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The current study sought to genetically assess the lactation curve of Alpine × Beetal crossbred goats through the application of random regression models (RRM). The objective was to estimate genetic parameters of the first lactation test‐day milk yield (TDMY) for devising a practical breeding strategy within the nucleus breeding programme. In order to model variations in lactation curves, 25,998 TDMY records were used in this study. For the purpose of estimating genetic parameters, orthogonal Legendre polynomials (LEG) and B‐splines (BS) were examined in order to generate suitable and parsimonious models. A single‐trait RRM technique was used for the analysis. The average first lactation TDMY was 1.22 ± 0.03 kg and peak yield (1.35 ± 0.02 kg) was achieved around the 7th test day (TD). The present investigation has demonstrated the superiority of the B‐spline model for the genetic evaluation of Alpine × Beetal dairy goats. The optimal random regression model was identified as a quadratic B‐spline function, characterized by six knots to represent the central trend. This model effectively captured the patterns of additive genetic influences, animal‐specific permanent environmental effects (c2) and 22 distinct classes of (heterogeneous) residual variance. Additive variances and heritability (h2) estimates were lower in the early lactation, however, moderate across most parts of the lactation studied, ranging from 0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.33 ± 0.06. The moderate heritability estimates indicate the potential for selection using favourable combinations of test days throughout the lactation period. It was also observed that a high proportion of total variance was attributed to the animal's permanent environment. Positive genetic correlations were observed for adjacent TDMY values, while the correlations became less pronounced for more distant TDMY values. Considering better fitting of the lactation curve, the use of B‐spline functions for genetic evaluation of Alpine × Beetal goats using RRM is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed at optimizing the selection strategy for enhancing reproductive efficiency and milk productivity of Alpine × Beetal crossbred goats. The data set included 2949 milk trait records across parities and 1389 milk records from first parity and corresponding reproductive traits. The traits included for analysis were 150‐day milk yield (150DMY), days in milk (DIM), peak yield (PY) and total milk yield (TMY). The litter size (LS) and litter weight (LW) were used for specifically formulating selection plan using indirect selection. The least squares mean for lactation traits during the first parity were 150DMY: 195.32 ± 2.09 kg, DIM: 236.42 ± 3.04 days, PY: 1.82 ± 0.02 kg, TMY: 269.62 ± 4.52 kg. Notably, Alpine × Beetal goats demonstrated genetic superiority pan India for milk productivity as compared to other native goat breeds. The least squares mean for 150DMY across all parities was 236 ± 3.13 kg. An animal model employing average information restricted maximum likelihood was used for (co)variance component estimation to get the genetic parameters. The analysis revealed total heritability estimates for 150DMY, DIM, PY and TMY as 0.18 ± 0.06, 0.04 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.06 and 0.08 ± 0.05, respectively. Repeatability estimates for 150DMY, DIM, and TMY were 0.28 ± 0.04, 0.21 ± 0.03 and 0.37 ± 0.03, respectively. Bivariate analysis of 150DMY with reproductive traits revealed heritability for LS and LW as 0.05 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.01, respectively using Gibbs sampling. Strong and positive genetic correlations of 150DMY with other production and reproduction traits was observed, such as DIM (0.72), PY (0.98), TMY (0.88), LS (0.57) and LW (0.33). Moderate heritability and repeatability estimate of 150DMY, along with its positive correlation with production and reproductive traits suggested it as a suitable selection criterion for early selection and overall genetic progress of lactation traits. The genetic trend analysis showed an overall improvement in all these traits, with observed gain of 98.4 g per year for 150DMY, 0.04 days per year for DIM, 0.5 g per year for PY and 220.5 g per year for TMY. We observed that selecting based on 150DMY would lead to a favourable indirect improvement for LW as 79 g and LS 0.04 units per generation. We, therefore, recommend employing 150DMY as the single trait selection criteria to enhance both milk productivity and reproductive potential of Alpine × Beetal goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-yield synthetic routes to trinuclear complexes of the type [M(OsA)] (M = Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba; A = anion of arylazo oxime) by reaction of Na[OsA] and M(ClO), or of [HOsA] with MCO, are described. The new complexes have been characterized on the basis of spectroscopic and physico-chemical results. The alkaline earth metal ions are held in an O matrix of two facial [OsA] units, each behaving as a tridentate (O, O, O) ligand. Quantitative transport of one equivalent of M from the aqueous to the organic (CHCl) phase can be achieved with two equivalents of [OsA]. When the aqueous phase is acidified with two mol of H, [M(OsA)] decomposes into M and [HOsA], and M returns to this phase in its free state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of [OsX] (X = Cl or Br) with HK [HK = PhC(=O)C(=NOH)R; R=H, Me or Ph] yielded osmium(III) complexes of the type [OsX(K)(HK)]. The OsX group was trans and the hydrogen-bonded (K)(HK) moiety behaved as a planar tetradentate NO chelator. The complexes were one-electron paramagnets and exhibited characteristic osmium(III) e.p.r. spectra. Several spin-allowed and spin-forbidden charge-transfer transitions were observed in the 200-1300 nm region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]