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In different nonlinear mediums, the wave trains carry energy and expose many amazing features. To describe a nonlinear phenomenon, a soliton is one that preserves its shape and amplitude even after the collision. Breather is one kind of soliton structure, which is a localized wave that periodically oscillates in amplitude. This article uses the reductive perturbation technique (RPT) to get the GE from a plasma system with four parts: cold positrons that can move, hot positrons and hot electrons that are spread out in a kappa pattern, and positive ions that can't move. Then, using the Hirota bilinear method (HBM), it is possible to obtain the multi-soliton and breather structures of GE. Breathers are fluctuating regional wave packets and significantly participate in hydrodynamics as well as optics; besides, their interaction can alter the dynamical characteristics of the wave fields. We also incorporate a detailed numerical simulation study based on a newly designed code by two of the co-authors. It is found that in our plasma system, soliton solutions, especially breather solutions, exist. Although superthermal (kappa-distributed) electrons and positrons play an important role in soliton structures, This type of analysis can also apply to the propagation of finite-amplitude waves in natural phenomena like the atmosphere, ocean, optic fibres, signal processing, etc. It should also be useful to study different electrostatic disturbances in space and laboratory plasmas, where immobile positive ions, superthermal electrons, superthermal hot positrons, and mobile cold positrons are the major plasma species., Comment: 34 pages, 26 figures

The Stratum Corneum (SC), the outermost layer of skin, comprises rigid corneocytes (keratin filled dead cells) in a specialized lipid matrix. The continuous lipid matrix provides the main barrier against uncontrolled water loss and invasion of external pathogens. Unlike all other biological lipid membranes (like intracellular organelles and plasma membranes), molecules in SC lipid matrix show small hydrophilic group and large variability in the length of the alkyl tails and in the numbers and positions of groups that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Molecular simulations provide a route for systematically probing the effects of each of these differences separately. In this article we present results from atomistic molecular dynamics of selected lipid bilayers and multilayers to probe the effect of these polydispersities. We address the nature of the tail packing in the gel-like phase, the hydrogen bond network among head groups, the bending moduli expected for leaflets comprising SC lipids, and the conformation of very long ceramide lipids (EOS) in multibilayer lipid assemblies., Comment: 13 pages, from the Royal Society Discussion Meeting "Soft Interfacial Materials: from fundamentals to formulation", 12-13 October 2015, London

Atomistic simulations were performed on hydrated model lipid multilayers that are representative of the lipid matrix in the outer skin (stratum corneum). We find that cholesterol transfers easily between adjacent leaflets belonging to the same bilayer via fast orientational diffusion (tumbling) in the inter-leaflet disordered region, while at the same time there is a large free energy cost against swelling. This fast flip-flop may play an important role in accommodating the variety of curvatures that would be required in the three dimensional arrangement of the lipid multilayers in skin, and for enabling mechanical or hydration induced strains without large curvature elastic costs., Comment: 9 Pages, link to animations

The outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum (SC), comprises rigid corneocytes in a layered lipid matrix. Using atomistic simulations we find that the equilibrium phase of the SC lipids is inverse micellar. A model of the corneocyte is used to demonstrate that lamellar layering is induced by the patterned corneocyte wall. The inverse micellar phase is consistent with in vivo observations in the lacunar spaces and at the stratum granulosum - SC boundary region, and suggests a functional role in the lipid synthesis pathway in vivo., Comment: pdflatex 5 pages, 10 page supplementary material. Published Physical Review Letters. Added link to website with animations

We present theory and experiments for the force-distance curve $F(z_0)$ of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip (radius $R$) indenting a supported fluid bilayer (thickness $2d$). For realistic conditions the force is dominated by the area compressibility modulus $\kappa_A$ of the bilayer, and, to an excellent approximation, given by $F= \pi \kappa_A R z_0^2/(2d-z_0)^2$. The experimental AFM force curves from coexisting liquid ordered and liquid disordered domains in 3-component lipid bilayers are well-described by our model, and provides $\kappa_A$ in agreement with literature values. The liquid ordered phase has a yield like response that we model by hydrogen bond breaking., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review E

Stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin, consists of keratin filled rigid non-viable corneocyte cells surrounded by multilayers of lipids. The lipid layer is responsible for the barrier properties of the skin. We calculate the excess chemical potential and diffusivity of water as a function of depth in lipid bilayers with compositions representative of the stratum corneum using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The maximum in the excess free energy of water inside the lipid bilayers is found to be twice that of water in phospholipid bilayers at the same temperature. Permeability, which decreases exponentially with the free energy barrier, is reduced by several orders of magnitude as compared to with phospholipid bilayers. The average time it takes for a water molecule to cross the bilayer is calculated by solving the Smoluchowski equation in presence of the free energy barrier. For a bilayer composed of a 2:2:1 molar ratio of ceramide NS 24:0, cholesterol and free fatty acid 24:0 at 300K, we estimate the permeability P=3.7e-9 cm/s and the average crossing time \tau_{av}=0.69 ms. The permeability is about 30 times smaller than existing experimental results on mammalian skin sections., Comment: latex, 8 pages, 6 figures

We present atomistic molecular dynamics results for fully hydrated bilayers composed of ceramide NS-24:0, free fatty acid 24:0 and cholesterol, to address the effect of the different components in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin) lipid matrix on its structural properties. Bilayers containing ceramide molecules show higher in-plane density and hence lower rate of passive transport compared to phospholipid bilayers. At physiological temperatures, for all composition ratios explored, the lipids are in a gel phase with ordered lipid tails. However, the large asymmetry in the lengths of the two tails of the ceramide molecule leads to a fluid like environment at the bilayer mid-plane. The lateral pressure profiles show large local variations across the bilayer for pure ceramide or any of the two component mixtures. Close to the skin composition ratio, the lateral pressure fluctuations are greatly suppressed, the ceramide tails from the two leaflets interdigitate significantly, the depression in local density at the inter-leaflet region is lowered, and the bilayer have lowered elastic moduli. This indicates that the observed composition ratio in the stratum corneum lipid layer is responsible for both the good barrier properties and the stability of the lipid structure against mechanical stresses., Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures

We conduct a numerical study of the dynamical behavior of a system of three-dimensional crosses, particles that consist of three mutually perpendicular line segments rigidly joined at their midpoints. In an earlier study [W. van Ketel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 135703 (2005)] we showed that this model has the structural properties of an ideal gas, yet the dynamical properties of a strong glass former. In the present paper we report an extensive study of the dynamical heterogeneities that appear in this system in the regime where glassy behavior sets in. On the one hand, we find that the propensity of a particle to diffuse is determined by the structure of its local environment. The local density around mobile particles is significantly less than the average density, but there is little clustering of mobile particles, and the clusters observed tend to be small. On the other hand, dynamical susceptibility results indicate that a large dynamical length scale develops even at moderate densities. This suggests that propensity and other mobility measures are an incomplete measure of dynamical length scales in this system., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

We present a simple reaction kinetics model to describe the polymer synthesis used by Lusignan et al. (PRE, 60, 5657, 1999) to produce randomly branched polymers in the vulcanization class. Numerical solution of the rate equations gives probabilities for different connections in the final product, which we use to generate a numerical ensemble of representative molecules. All structural quantities probed by Lusignan et al. are in quantitative agreement with our results for the entire range of molecular weights considered. However, with detailed topological information available in our calculations, our estimate of the `rheologically relevant' linear segment length is smaller than that estimated by them. We use a numerical method based on tube model of polymer melts to calculate the rheological properties of such molecules. Results are in good agreement with experiment, except that in the case of the largest molecular weight samples our estimate of the zero-shear viscosity is significantly lower than the experimental findings. Using acid concentration as an indicator for closeness to the gelation transition, we show that the high-molecular-weight polymers considered are at the limit of mean-field behavior - which possibly is the reason for this disagreement. For a truly mean-field gelation class of model polymers, we numerically calculate the rheological properties for a range of segment lengths. Our calculations show that the tube theory with dynamical dilation predicts that, very close to the gelation limit, contribution to viscosity for this class of polymers is dominated by the contribution from constraint-release Rouse motion and the final viscosity exponent approaches Rouse-like value.

The effects of an externally applied one-dimensional periodic potential on the freezing/melting behaviour of two-dimensional systems of colloidal particles with a short-range attractive interaction are studied using Monte Carlo simulations. In such systems, incommensuration results when the periodicity of the external potential does not match the length-scale at which the minimum of the attractive potential occurs. To study the effects of this incommensuration, we consider two different models for the system. Our simulations for both these models show the phenomenon of reentrant freezing as the strength of the periodic potential is varied. Our simulations also show that different exotic phases can form when the strength of the periodic potential is high, depending on the length-scale at which the minimum of the attractive pair-potential occurs., Comment: 24 pages (including figures) in preprint format

From Landau-Alexander-McTague theory and Monte-Carlo simulation results we show that the modulated liquid obtained by subjecting a colloidal system to a periodic laser modulation has long range bond-orientational order and non-zero shear rigidity. From infinite field simulation results we show that in the modulated liquid phase, the translational order parameter correlation function decays to zero exponentially while the correlation function for the bond-orientational order saturates to a finite value at large distances., Comment: 8 pages, elsart documentclass, to be published in Physica A as part of proceedings for Stat-Phys 3, Calcutta

We present results from an extensive simulational study of the modulated liquid $\longleftrightarrow$ crystal transition in a 2-d charge-stabilized colloid subject to a 1-d laser field modulation commensurate with the crystalline phase. {\em {Contrary to some earlier simulational and experimental findings we do not find any reentrant liquid phase in our simulation. Furthermore the transition remains first-order (albeit weak, with a fairly large correlation length) even in the limit of infinite field, contrary to mean-field predictions}}. In the modulated liquid phase, while the translational order decays exponentially, the bond orientational order is actually long ranged., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, revtex style (submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett)

We have studied the ordering of a two dimensional charge stabilised colloidal system in the presence of a stationary one dimensionally modulated laser field formed by the superposition of two modulations with wavevectors $q_0 \tau$ and $q_0/\tau$, where $q_0$ is the wavevector corresponding to the first peak of the direct correlation function of the unperturbed liquid, and $\tau$ is the golden mean. In the framework of the Landau-Alexander-McTague theory we find that a decagonal quasicrystalline phase is stabler than the liquid or the triangular lattice in certain regions of the phase diagram. Our study also shows a reentrant melting phenomena for larger laser field strengths. We find that the transition from the modulated liquid to the quasicrystalline phase is continuous in contrast to a first order transition from the modulated liquid to the triangular crystalline phase., Comment: 4 pages revtex file, 5 eps figures, communicated to PRB(rapid com.)