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There are a number of issues as no difference in outcomes between open and robotic cystectomies that have been noted. A complete minimally invasive approach shows consistent advantages compared with open radical cystectomy. The lower complications rates, and shorter length of stay all contribute towards better functional and oncological outcomes. This chapter is an introduction to robotic intracorporeal neobladder formation.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and radical cystectomy in the elderly was conducted. This chapter covers prognostic factors in elderly patients, mortality rate in elderly undergoing cystectomy, type of reconstruction in the elderly, open radical cystectomy, national trends in cystectomy figures for the elderly, robotic vs. open radical cystectomy in elderly, extraperitoneal vs. transperitoneal laparoscopic approaches, younger vs. older patients for radical cystectomy, risks and benefits of pelvic lymphadenectomy in the elderly, outcomes in elderly patients, pathology of elderly patients undergoing radical cystectomy, pathology of elderly patients undergoing radical cystectomy, post-operative outcomes in younger and older patients.

TMT consists of a maximal resection of the bladder, followed by a concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, limiting salvage radical cystectomy to non-responder tumours or muscle-invasive recurrence (Mathieu et al., Curr Opin Urol 25:476–482, 2015). This chapter is an introduction to trimodal therapy in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) has an incidence of 100,000 men and women each year in the European Union (EU) (Klaile et al., Transl Androl Urol 5(5):692–701, 2016). Variant histology account for up to 25%. There is evidence that additional variant histology results in impaired prognosis (Klaile et al., Transl Androl Urol 5(5):692–701, 2016). This chapter covers survival outcomes, CEA, CA 19-9 in diagnostics, muscle invasive adenocarcinoma, partial cystectomy and radiotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy in bladder cancer, adjuvant therapy in adenocarcinoma of the bladder, novel chemotherapeutic agents.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and laparoscopic vs. open vs. robotic surgery was conducted. This was to identify the outcomes. This chapter covers Complication Rate Robotic vs. Open Cystectomy, Laparoscopic vs. Open Radical Cystectomy with prior Abdominal Surgery, Laparoscopic vs. Open Cystectomy Outcomes, Robotic Cystectomy vs. Laparoscopic Cystectomy Outcomes, Recurrence after Open and Robotic Radical Cystectomy, Robotic vs. Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy in Elderly Patients, Robotic vs. Laparoscopic High Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection, Open vs. Laparoscopic vs. Robotic Cystectomy.

There have been a number of articles recently on secondary pelvic malignancies. With the advent of robotic surgery, and new platforms, many changes have come into place. However, what can be done differently to allow improved outcomes? This chapter covers secondary pelvic malignancies and bladder cancer.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and radical cystectomy in the elderly was conducted. This was to identify whether radical cystectomy has a role in this cohort. This chapter covers a modification of technique- prostate sparing cystectomy, seminal sparing cystectomy, oncological outcomes of prostate sparing cystectomy, risk of prostate/urothelial cancer in prostate sparing cystectomy, functional outcomes post prostate sparing cystectomy, erectile function after prostate sparing cystectomy, post-operative complications after prostate sparing cystectomy.

Patient fitness is something which is central to patient care. Modern urological surgery has advanced much, with development of robotic surgery and minimally invasive procedures. However, urological procedures still include major surgery. Precise pre-operative assessment is required, for this often older cohort, with stringent preoperative risks assessment and medical pre-optimisation if required. We conduct a systematic review over 20 years of literature on all types of surgery with regards to CPEX testing. We present results and draw conclusions relating to this.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer nomograms was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors in muscle invasive disease. This chapter covers molecular markers in bladder cancer risk, preoperative factors predicting risk, prediction of lymph node metastasis, nomogram to predict survival in bladder cancer, prediction of recurrence risk, postoperative factors affecting survival, recurrence after radical cystectomy.

A systematic review relating to trimodal therapy and muscle invasive bladder cancer was conducted. This chapter covers trimodal chemotherapy, efficacy of 5FU as part of trimodal therapy, outcomes from trimodal therapy for MIBC, trimodal therapy in the elderly, trimodal therapy and radical cystectomy, proton beam therapy in trimodal therapy.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer, radical cystectomy and complications was conducted. This chapter covers Impact of type of urinary diversion on complications, perioperative complications for robotic radical cystectomy and intracorporeal urinary diversion, ileal conduit vs. orthotopic neobladder complication rate, complications in ileal conduit diversion, risk factors for complications post radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, complication by urinary diversion type, preoperative anaemia and impact on post-operative complications in radical cystectomy, complications post radical cystectomy using a standardised reporting system, complications post orthotopic neobladders, complications post laparoscopic radical cystectomy, post-operative complications of radical cystectomy in the elderly, complications of radical cystectomy post prior radiotherapy, impact of metabolic syndrome on radical cystectomy, mortality rate and urinary diversion.

Strategies to improve pre-operative cardiopulmonary fitness could positively impact recovery after surgery. This chapter covers physical pre-habilitation prior to radical cystectomy.

Invasive urothelial carcinoma, can have for divergent differentiation (Amin, Mod Pathol 22(Suppl 2):S96–S118, 2009). Several ‘variant’ types are classified in the 2004 World Health Organization Classification (Amin, Mod Pathol 22(Suppl 2):S96–S118, 2009). These histological variants have a significant diagnostic and therapeutic impact. This chapter covers causes of Sarcomatoid bladder cancer, diagnostics in sarcomatoid bladder cancer, survival outcomes and use of adjuvant chemotherapy in sarcomatoid bladder cancer.

Each year, 430,000 people are diagnosed with bladder cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate of the disease, primary prevention is paramount (Al-Zalabani et al., Eur J Epidemiol 2016;31(9):811–851, 2016). This chapter covers Mediterranean diet and bladder cancer risk, risk factors in bladder cancer—preventative measures, preventative measures in bladder cancer—impact of vitamin A, prevention of bladder cancer—fluid intake, mitomycin and BCG in bladder cancer prevention, preventative measures and urethral recurrence, BCG in intermediate and high-risk disease.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer, and often presents with locally advanced disease. This chapter covers diagnosis, role of haematuria clinics, bladder cancer screening, biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, novel methods and gender discrepancies in bladder cancer.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors in muscle invasive disease. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND screening. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Epidemiology) AND (Risk Factors). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020. The results cover flavanoids and bladder cancer risk, metabolic risk factors in bladder cancer, smoking, occupational exposure, androgen suppression therapy and related reviews.

Cancer affects both patients and their caregivers. Caregiver burden may change during different stages of the patients’ cancer trajectory [1]. Limited research has focused on the impact of being a caregiver, assessed by the caregiver’s mental health and quality of life (QOL) during the curative and the palliative phases of the patient’s disease [1].

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND screening. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Epidemiology) AND (Risk Factors) AND (Occupational Hazards). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020. Results covered include Bladder Cancer Survival, Carcinogenic Agents, Arylamines, Anilene Dyes, Arsenic, Textile Industry, metalworking exposure, smoking and occupational risk.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous differentiation (UC w/SD) is the most common variant (Raman and Jafri, Urol Oncol 33(10):429–433, 2015). Many cases present as metastatic disease. This chapter covers risk factors, survival outcomes and dissemination.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer and survivorship was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer and Survivorship. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND Survivorship. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Survivorship). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This chapter covers Metabolomic Urinary Profiles in Bladder Cancer Screening, Mitochondrial DNA in Bladder Cancer Screening, Tyr-phosphorylated proteins in Bladder Cancer Screening, GC-Globulin in Bladder Cancer Screening, Methylation Status with p16 and p14 in Bladder Cancer Screening, Urine Tumour associated Trypsin Inhibitor, mRNA in Bladder Cancer Screening, Urinary Basic Fetoprotein and BTA test in Urinary Cytology, BTA stat test vs. NMP 22 vs. Urine Cytology, NMP 22 as a Screening Test in Bladder Cancer, Urinary Fibrin as a Screening Test for Bladder Cancer, DNA image cytometry in Bladder Cancer Screening, Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bladder Cancer Screening, Microsatellite Markers in Bladder Cancer Screening.

A wide body of literature exists on orthotopic neobladders (ONB) vs. ileal conduits (IC). This is a really important topic, and one which needs to be addressed. This chapter covers issues between orthotopic neobladders and ileal conduits.

There have been a number of papers recently, highlighting how supervised exercise training in long-term prostate cancer survivors can increase cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, muscle strength, and self-reported physical functioning at 6 months [1]. In addition to that, what was also demonstrated, were these effects were maintained with a home based exercise programme. Physical effects are central to addressing care within this cohort of prostate cancer patients.

A systematic review relating to NMIBC and intravesical chemotherapy was conducted. This was to identify oncoloigcal outcomes from intravesical chemotherapy. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to NMIBC AND Intravesical Chemotherapy.

Low risk non muscle invasive disease, may be common but low risk. The management of recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) post-transurethral resection has been based around electrocautery techniques, either under local or general anesthetic. This chapter covers fulguration in low risk disease.

High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) should receive an adjuvant course of intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as first-line treatment (Yates and Roupret in World J Urol 29(4):415–422, 2011). However, a large amount will have refractory or relapsing disease. Guideline recommendation in the ‘refractory’ setting is radical cystectomy. This chapter covers alternatives to BCG refractory disease in grey literature.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a common disease with a variety of treatment options and a range of outcomes (Edmondson et al. in J Cancer Surviv 11(4):453–461, 2017). Despite the disease’s high prevalence, not much is known of Survivorship patient experience in bladder cancer (Edmondson et al. in J Cancer Surviv 11(4):453–461, 2017). This chapter covers definitions in bladder cancer survivorship.

BCG is an immunotherapy. There are at least 4 different strains, Connaught, Pasteur, Tice, RIVM Whether the commonly used Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strains Connaught and Tice confer different outcomes is questionable. This chapter covers BCG strains and outcomes.

TURBT is a common operation within urology. There are a wide range of side effects experienced. Very often, there is no standardised pathway as part of follow-up. Patient reported outcome measures are reviewed.

Bladder cancer often presents later in women in a more advanced state. This chapter deals with female outcomes in bladder cancer.

TURBT is a common operation within urology. There are a wide range of side effects experienced. Very often, there is no standardised pathway as part of follow-up. Patient reported outcome measures are reviewed.

Female gender has significant impact on how bladder cancer can present, the lateness of presentation, and poorer survival outcomes. This chapter covers systematic reviews related to female gender and Bladder Cancer.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This was to identify the oncological outcomes from BCG versus mitomycin C for NMIBC. This chapter is a systematic review on BCG versus mitomycin C.

Prediction of progression is important in NMIBC. This chapter reviews scoring systems and use with intravesical therapy in NMIBC.

A systematic review relating to management in BCG refractory disease was conducted. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND BCG refractory disease. This chapter reviews the research method in the systematic review on alternatives to management of BCG.

A systematic review relating to NMIBC and intravesical chemotherapy was conducted. This was to identify oncoloigcal outcomes from intravesical chemotherapy. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to NMIBC AND Intravesical Chemotherapy. This chapter deals with systematic review results.

High grade bladder cancer is an aggressive disease. The management of G3T1 disease is controversial. This chapter covers systematic review results.

Health related quality of life measurements are central to gaining a validated assessment of bladder cancer patients. This chapter examines health related quality of life measurements in Bladder Cancer Survivorship.