Multiphase postmortem CT angiography can provide a noninvasive interrogation of plaque inflammation through contrast enhancement. • Atherosclerotic plaque enhancement at multiphase postmortem CT angiography correlated with histopathological signs of plaque inflammation and could potentially serve as an imaging biological marker of plaque vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A previous Danish study of monthly and tri-monthly rates of first-time psychiatric contact following first induced abortions reported higher rates compared to first live births but similar rates compared to nine months pre-abortion. Therefore, the researchers concluded abortion has no independent effect on mental health; any differences between psychiatric contacts after abortion and delivery are entirely attributable to pre-existing mental health differences. However, these conclusions are inconsistent with similar studies that used longer time frames. Reanalysis of the published Danish data over slightly longer time frames may reconcile this discordance. Method: Monthly and tri-monthly data was extracted for reanalysis of cumulative effects over nine- and twelvemonths post-abortion. Results: Across all psychiatric diagnoses, cumulative average monthly rate of first-time psychiatric contact increased from an odds ratio of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.22) at 9-months to 1.49 (95% CI: 1.37 to 1.63) at 12 months post-abortion as compared to the 9 months pre-abortion rate. At 12 months post-abortion, first-time psychiatric contact was higher across all four diagnostic groupings and highest for personality or behavioral disorders (OR=1.87; 95% CI:1.48 to 2.36) and neurotic, stress related, or somatoform disorders (OR=1.60; 95% CI: 1.41 to 1.81). Conclusions: Our reanalysis revealed that the Danish data is consistent with the larger body of both record-based and survey-based studies when viewed over periods of observation of at least nine months. Longer periods of observation are necessary to capture both anniversary reactions and the exhaustion of coping mechanisms which may delay observation of post-abortion effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolving role of higher education in the U.S., from its historical commitment to a public good mission to current challenges facing democracy. Topics include pivotal eras in college learning, the establishment of a coalition to promote civic education, and efforts to integrate civic learning and democracy engagement into all postsecondary institutions through a new framework and scaling initiatives.