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Introduction and Objectives. Robotic partial nephrectomy with peritumoral radiofrequency ablation (RFA-RPN) is a novel clampless technique. We describe oncologic and functional outcomes in a prospective cohort. Methods. From May, 2007, to December, 2009, 49 consecutive patients with renal masses Results. In total, 49 tumors were treated in the RFA-RPN group and 36 tumors in the comparison group. Mean operative time was longer in the RFA-RPN group (370 min versus 293 min, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in mean EBL (231 cc versus 250 cc, p=0.42), transfusion rate (8.2% versus 11.1%, p=0.7), or hospital stay (3.9 versus 4.4 days, p=0.2). Two patients in the RFA-RPN (4.1%) and 1 (2.7%) patient in the comparison group had a positive surgical margin (p=0.75). 17 (34.7%) patients had a postoperative urine leak in the RFA-RPN group versus 2 (5.6%) patients in the comparison group (p=0.001). Mean follow-up was 54 months versus 68.4 months in the comparison group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding change in GFR (p=0.67). There were 3 recurrences (6.1%) in the RFA-RPN group and 0 recurrences in the RPN group (p=0.23). There were 3 deaths (6.1%) in the RFA-RPN group (one cancer specific) and 4 deaths (11.1%) in the RPN group (non-cancer specific) over the follow-up period (p=0.44). Conclusions. Our data suggests that this technique is associated with a similar degree of renal preservation but higher rates of postoperative urine leak and possibly higher rates of recurrence.

Both shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopy (URS) may be used in the treatment of similar stones and both need fluoroscopic imaging to achieve this. Fluoroscopy, however, is a source of ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study is to compare the effective radiation dose (ERD) between patients undergoing SWL vs URS.The ERD was measured among consecutive patients who were undergoing either SWL or URS between January 2010 and February 2011. For SWL, ERD was calculated using fluoroscopic exposure time, current, voltage, skin-to-source distance, and field size. For URS, it was calculated from the measured dose-area product. We measured several patient and stone factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.A total of 190 patients were included (87 SWL and 103 URS). In the univariate analyses, no differences were found in ERD (7.32 vs 6.00 mSv, P=0.262 and 7.23 vs 6.07 mSv, P=0.198, for renal and ureteral stones, respectively). In the multivariate analyses, among renal stones, SWL was associated with a higher ERD than URS (β=2.06, P=0.026), and body mass index and stone size were also significant predictors (β=0.212, P=0.045 and β=0.452, P=0.004, respectively). Among ureteral stones, no differences were found (β=0.425, P=0.674), and only the presence of a stent was related to ERD (β=2.53, P=0.013).Among patients with renal stones, SWL was associated with a modest increase in ERD compared with URS, but for ureteral stones, both modalities were associated with similar levels of radiation. This information may be relevant for frequent stone formers needing treatments for which cumulative exposures may become significant.

OBJECTIVES To describe the natural history of postureteroscopic renal stone fragments ≤4 mm based on computed tomography (CT) follow-up. The goal of ureteroscopy is to fragment stones, actively basket and remove fragments larger than 1 mm, and allow the remaining fragments to pass spontaneously. The reality is that smaller fragments may be difficult to extract or may be missed. METHODS Patients treated with ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis by a single surgeon from May 2001 to July 2008 at a tertiary referral center were identified. Patients with residual renal fragments measuring ≤4 mm on initial postoperative CT and at least one additional follow-up CT were included. Outcomes measured were fragment growth and location, stone event (emergency department visit, hospitalization, or additional intervention), and spontaneous fragment passage. RESULTS Of 330 ureteroscopies, 51 met inclusion criteria. For these patients, the mean follow-up duration was 18.9 months (1.6 years). Among 46 ureteroscopies for calcium-based stones, 9 patients (19.6%) experienced a stone event, 10 patients (21.7%) spontaneously passed their fragments, and the remaining 27 patients (58.7%) retained asymptomatic residual fragments. Among this asymptomatic group, mean fragment sizes were similar at 2.7, 3.3, 3.5, and 3.0 mm at mean follow-up durations of 2.8, 10.2, 16.8, and 33.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that among patients with postureteroscopic renal stone fragments ≤4 mm, approximately one in five (or 19.6%) will experience a stone event over the following 1.6 years. The remaining patients will either become stone-free via spontaneous passage or retain asymptomatic stable-sized fragments.

To assess the technical feasibility and safety of trajectory image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation in a porcine model.Six pigs (12 kidneys) were utilized. Only the posterior and lateral regions of the kidneys were considered. A bone-anchored dynamic reference frame (DRF) was inserted into the iliac crest and the O-Arm and StealthStation TREON System (OASSTS, Medtronic, CO, USA) was used to acquire 3-dimensional (3D) imaging of the kidneys. A hand-held pointing device was crafted from a cryoablation needle (Galil Medical, MN, USA) and an optical reference frame. The hand-held pointer/cryoablation needle ("cryoprobe") was then optically recognized by the OASSTS. The cryoprobe was then used to navigate its tip into a randomly chosen renal region of interest using 3D trajectory images. Two freeze-thaw cryoablation cycles were then performed. We assessed treatment times and effective radiation doses. We also assessed concordance between projected iceball location on trajectory imaging and cryolesion location on necropsy.The mean total treatment time was 24.0 minutes. The mean effective radiation dose was 23.7 mSv per kidney treated. The trajectory-guided images used to place the cryoprobe tips into the renal region of interest agreed with the necropsy-determined location of the cryolesion in all cases. Injury to a lumbar muscle and a renal pelvis were observed in two separate cases, respectively.Trajectory image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation using OASSTS is technically feasible, appears safe, and is associated with acceptable levels of radiation exposure. Comparison of trajectory image-guidance and cryolesions on necropsy demonstrated concordant needle placement.

We compared laparoscopic and robotic pyeloplasty to identify factors associated with procedural efficacy.We conducted a retrospective multicenter trial incorporating 865 cases from 15 centers. We collected perioperative data including anatomical and procedural factors. Failure was defined subjectively as pain that was unchanged or worse per medical records after surgery. Radiographic failure was defined as unchanged or worsening drainage on renal scans or worsening hydronephrosis on computerized tomography. Bivariate analyses were performed on all outcomes and multivariate analysis was used to assess factors associated with decreased freedom from secondary procedures.Of the cases 759 (274 laparoscopic pyeloplasties with a mean followup of 15 months and 465 robotic pyeloplasties with a mean followup of 11 months, p0.001) had sufficient data. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty, previous endopyelotomy and intraoperative crossing vessels were associated with decreased freedom from secondary procedures on bivariate analysis, with a 2-year freedom from secondary procedures of 87% for laparoscopic pyeloplasty vs 95% for robotic pyeloplasty, 81% vs 93% for patients with vs without previous endopyelotomy and 88% vs 95% for patients with vs without intraoperative crossing vessels, respectively. However, on multivariate analysis only previous endopyelotomy (HR 4.35) and intraoperative crossing vessels (HR 2.73) significantly impacted freedom from secondary procedures.Laparoscopic and robotic pyeloplasty are highly effective in treating ureteropelvic junction obstruction. There was no difference in their abilities to render the patient free from secondary procedures on multivariate analysis. Previous endopyelotomy and intraoperative crossing vessels reduced freedom from secondary procedures.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) is the most expensive, yet most common, surgical treatment for patients with prostate cancer. Furthermore, its popularity continues to grow despite the lack of evidence for functional and oncologic superiority over other treatments. As a result, we modified operating room (OR) processes to determine if the times and costs that are associated with RALRP in an academic setting could be reduced.Four modifications in OR processes were implemented: Trainee adherence to time-oriented surgical goals; use of a dedicated anesthesia team; simultaneous processing by nursing and urology house staff during case turnover; and identification and elimination of unused disposable instruments. Total surgical, anesthesia, and OR turnover times were measured. Payroll, surgical supply, OR time, and anesthesia costs were also measured. One hundred RALRP cases before and after the modifications were implemented were compared.Patients undergoing RALRP were similar both before and after the modifications were implemented. Total surgical, anesthesia, and turnover times were reduced by 17.4 (6.8%, P=0.041), 4.5 (19.1%, P=0.006), and 12.1 (28.1%, P=0.005) minutes, respectively. Payroll, surgical supply, and OR costs were reduced by $330 (25%), $609 (15.7%), and $1638 (27.7%), respectively. There was no fiscally significant change in anesthesia costs.Using simple modifications, it is possible that RALRP efficiency can be improved by decreasing its associated times and costs. These modifications were implemented in an academic setting but may be used in any institution. These modifications represent an initial attempt to improve RALRP cost-competitiveness with other treatment modalities.

• To determine whether patients with postoperative clinically detected anastomotic urine leaks are at increased risk for poorer erectile function, urinary incontinence and bladder neck contracture (BNC) after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.• A retrospective review of all patients undergoing RALRP from October 2005 until December 2009 by a single surgeon (R.B.N.) was conducted. Clinically detected anastomotic urine leak was defined as drain output consistent with urine at more than 24 h postoperatively. The presence of BNC was identified on cystoscopy. • Erectile function was measured with the Sexual Healthy Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire. Incontinence was measured by patient-reported daily pad use. • Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Outcomes were assessed at the most recent follow-up.• Among 213 patients eligible for inclusion, 27 experienced an anastomotic urine leak (12.7%). • At a mean long-term follow-up of 24.2 months, there was no difference in SHIM scores (7.0 vs 13.1; P= 0.101), continence rates (87.5% vs 85.2%; P= 0.999) or risk of BNC (7.4% vs 3.2%; P= 0.268) between patients with and without postoperative anastomotic urine leaks, respectively. • The results did not change after controlling for covariates in a multivariate analysis.• The present study suggests that patients with clinically detected postoperative anastomotic urine leaks do not necessarily have worse long-term outcomes of erectile function, continence and risk of BNC.

Objective • To determine whether patients with postoperative clinically detected anastomotic urine leaks are at increased risk for poorer erectile function, urinary incontinence and bladder neck contracture (BNC) after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Patients and methods • A retrospective review of all patients undergoing RALRP from October 2005 until December 2009 by a single surgeon (R.B.N.) was conducted. Clinically detected anastomotic urine leak was defined as drain output consistent with urine at more than 24 h postoperatively. The presence of BNC was identified on cystoscopy. • Erectile function was measured with the Sexual Healthy Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire. Incontinence was measured by patient-reported daily pad use. • Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Outcomes were assessed at the most recent follow-up. Results • Among 213 patients eligible for inclusion, 27 experienced an anastomotic urine leak (12.7%). • At a mean long-term follow-up of 24.2 months, there was no difference in SHIM scores (7.0 vs 13.1; P= 0.101), continence rates (87.5% vs 85.2%; P= 0.999) or risk of BNC (7.4% vs 3.2%; P= 0.268) between patients with and without postoperative anastomotic urine leaks, respectively. • The results did not change after controlling for covariates in a multivariate analysis. Conclusion • The present study suggests that patients with clinically detected postoperative anastomotic urine leaks do not necessarily have worse long-term outcomes of erectile function, continence and risk of BNC.

Objective measurement of lung function is considered essential in the management of patients with asthma and COPD. Many primary care practitioners lack the means necessary to obtain these measurements conveniently. To meet this need, electronic spirometers, offering portability, ease of operation, and timesaving readout options have been introduced. We compared the accuracy of a typical pneumotachograph-based device with a conventional volume displacement spirometer.We compared indexes of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of FVC, [FEF25-75%], and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]) measured by the handheld device with those measured by a conventional spirometer in 75 white subjects (33 men, 42 women) with a median age of 43 years (22 to 77 years) who were either healthy or were referred to the pulmonary function laboratory of a large tertiary care teaching hospital. The order of the instrument tested first was randomized and the patients were blinded to which instrument was being studied.There was a linear relationship between instruments for all indexes measured (r = 0.97, 0.98, 0.94, 0.94 for FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75%, and PEFR, respectively, for all p0.001). The random error (precision) was within 5% only for FEV1. The mean of the differences between the values obtained using both instruments (the bias) +/- limits of agreement (+/- 2 SD) were 0.06 +/- 0.56 L for FVC (p = NS), 0.2 +/- 0.44 L for FEV1 (p0.05), 0.61 +/- 1.26 L/s for FEF25-75% (p0.05), and 0.44 +/- 1.9 L/s for PEFR (p0.05).Our data suggest that measurements obtained using the pneumotachograph device are closely related to those obtained by volume displacement spirometry and that the handheld device may be useful in clinical practice. However, because the limits of agreement are wide and the difference between the two instrument measurements are significant for FEV1, FEF25-75%, and PEFR, the bias between them is not consistent nor is it insignificant. Therefore, the measurements made with the two types of machine cannot be used interchangeably.