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A 31-year-old African American woman with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (recent CD4 count of 66/mm) presented to the emergency room with a tension pneumothorax that required an emergent chest tube placement. Computed tomography scan showed fungus balls in multiple lung cavities and surrounding infiltrates. The patient showed remarkable improvement with voriconazole suggesting aspergillosis. However, the patient was serologically negative for Aspergillus and other common fungal infections. Because of a persistent air leak, surgical intervention was needed. The histological finding was consistent with invasive mycosis, and cultures were positive for Scedosporium apiospermum. Literature review showed that, among patients with HIV/AIDS, Scedosporium can present from focal localized to systemic disease, is resistant to traditional antifungal agents, and may respond to prompt management with voriconazole.

Focal involvement by endometrioid adenocarcinoma in an extrauterine adenomyoma in a patient with stage 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma presented a unique problem in staging and management of extrauterine endometrial cancer.A 49-year-old white woman, gravida 0, referred for endometrioid adenocarcinoma was found to have an extrauterine adenomyoma involved with endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the inguinal canal after surgical staging. The endometrioid adenocarcinoma involving the extrauterine adenomyoma was low-grade and noninvasive, representing an embryological anomaly transformed into endometrioid adenocarcinoma by unopposed estrogen. Stage 1A, grade 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma was diagnosed and observed.Stage 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma with concurrent, noninvasive, focal involvement in an extrauterine adenomyoma represents a secondary site and does not alter disease stage.

Zooplankton distribution, abundance and size structure were characterised on leg 2 of the PRIME cruise in the northeast Atlantic during July 1996. Latitudinal sampling was carried out from 60°N to 37°N along a meridian at approximately 20°W. Zooplankton were characterised using an Optical Plankton Counter (OPC), and from traditional depth-integrated net hauls for taxonomy and carbon. The former method allows zooplankton to be described in terms of biovolume and size. There was good agreement between the two methods for abundance and a good correlation between OPC biovolume and carbon analysis. These data also showed compatibility with concurrent acoustic measurements of zooplankton. Results for the cruise compared to recent studies in the region, show that, overall abundance was generally low, although most of the previous studies were closer to spring bloom conditions. The size structure over latitude shows that mean size fluctuated, but there was a general trend of decreasing mean size from the north of the transect to about 47°N. Further statistical treatment of the OPC data, using principal component analysis, showed that zooplankton size structure changed at five positions along the transect. Three of these coincided with changes in physical structure, one each side of the front at 48°N and the third on the outer edge of an eddy. The other two occurred in regions of high-surface chlorophyll concentration.

The Atlantic Meridional Transect programme uses the twice-annual passage of the RRS James Clark Ross between the UK and the Falkland Islands, before and after the Antarctic research programme in the Austral Summer (see Aiken, J., & Bale, A. J. (2000). An introduction to the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme. Progress in Oceanography, this issue). This paper examines the scientific rationale for a spatially-extensive time and space series programme and reviews the relevant physical and biological oceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. The main scientific observations from the research programme are reported. These are set in the context of historical and contemporary observations pertinent to the principal objectives of the cruise, notably the satellite remotely sensed observations of ocean properties. The extent to which the programme goals have been realised by the research to date is assessed and discussed. New bio-optical signatures, which can be related to productivity parameters, have been derived. These can be used to interpret remotely sensed observations of ocean colour in terms of productivity and production processes such as the air/sea exchange of biogenic gases, which relate to the issues of climate change and the sustainability of marine ecosystems.

The use of the optical plankton counter (OPC) for processing zooplankton net samples is explored. A comparison of OPC counts and microscope counts from net samples was reasonable. Similarly, OPC biovolume and carbon had a ratio of 23:1 (biovolume;carbon). Coincidence was modelled using the Poisson distribution, and tested with a large diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii. Agreement appeared to he good up to 60 s 1 ; above this, the maximum response rate of the system became limiting.

Euphausiids were identified, measured and then dried during a research cruise to sites in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and shelf waters of the Celtic Sea in late summer. The lengths of furcilia larvae and later stages were measured in three ways, and regressions relating each pair of measures were calculated for different developmental stages of each species. Four hundred and ninety-three dried specimens of nine species were weighed and length-weight regressions were calcu- lated. A subset of 187 specimens was selected for analysis of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content soon after return to the laboratory. The C and N contents of a further 122 specimens were determined after the specimens had been stored for 9 years. No consistent differences in percentage C and N content were found between the two groups, indicating no systematic change during prolonged storage in desiccators. Calyptopes of Nyctiphanes couchi contained a lower percentage of both C (mean 36.2%) and N (mean 8.6%) than later stages (means: 40.6% C, 11.0% N). Carbon content and C:N ratios of a group of specimens of Thysanoessa longicaudata, including some juveniles, adult males and adult females, were distinctly higher (>46% and >5.0, respectively) than those of the majority of specimens of the same species.

The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT), sampling between 50°N and 50°S, is a trans-oceanic research programme to characterize plankton community structure, productivity and bio-optical properties of the upper ocean in relation to ocean provinces and meso-scale features. As part of a suite of continuous measurements, an optical plankton counter (OPC) has been used on the AMT to characterize the surface distribution of zooplankton based on their abundance and community size structure. Results from the OPC were available in real time, and were subsequently validated against microscope counts of zooplankton sampled concurrently along the AMT. Zooplankton community size structure from two sections of the Transect are presented: from the northern edge of upwelling off West Africa to the UK shelf and between the Falkland Islands and Uruguay, where the Transect traversed a warm core ring. Results showing the zooplankton community size structure together with statistical analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA), are compared with the dynamic oceanographic characteristics along the Transect. The application of the OPC for such basin-scale studies provides a methodology for obtaining data on zooplankton abundance and community structure at the appropriate spatial scales for global-scale modelling of the marine ecosystem.

As the application of flow cytometry increases across the environmental sciences, there is a need to expand instrument flexibility. In particular, some of the major applications within aquatic research demand an ability to quantify the particles under investigation, expressing them as numbers per unit of sample volume. Two of the principal areas of flow cytometric investigations are the characterisation of naturally occurring particulate assemblages in the oceans and investigations into the feeding behaviour of “filter feeding” organisms on the mixtures of such particles. In both cases some of the most useful data derived from flow cytometry require that analyses be determined in terms of particle concentrations. Therefore, a simple and practical modification is described, which allows known sample volumes to be analysed on flow cytometers. The method has a high degree of flexibility in sample volume and is cost effective and reliable. It involves introducing a standard chromatography “loop injection valve” into the sample-handling fluidics system. Use of fluorescent beads shows that a range of praticle sizes and concentrations can be used with this system. Tests, also using fluorescent beads and an algal culture, show that replicate 100 μ1 sample volumes can be analysed and counted with a coefficient of variation of less than 3%. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Hemizygous deletion of 3p25-pter is associated with a phenotype of profound growth failure, microcephaly, characteristic facial changes, and mental retardation. Since the severity may be quite variable, we have studied 3 cases of del 3p25-pter to define the clinical manifestations and the critical chromosome region for phenotypic expression. The patient we now report died at age 6 months and provided an opportunity for a detailed necropsy analysis for only the second time in a del(3p) patient. He had marked hypoplasia of all organs, hypomyelination of white matter, and multiple renal cortical microcysts. Ordered genomic markers from the distal regions of chromosome 3p aided in determining the parent of origin of each deletion and in defining the boundaries of the deleted chromosomal segments. The deleted markers distal to the RAF1 oncogene in 2 of the 3 patients were consistently hemizygous. One patient had an interstitial deletion based on evidence of diploid inheritance of one of the most distal loci (D3S17). Available genetic linkage maps suggest that the deletion spans at least 19 centimorgans (cM).

The optical properties of North Sea phytoplankton (refractive index and fluorescence-specific scattering) were measured using flow cytometry in July 1987 during a research cruise sponsored by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the Environmental Research Council of the UK. Refractive index and associated size distributions of chlorophyll-containing cells were quite broad and did not provide unique descriptions of North Sea water masses. Fluorescence-specific scattering was found to increase within northern and central North Sea waters. AVHRR channel 1 data from satellite overpasses prior to and during the initial stages of the cruise indicate that a large coccolithophore bloom was developing within the northern portion of the North Sea and within Norwegian coastal waters. This bloom may account for the large values of fluorescence-specific scattering.

Neuropathologic examination of two siblings with phenotypic features consistent with Marden-Walker syndrome revealed central nervous system abnormalities which include reduction in the number of spinal anterior horn cells. The occurrence of these changes in a sibling pair provides strong evidence for a genetic etiology. The relationship between the neuropathologic changes and other phenotypic manifestations in this syndrome and in the closely related syndrome of Pena-Shokeir are discussed.

We describe Barrett's esophagus occurring in a 3–week-old male. The finding of columnar cell-lined lower esophageal epithelium in the presence of gastroesophageal reflux supports the theory of an acquired phenomenon and suggests that the metaplaslic process may have begun in the perinatal period.

Five matings to a dir ins (6;2)(q16aq31q33) carrier have produced a high frequency (42%) of offspring with unbalanced karyotypes. Five children have the derivative chromosome 2 resulting in del (2)(q31q33) and one individual received the derivative chromosome 6 leading to dup (2)(q31q33). The findings associated with the deletion include pre- and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, minor facial anomalies, seizures, complex structural heart defects, and limb deficiency. Autopsy of one individual showed complex brain malformations including hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the foramina of Monro, extensive heterotopias and polymicrogyria, and an unusual form of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. We compare the findings in these children to those of previously reported cases and construct an overview of the range of anomalies. Apparently, no other individual with dup (2)(q31q33) has been described. We compare the physical peculiarities of our patient with those of individuals with duplications of over-lapping regions of 2q.

We describe 2 sibs with Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome. Although an ultrasound scan performed at 13 weeks of gestation failed to identify specific abnormalities, repeat scan at 17 weeks detected tetraphocomelia. Ultrasonography can reliably detect Roberts-SC phocomelia prenatally; however, serial scans may be needed. Postmortem examination of the proposita confirmed the sonographic findings and also disclosed dysplastic kidneys and ovarian dysgenesis. The degree of phenotypic variation observed between the sibs supports the hypothesis that Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia represent a single genetic entity.

A Coulter EPICS 741 Flow Cytometer was used at sea to measure distributions in phytoplankton refractive index and size within the North Sea. The optical data gathered by the flow cytometer, multi-band fluorescence and multi-angle light scatter, agreed well with coincident measurements of in vivo fluorescence. By gating on fluorescence, unique subpopulations of phytoplankton may be isolated optically from all other particles within a natural population. At several coastal stations, a unique subpopulation of phytoplankton was found which appeared to contain both chlorophyll and phycoerythrin. Using Mie scatter theory and flow cytometric measurements of light scatter in the near-forward and side directions, this population was found to be composed of cells of refractive index between 1.07 and 1.095 and spherical diameter between 7 and 9 pm (verified using Coulter volume measurements).