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Cette contribution examine les aspects cliniques et theoriques de l’empathie en soulignant non seulement le role de l’identification, mais aussi la distinction entre self et non-self. Les auteurs s’attachent a montrer comment l’empathie passe par la communication de fantasmes inconscients que l’analyste et le patient partagent. Les signes de cette communication sont a la fois verbaux et non verbaux : ils emanent de mots, de gestes et de comportements. Le processus empathique, au centre de la relation psychotherapeutique entre le patient et l’analyste, constitue egalement un element fondamental de toute interaction humaine et trouve son expression sociale la plus elaboree dans l’experience esthetique que partagent l’artiste et son public, ainsi que dans la religion et d’autres phenomenes de groupe. D’un point de vue theorique, il est necessaire d’examiner non seulement la relation de l’empathie a l’identification, a la projection, au contre-transfert, mais aussi la distinction entre le self et les objets. L’empathie sert egalement d’affect-signal et mene a l’intuition. Ces phenomenes ne sont ni mystiques ni innes et requierent une validation clinique rigoureuse.

(1974). Fantasy and Identification in Empathy. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 26-50.

"Self" as an isolated term is an abstraction. The concept of self, on the other hand, is an important component of psychoanalytic psychology. Does the designation of "self" as a superordinate agency add to our understanding? This paper considers the relation of the concept of self to the structural theory. In both theory and clinical practice the concept of self is prominently associated with the concepts of identity and narcissism. The latter are discussed briefly. Illustrative cases are included.

(1950). The Effects of Extreme Deprivation in Infancy on Psychic Structure in Adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 212-235.

1. A series of 40 cases of mild psychotic illness and severe psychoneurosis is presented. These cases were treated by electric shock therapy given in the private offices of their physician or as out-patients at the Hillside Hospital. 2. This procedure was found to be entirely practicable and without untoward results, providing certain precautions were observed. 3. The results were similar to those in the hospital treatment of such cases. From a statistical point of view, our results should not be compared with hospital material, as this is an especially chosen group in whom the prognosis was definitely better than in the average run of cases. The benefits accruing to these patients, other than the immediate therapeutic results obtained, consisted of the avoidance of hospitalization, the continued contact with the normal environment, and the continuation of occupational activities in certain cases. 4. The importance of follow-up psychotherapy is emphasized and should form an integral part of the management...

(1965). Goethe. A Psychoanalytic Study 1775–1786. Two Volumes. By K. R. Eissler, M.D. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1963. 1538 pp. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 447-462.

(1956). Ego Deviation and the Concept of Schizophrenia. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 164-235.

(1952). International Journal of Psychoanalysis. XXXI, 1950. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 127-148.

Can the quest for certainty ever succeed? The focus in this paper is on psychoanalytic considerations about certainty and on the issue of certainty within psychoanalytic theory and practice. The relation of certainty to truth, knowledge, and belief is discussed. The universal quest for certainty and the efforts to achieve it are examined; the uncertainties of science, including psychoanalysis, are emphasized.

(1950). Mental Reactions in Patients with Neurological Disease. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 170-191.

I have been assigned the topic of Ego Disturbances Associated with Early Deprivation. I doubt that I have anything to say which is not known to you, and my contribution will be limited to some points of emphasis, specifically from the point of view of psychoanalytic theory. Another limitation of my presentation is that it does not fit in the framework set by your chairman that the discussion be confined to children under the age of six in foster care. My own experience is for the most part with children over the age of six and in institutional care at the Pleasantville Cottage School. The conclusions that I shall offer are based on retrospective studies which, I believe, have considerable validity in this field. Early deprivation usually refers to deprivation of maternal care, but this is not itself a simple factor. It may, as so many authors have shown, occur with or without physical separation and with or without adequate supply of such basic needs as food and hygienic care. Other variables, some obvious and others hidden, influence the development of the child, and many varied clinical syndromes have been described in children who share the common experience of early deprivation. These observations do not, however, negate the well-documented conclusion that disturbances of development follow upon early deprivation. The evidence for this conclusion comes from many sources which, I am sure, the other participants in this workshop will describe in detail.