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Traditional medicine, utilized for thousands of years, relies on herbal remedies. They promote, cure, and rehabilitate health and prevent disease. Over the past few decades, herbal medicines have become increasingly popular, with 80% of people globally using them for primary care. This study was aimed at assessing the genotoxic potential of three medicinal plants: Boswellia dallzieli, Azadirachta indica, and Guiera senegalensis, in healthy liver cells of albino rats using a long-amplicon quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The study was comprised of five groups: four treatment groups and one control group. The rats were randomly assigned to each of the groups and fed with rat food and pure water during the study period. A dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight per day was administered orally to the rats at an interval of 24 hours for fourteen days. The relative amplification across the experimental groups showed no statistically significant variation at 95% confidence level. The highest average relative amplification was 0.997277677 at 0.25 mg/ml of Boswellia dallzielii bark. 0.75 mg/ml yielded the lowest, 0.995462795. The maximum average relative amplification was 0.996370236 for Azadirachta indica leaf extract at 0.25 mg/ml, and the lowest was 0.989110708 at 0.50 mg/ml. At 0.75 mg/ml of Guiera senegalensis bark extract, the average number of undamaged DNA molecules was 0.997277677, while at 0.50 mg/ml, it was 0.991833031. The liver cells showed no concentration-dependent relative amplification or lesion frequency per 10,000 base pairs of the segment of the clusterin gene. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Boswellia dallzieli, Concentration-dependent, Guiera senegalensis, Genotoxic, Long-amplicon, Relative amplification. Title: Assessment of three Herbal Remedies for Genotoxicity in Liver Cells of rats using Long Amplicon Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Author: Elisha Victor Zuya, Yakubu Dauda Abubakar International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences ISSN 2394-966X Vol. 10, Issue 3, May 2023 - June 2023 Page No: 1-7 Novelty Journals Website: www.noveltyjournals.com Published Date: 09-May-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7944226 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Assessment%20of%20three%20Herbal%20Remedies-09052023-2.pdf, International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences, ISSN 2394-966X, Novelty Journals, Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Sentiment Analysis is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain related to the identification or extraction of user sentiments or opinions from written language. Although the approaches to achieve the goals may vary, Machine Learning (ML) methods are gradually becoming the preferred method because of their ability to automatically draw useful insight from data regardless of their complexity. However, an important prerequisite for most ML algorithms to learn from text data is to encode them into numerical vectors. Popular approaches to this include word level representation methods TF-IDF, distributed word representations (word2vec) and distributed document representations (doc2vec). Each of these methods has demonstrated remarkable success in representing the encoded text, however we found that no method has been set to be excellence in all tasks. Motivated by this challenge, an improved scheme of pairwise fusion are proposed for sentiment classification of book reviews. In the experimental findings, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Logistic Regression (LR) classifiers showed that the proposed scheme improved the performance compared to the single method vectorization method. We see that TF-IDF-word2vec performed best among other methods with a mean accuracy of 91.0% (ANN) and 92.5% (LR); showed an improvement of 0.7% and 0.2% respectively over TF-IDF which is the best single vector method. Thus, the proposed method can used as a compact alternative to the popular bag-of-n-gram models as it captures contextual information of encoded document with a less sparse data.

The purpose of this study, conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic between November 2020 and March 2021 in India and Nigeria, is to explore the direct and indirect effects of Covid-19 on religiously marginalised groups experiencing intersecting vulnerabilities. The findings provide recognition of the impact of Covid-19 on targeting and encroachments faced by these groups in order to inform policy so that it includes their perspectives in building back better and promoting inclusive development. Policymakers need to understand both the direct and indirect impacts of Covid-19 in order to coordinate effective support and avert deepening marginalisation. This research demonstrates how religious inequalities intersect with other inequalities of power – historical, structural, and socially determined characteristics (class, ethnicity, caste, gender, age) – to shape how people experience the Covid-19 pandemic. Both India and Nigeria manifest high levels of authoritarianism, an absence of press freedom, targeting of religiously marginalised groups, and unequal access to public services and the protection of the state by religiously marginalised groups, according to geographic location. The findings of this report reveal the appalling everyday realities as well as the great courage of religious minorities living in poverty during the pandemic. Greater sensitivity to the critical intersection of vulnerabilities is essential for the longer-term recovery of these groups, who otherwise face slipping deeper into intergenerational poverty. Deepening poverty and proliferating ethno-religious injustices are fuelling tensions and conflict, and the risks of neglecting these issues are immense.

The study is based on the use of NiO as an extended gate of field effect transistor (EGFET) using ITO/glass as a substrate for the sensitivity of pH sensor membrane. The NiO thin film was synthesis by wet and dry thermal oxidation method of Nickel metal thin film deposited by RF sputtering. The sensitivity of the NiO membrane was measured and comparatively analysed against the two different oxidation methods. Structural and morphological properties were investigated for both thin films. The sensitivities measurements of the two membranes were made as pH sensors. The results confirmed that NiO membrane grown by dry oxidation had much better sensitivity (87 μA/pH and 54 mV/pH) compared to wet oxidation membrane sample (52 μA/pH and 48 mV/pH).

The chapter examined the phenomenon of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) proliferation in post-Ghaddafi Libya. Towards understanding the Libyan conundrum, the chapter examined the concepts of authoritarian resilience, rentier politics, and probed the domestic contestations, external threats, and the amassment of SALWS in Libya under Ghaddafi, and after the Libyan revolution of 2011. It noted that under the regime of Muammar Ghaddafi, Libya imported huge amounts of weapons for defence against external threats and also with a view to retaining and enforcing his power internally. This strategy paid off with the authoritarian regime surviving in power for almost forty-five years. The bush-fire effect of the Arab Spring in Libya, produced a coalition of anti-Ghaddafi actors, locally driven by the National Transitional Council (NTC), and externally backed by the Western coalition led by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This led to the killing of Ghaddafi and destabilization of Libya. The power vacuum created following his exit created a chaoti situation that degenerating into the 2014 civil war, and internally created an environment for the proliferation of small arms within and beyond Libya. The chapter also discussed the impacts of SALWS proliferation from Post-Ghaddafi’s Libya on other Africa states, with specific focus on Mali and Nigeria. It concludes that the existence of global and regional legal instruments is not enough to curtail the proliferation of SALWs in fragile regions of the world. Even though Libya as a member of the UN is a signatory to a number of international instruments, the control of SALWs in Libya in post-Ghaddafi proved to be very complex. The paper recommends that SALW control in Libya requires internal regulation, security sector reforms, and implementation of an arms buyback initiative, the role regional and international cooperation as well as strong border control.

The effect of the annealing temperature on the photoelectrical properties of the nanoporous silicon/zinc oxide nanocrystallites-based (Pt/n-PSi/ZnO NCs/Pt) photodetector was investigated. Different morphologies of 3D ZnO were synthesized onto the n-PSi substrates via radio frequency (RF) sputtering in the absence of a catalyst. The synthesis of ZnO NCs was controlled by varying the growth temperature between 600–700 °C and 800–900 °C. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the n-PSi/ZnO NCs was systematically studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) techniques. The roughness was found to be dependent on the anodization current density. The optimal n-PSi/ZnO NCs-based metal-semiconductor-metal UV detector (MSM) was fabricated at 700 °C. The fabricated device showed a high sensitivity of 1007.14, an internal photoconductive gain of 11.07, and a responsivity of 5.99 A/W with a low dark current when illuminated with 380 nm light (1.55 mW/cm2) at +5 V bias voltage. In addition, the response and recovery times were determined to be 0.34 and 0.22 s, respectively. This approach offers a cost-effective substrate and simple synthesis method to improve the growth of the n-PSi/ZnO NCs and demonstrates the successful fabrication of nanoscale photodetectors with potential application in nano-optics devices.

Nickel oxide nanoflakes have been synthesized by chemical bath deposition. The films have been deposited on ITO/glass substrate and anneal at different temperature in furnace. Surface morphology, structural and optical properties of the nanoflakes films were examined and analysed. FESEM result shows that the NiO/Ni(OH)2 film shown an increase in the thin film roughness with temperature. The film was formed with the growth of porous net-like structure that was made up of interconnected nanoflakes’ wall with a thickness of 25–45 nm for the as-grown and annealed thin film samples. The atomic ratio and weight of sample treated at 250 °C approaches the stoichiometric value. XRD analysis demonstrated that the NiO nanoflakes consist of a rhombohedral structure with orientation peak of (110), (202) and (211). This appears with more stronger intensity at 250 °C. Likewise the PL and XRD result confirms the absence of Ni(OH)2 at 250 and 350 °C of annealing temperature. From the results analysis of this work the optimum temperature for synthesizing high stoichiometric and crystalline quality of NiO nanoflakes was consider to be at 250 °C from the characterisation result analysis.

The synthetic NiO nanostructures have been grown using thermal wet oxidation of metallic Ni thin films on ITO/glass by RF sputtering. The deposited Nickel thin films layer were oxidized in stream atmosphere at varying temperatures range of 400 °C to 700 °C inside furnace. Structural, surface morphology, electrical and the optical properties of NiO nanostructure were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field effect scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), hall effects measurements and UV-Visible spectroscope measurements. XRD analysis proves that the NiO nanostructure has a cubic structure with orientation of the most intense peak at (200), and the film prepared 600 °C shows a better crystalline quality. FESEM and AFM results also prove that by increasing the oxidation temperature, the dimensions and roughness of the NiO nanoparticle thin layer increases. Also the oxidation rate appears higher. The optimum temperature for synthesizing high quality NiO with great stoichiometric and crystalline property was determined to be at 600 of wet oxidation. EDX results reveals only O and Ni present in the treated samples, indicating a pure NiO composition obtained. From UV-Vis absorption spectroscope of Tauc’s relationship, the bang gap was observed to increase with temperature at range of 3.29 – 4.09 eV. The effect of annealing was highlighted on the tunability of electrical property Ni thin films with both n-type and p-type behavior NiO as determine from hall measurement. The observed tunability of NiO thin film will ease way toward p-n homojunction realization for optoelectronic device applications of short wave length that involves photodetectors and LEDs

Achieving high quality porous silicon (PSi) materials with desired porosity remains challenging. Three good qualities of PSi samples are prepared by Photo electro-chemically etching a piece of n-type Si inside the solution of 20 M HF, 10 M C2H5OH and 10 M H2O2 at fixed etching time duration (30 min) and varying current density (15 mA/cm2, 30 mA/cm2 and 45 mA/cm2). As-prepared sample morphologies are characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The gravimetric method is used to estimate the thickness and porosity of the prepared samples. Current density (etching time) dependent morphologies, electronic bandgap and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) properties of such PSi nanostructures are evaluated. These PSi structures revealed enhanced rectifying characteristics with increasing current density.

Porous nickel oxide (NiO) nanoflakes are grown by the chemical bath deposition. The thin films are produced on an ITO/glass substrate and annealed at a variable temperature in a furnace. The structural and optical properties and the surface morphology of the thin films are studied and analyzed. FESEM results display the presence of nanoflakes with the structure of NiO/Ni(OH)2 in thin films that appear to increase in size with the annealing temperature. The sample grown at 300 ∘C is observed to have the highest surface area dimension. The EDX result reveals that the atomic ratio and weight of the treated sample has a non-stoichiometric value, which results in the p-type behavior of the NiO thin film. The result obtained by AFM indicates the highest roughness value (47.9 nm) for a sample grown at 300 ∘C. The analysis on XRD shows that the NiO nanoflakes possess a cubic structure with the orientation peaks of (111), (200), and (220). This appears with a stronger intensity at 300 ∘C. Likewise, XRD result approves the absence of the Ni(OH)2 peak at the annealing. For the optical band gap, the UV-Vis measurements give a lower value of 3.80 eV for 300 ∘C due to the highest crystallinity. The optimum temperature to synthesize high-quality NiO nanoflakes is 300 ∘C, which can be an important factor for good sensing devices., Методом хiмiчного осадження вирощенi пористi нанолусочки окису нiкелю NiO. На пiдкладцi оксид iндiю-олова/скло отриманi тонкi плiвки i пiдданi вiдпалу при змiннiй температурi в печi. Вивчено та проаналiзовано їх структуру, оптичнi властивостi i морфологiю поверхнi. Методом емiсiйної растрової електронної мiкроскопiї показано присутнiсть нанолусочок у структурi NiO/Ni(OH)2 тонких плiвок. Розмiри нанолусочок збiльшуються з ростом температури вiдпалу. Знайдено, що найбiльшу площу поверхнi має зразок, вирощений при 300 ∘C. Результати енергодисперсiйної спектроскопiї показують нестехiометрiю атомного вiдношення зразка, що вiдповiдає p-типу NiO тонкої плiвки. Методом атомної силової спектроскопiї знайдено, що зразок, вирощений при 300 ∘C, має найбiльшу шорсткiсть (47,9 нм). Рентгеноструктурний аналiз показує, що NiO нанолусочки мають кубiчну структуру з пiками орiєнтацiї (111), (200), i (220). Це особливо чiтко проявляється при 300 ∘C. Рентгеноструктурний аналiз також показує вiдсутнiсть Ni(OH)2 пiка при вiдпалi. Вимiрювання в ультрафiолетi i видимому свiтлi дають малу ширину забороненої зони 3,80 еВ для 300 ∘C через високу кристалiчнiсть. Ця температура оптимальна для синтезу NiO нанолусочок високої якостi, що важливо для їх застосування в сенсорах.

The current study discusses Career Management of Nigerian Army Officers and attempts to examine the importance of personal development during their service years as a necessary ingredient for proper reintegration into civilian society. A stratified sample of serving and retired officers from the rank of Captains to Major Generals was selected to determine their social and economic satisfaction in their military career. The study employs the socioeconomic (SES) model to measure the work experience based on income, education and occupation and uses Grounded Theory in its approach and analysis. The study acknowledges that personal development for the officers in form of entrepreneurship education to enhance proper reintegration into the civilian society is grossly lacking. The problem was found to be connected with the career management predicated in the history, policies and administration of the Nigerian military force. Another challenge is the lack of time and allowance for the officers to develop themselves individually while in service due to the nature of military job. The socioeconomic condition of the officers therefore changes on retirement leading to all sorts of behaviours. The study postulates a change management approach through policy reviews and robust institutional arrangement for personal development in order to provide motivation and achieve the desired satisfaction.

The electoral topography of the Nigerian postcolonial state reveals that contests for the control of power degenerate more often than not into elite-driven violence that undermines the nation-building and democratic projects. In interrogating the legal and constitutional context and the outcome of the 2011 election in Nigeria this paper draws on Foucault's notion of governmentality, along with the concept of garrison politics, to unpack the central role that techniques, practices and strategies of governmental power play in the domination of the social, economic and political space, to the detriment of the citizenry. I argue that although the 2011 election was regarded as relatively 'free and fair' its aftermath, nevertheless, reveals the way centralisation of power is recurrently deployed through neopatrimonial networks to entrench elite pillage, which undermines the ethos of participatory democracy and constitutionalism. I contend that in order to avert corrosive decline and civic disengagement it is imperative to rethink and urgently reconstitute the institutional logic of the Nigerian state in such a manner that it will enhance the empowerment of the citizenry and the enthronement of a transparent, inclusive, developmentalist and responsive system of governance.

A highly qualitative NiO nanostructure was synthesized using thermal dry oxidation of metallic Ni thin films on ITO/glass using the RF sputtering technique. The deposited nickel thin films were oxidized in air ambient at 550 °C inside a furnace. The structural and surface morphologies, and the electrical and gas sensing properties of the NiO nanostructure were examined. An x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the NiO nanostructure has a cubic structure with orientation of the most intense peak at (2 0 0), and shows good crystalline quality. Finite-element scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results revealed O and Ni present in the treated samples, indicating a pure NiO nanostructure composition obtained with high porosity. The electrical properties of the oxidize Ni thin films showed a p-type NiO thin film semiconductor. A hydrogen gas sensing measurement was made at different operating temperatures and different gas concentrations with a detection limit of 30 ppm concentration. The sensor device shows great sensing properties with an excellent sensitivity (310%) at room temperature, which decreases with an increase in the operating temperature. Superfast response and recovery times of 6 and 0.5 s, respectively, were observed with the device at 150 °C operating temperature.

This paper deals with the investigation of annealing effects on the structural, morphological and optical properties of V2O5 nanorods (NRs) grown on the glass substrates by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The as-prepared samples were annealed at [Formula: see text] for 40, 60 and 120 min in a quartz tube furnace. The high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed V2O5 NRs with preferred orientation along (001) plane. The crystallite size of the V2O5 NRs was increased by increasing the annealing duration. The morphological observations using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) displayed NRs structures whose diameter and length were found to increase with increase of the annealing duration. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the orthorhombic structures of the NRs. The AFM measurements indicated an increase of the average surface roughness by increasing the annealing time. The Raman spectroscopy revealed V–O–V phonon mode in the NRs annealed for 120 min. The optical bandgap was found in the range 2.6–2.58[Formula: see text]eV and observed to decrease with various duration annealed.

The issues of ethnicity and democratization and the prospects for development in postcolonial Africa have long preoccupied scholars. When most African countries gained independence from the colonialists in the 1960s, the ruling elites who inherited state power insisted that Africa could not afford the luxury of democracy because of its potential for exacerbating ethnic pluralism and political conflict, which would be detrimental to the more pertinent projects of development and integration/nation building. The ideology of development and national integration in postcolonial Africa thus became the justification for one-party rule, autocracy, and military dictatorship.