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Tomé, Maria Emilia, Araripe, Rilda, Oliveira, David, Barreto, Alcina, Prado, Ludmila, Pedrosa, Flavia, Pereira, Priscilla, Nascimento, Luiz Ricardo, Ng, Christiano (2022): Early Cretaceous Ostracoda (Crustacea) from south-centralAraripe Basin, Brazil with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 5159 (4): 535-557, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.4

Alicenula cf. leguminella (Forbes, in Lyell 1855) Fig. 5M–O 1855 Cypris leguminella —Forbes (in Lyell, 1855), p. 294, Fig. 334c. 1855 Darwinula leguminella —Jones, p. 346, Taf. 8, Figs. 3 –31. 1856 Darwinula leguminella —Jones, p. 147, Taf. 4, Fig. 4a–c. 1940 Darwinula leguminella —Martin, p. 317, Taf. 4, Figs. 58–61. 1954 Darwinula leguminella —Bartenstein & Burri, Taf. 26. 1957 Darwinula leguminella —Grekoff, p. 61, Plate 3, Figs. 56 and 57. 1961 Darwinula leguminella —Martin, p. 119, Taf. 14, Fig. 19. 1962 Darwinula leguminella —Kringler et al., p. 187–188, Taf. 25, Fig. 14. 1963 Darwinula leguminella —Oertli, p. 20, Taf. 6, Fig. 40. 1963 Darwinula leguminella —Christensen, p. 21–23, Taf. 2, Fig. 2 aec. 1966 Darwinula leguminella —Barker, p. 472, Taf. 7, Fig. 9. 1971 Darwinula leguminella —Anderson, p. 110, Taf. 18. 1975 Darwinula leguminella —Bielecka, p. 368, Taf. 14, Fig. 5. 1976 Darwinula leguminella —Brenner, p. 141, Taf. 10, Figs. 23–25. 1985 Darwinula leguminella —Colin & Oertli, p.160, Taf. 40, Fig.1. 1978b Darwinula martinsi —Silva, p. 1028–31, Plate 1, Figs. 1–2. 1990 Darwinula cf. martinsi —Silva Telles Jr. & Viana, Plate 2, Fig. 4. 1997 Darwinula cf. martinsi —Colin & Dépêche, Plate 2:18. 2002 Darwinula martinsi — Coimbra et al., Fig. 4:32. 2004 Darwinula martinsi —Do Carmo et al., p. 50–51, Fig. 9:13 2010 Darwinula cf. martinsi —Tomé & Lima Filho, p. 63, Plate 2, Fig. d–f. 2013 Darwinula martinsi — Do Carmo et al., p. 95e103, Fig. 5, N?.9. 2014 Alicenula leguminella (Forbes in Lyell 1855)—Tomé et al., p. 170, Fig.14 (T–Z). 2020 Alicenulla sp.—Melo et al., p 9, Fig. 5 (11–12). 2022 Alicenula leguminella —Araripe et al., p 7, fig. 5 (12a–b). Illustrated material. Juvenile shell, Nº. DGEO-CTG-UFPE-1526. Illustrated material from the Santo Antônio section (0.3 m). Dimension. Nº. DGEO-CTG-UFPE-1526 (Fig. 5M–N); L= (LV) 0.376 mm, and W= 0.172 mm and Nº. DGEO- CTG-UFPE-1527 (Fig. 5O); L= (RV) 0.424 mm and H= 0.143 mm. Comparison. Material compared to Alicenulla leguminella (Nº DGEO-CTG-UFPE-1174), described and deposited by Tomé et al. (2014) in the Ivan de Medeiros Tinoco Microfossils Collection of the Paleontology Laboratory of the Federal University of Pernambuco. It was observed that the specimen found in the present study was much smaller, possibly a juvenile form. The ventral covering of the right valve was not observed. Thus, the specimen studied was assigned the confer . Occurrence and associated fauna. It was recorded in the Santo Antonio section, at the following depths (from base to top): 0.3; 2.1 and 2.25 m. A. cf. leguminella is associated with all species of ostracods, except Dicrorygma (Orthorygma ?) dimorpha, Microceratina retangularis sp. nov. and T. cf. quadrinodosum. Observations. It is worth pointing out the association of this species with the planktonic foraminifera Pseudoguembelitria sp. and Liliputinella? sp., thus suggesting that such forms may occur in typically brackish-marine environments. Stratigraphic distribution. Brazil, Araripe Basin, Santana Formation, Crato Member, and base of Ipupi Member (Silva 1978b; Silva Telles Jr. & Viana 1990; Colin & Dépêche 1997); interval dated as Aptian (Regali 1990; Coimbra et al. 2002). Potiguar Basin, Alagamar Formation, Aptian (Do Carmo et al. 2013). Cedro Basin, in strata correlated to the Crato Formation, Aptian (Tomé 2007; Tomé & Lima Filho 2010). Jatobá Basin, Serra Negra, in deposits correlated to the Crato Formation, upper Aptian (Tomé et al. 2014). The rocks of the Puberck and Wealden, in England, contain records of this species from the Jurassic to the lower Aptian (Anderson 1985). In this work, Araripe Basin, Romualdo Formation, upper Aptian - lower Albian., Published as part of Tomé, Maria Emilia, Araripe, Rilda, Oliveira, David, Barreto, Alcina, Prado, Ludmila, Pedrosa, Flavia, Pereira, Priscilla, Nascimento, Luiz Ricardo & Ng, Christiano, 2022, Early Cretaceous Ostracoda (Crustacea) from south-centralAraripe Basin, Brazil with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 535-557 in Zootaxa 5159 (4) on page 550, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6786092, {"references":["Tome, M. E. T. R., Lima Filho, M. F. & Neumann, V. H. M. L. (2014) Taxonomic studies of non-marine ostracods in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-lower Albian) of post-rift sequence from Jatoba and Araripe basins (Northeast Brazil): Stratigraphic implications. Cretaceous Research, 48, 153 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2013.12.007","Silva, M. D. (1978 b) Ostracodes da Formacao Santana (Cretaceo Inferior), Grupo Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil. 3. Nova especie do genero Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 30, 1028 - 1031.","Colin, J. P. & Depeche, F. (1997) Faunes d'ostracodes lacustres des basins intra-cratoniques d'age albo-aptien en Afrique de l'Ouest (Cameroun, Tchad) et au Bresil: considerations d'ordre paleoecologique et paleobiogeographique. African Geoscience Review, 4 (3 / 4), 431 - 450.","Regali, M. S. P. (1990) Biocronoestratigrafia e paleoambiente do Eocretaceo das bacias do Araripe (CE) e Rio do Peixe (PB), NE, Brasil. Simposio sobre a Bacia do Araripe e Bacias Interiores do Nordeste, 1, 163 - 171.","Coimbra, J. C., Arai, M. & Carreno, A. L. (2002) Biostratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous microfossils from the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Geobios, 35, 687 - 698. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00082 - 7","Do Carmo, D. A., Coimbra, J. C., Whatley, R. C., Antonietto, L. S. & Citon, R. T. P. (2013) Taxonomy of limnic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Alagamar Formation, middle-upper Aptian, Potiguar Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Paleontology, 87, 91 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 11 - 108 R. 1","Tome, M. E. T. R. & Lima Filho, M. F. (2010) Ostracodes da Bacia de Cedro, Andar Alagoas, Estado de Pernambuco, NE, Brasil: Implicacoes paleoambientais e bioestratigraficas. Estudos Geologicos, 21, 56 - 70."]}

Vestalenula sp. (Figs 3I–J & 5) JAPAN — Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima • 2 ♀♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine and sealed in glass slides, valves stored dry in micropalaeontological slides; Mitsushima-machi Sumo; 34.26246º N, 129.26264º E; alt. 58 m; 31 Aug. 2019; Robin J. Smith, Cheon Y. Chang, Jimin Lee leg.; stream in forest, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, interstitial sample; sample 190831-01. • 1 ♀; Izuhara-machi Tsutsu, Ayumodoshi Natural Park; 34.1552º N, 129.21647º E; alt. 95 m; 31 Aug. 2019; Robin J. Smith, Cheon Y. Chang, Jimin Lee leg.; seep, mud and organic detritus, including leaf litter, at side of path in forest; sample 190831-05. Brief description Carapace length 385–414 µm, height 196–199 µm (n=2). Lateral view, dorsal and ventral margins straight and parallel, posterior margin evenly rounded, anterior margin with maximum curvature below mid-height (Fig. 3I). Adductor muscle scars with seven scars arranged in rosette. Right valve with large and well-developed keel near postero-ventral margin, length about one-third length of valve (Fig. 3J & K). Surface with slight pitting in central ventral and postero-dorsal areas. Colour translucent white. Very small pigmented eye present. Antennule with six segments (Fig. 5A). First segment with short, subapical-dorsal seta. Second segment with one long and one medium-length subapical-ventral setae. Third segment with apical-ventral seta and apical-dorsal seta. Fourth segment with short apical-ventral seta and tiny subapical seta. Fifth segment with two medium-length, stout apical-ventral setae, two longer apical-dorsal setae, and tiny subapical seta. Terminal segment with one long, one medium-length and one tiny setae and aesthetasc ya. Antenna, first endopodal segment with one long, robust, and one short and slender sub-apical ventral setae (Fig. 5B). Fourth segment with short z1 claw, approximately 60% as long as G2 and G3 claw. Claw G1 very short, z2 tiny. Terminal segment with short GM claw, about 41% length of Gm. Sixth limb five-segmented with very short d1 seta and two d2 setae on first segment (Fig. 5C). Second segment with two e setae and long pd seta, latter extending to just beyond end of third segment. Third and fourth segments with robust f and g setae respectively. Terminal segment with robust, claw-like h1 seta, about 55% length of claw h2, and short, robust h3 seta. Caudal ramus consisting of sub-triangular base supporting one short claw (Fig. 5D). Posterior of body with small and rounded protrusion, interpreted as small post-abdomen, with dorsal seta. Remarks. This is an undescribed species, but as only three specimens were recovered, one of which has a damaged carapace, it is left in open nomenclature. The posterior of the body ends with a small, rounded protrusion, which we interpret as a post-abdomen, albeit smaller than other examples in the genus. The protrusion has a dorsal seta, which has been reported on the post-abdomens of other species (Table 3), supporting this view. The long keel on the right valve indicates that Vestalenula sp. belongs to the danielopoli -group of Vestalenula (species with a short keel belong to the boteai -group; see Rossetti & Martens 1998). Although the carapace shape is similar to V. cornelia, the presence of an apical-ventral seta on the third segment of the antennule, and two setae, one large, one much shorter, on the apical-ventral corner of the first endopodal segment of the antenna distinguishes it from all other Vestalenula found in Japan (V. cornelia, V. cylindrica, Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., V. lundi and V. molopoensis) (Fig. 5A & B, additional setae marked with black triangles, Table 3). Three species from Brazil, Vestalenula botocuda Pinto et al., 2003, Vestalenula irajai Pinto et al., 2003 and Vestalenula pagliolii (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961), also have two setae on the third segment of the antennule and first endopodal segment of the antenna, but these species have very short keels, thus belong to the boteai -group (Table 3). Distribution and ecology. This species was found twice. The first locality (Mitsushima-machi Sumo) is a small, shallow stream in a forest on the lower slopes of a mountain. The sediment was very poorly sorted and angular consisting of cobbles, pebbles and gravel, with specimens found interstitially. The second locality (Ayumodoshi Natural Park) is a seep at the side of a path in a forest, with a substrate of mud and organic detritus, including leaf litter., Published as part of Smith, Robin James & Chang, Cheon Young, 2022, Two new species of non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) of the genera Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Darwinuloidea) and Microloxoconcha Hartmann, 1954 (Cytheroidea) from Tsushima, Japan, and a summary of the non-marine ostracod fauna of the island, pp. 529-555 in Zootaxa 5150 (4) on pages 539-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6626905, {"references":["Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110.","Pinto, R. L., Rocha, C. E. F. & Martens, K. (2003) On two new species of the genus Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae) from semiterrestrial habitats in Sao Paulo State (Brazil). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 305 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00070. x","Pinto, I. D. & Kotzian, S. C. B. (1961) Novos ostracodes da familia Darwinulidae e a variacao das impressoes musculares. Boletim, Instituto de Ciencias Naturais, Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, 11, 5 - 64."]}

Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. (Figs 3A–H, 4) Etymology. From the Latin gravatus, meaning loaded or weighed down, and referring to the large, long keel on the right valve. Diagnosis. Small species of Vestalenula (length ca. ≤ 0.41 mm), with six to eight adductor muscle scars on each valve. Keel (external ridge near postero-ventral margin) on right valve very long (39–45% of valve length) and well-developed. No pigmented eye. Antennule with one seta on third segment. Antenna with one sub-apical seta on first endopodal segment. Terminal antennal segment with short GM claw, about 45% length of Gm. Mandible with long z seta extending beyond distal end of terminal segment, setae w and x much shorter, less than 50% length of z, seta y very small, about 15% length of z. Caudal ramus consisting of sub-triangular base supporting one short claw. Body terminating with small, rounded end, but without post-abdomen. No dorsal seta. Type locality. Streams in Higashizato Kamiagata-machi Sago, Tsushima, Japan (34.62168º N, 129.37206º E, altitude 45 m) (Figs 1 (sample 190830-04), 2A & B, Table 1). Type material. Holotype. JAPAN — Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima • 1 ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine and sealed in a slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; Higashizato Kamiagata-machi Sago; 34.62168º N, 129.37206º E; alt. 45 m; 30 Aug. 2019; Robin J. Smith, Cheon Y. Chang, Jimin Lee leg.; small stream in steep gully in forest, substate of poorly sorted mud, sand, pebbles, organic detritus; sample 190830-04, LBM 1430009555. Paratypes. JAPAN — Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima • 3 ♀♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine and sealed in a glass slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; same collecting data as holotype; LBM 1430009556, 1430009558, 1430009560. • 1 ♀, whole carapace, stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; same collecting data as holotype; LBM 1430009559. • 1 ♀, right valve, stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; same collecting data as holotype; LBM 1430009557. Other material. JAPAN — Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima • 4 ♀♀, preserved in 70% EtOH; same collecting data as holotype. • 1 ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine and sealed in a glass slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; same collecting data as holotype. • 1 ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine and sealed in a glass slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide; Mitsushima-machi Sumo; 34.26246º N, 129.26264º E; alt. 58 m; 31 Aug. 2019; Robin J. Smith, Cheon Y. Chang, Jimin Lee leg.; stream in forest, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, interstitial sample; sample 190831-01. Description. Carapace length 377–389 µm, height 176–184 µm, height/length = 0.47–0.48 (n=4). Left valve overlaps right ventrally (Fig. 3G). Lateral view of carapace with dorsal and ventral margins both straight and parallel, anterior and posterior margins equally rounded, but maximum curvature of anterior margin lower than that of posterior margin (Fig. 3A). Dorsal view with relatively blunt anterior end, slightly more angular than posterior end, sides almost straight to slightly concave (Fig. 3E). Adductor muscle scars with six to eight scars arranged in rosette (Fig. 3H). Right valve with large and well-developed keel near postero-ventral margin, length about 45% of length of valve (Fig. 3C, D, F & G). Left valve with antero-ventral internal tooth (Fig. 3B). Surface of valves smooth. In transmitted light microscopy with granular appearance. Colour translucent white. No pigmented eye. Antennule with six segments (Fig. 4A). First segment with short, subapical-dorsal seta. Second segment with one long and one medium-length subapical-ventral setae. Third segment with apical-ventral seta. Fourth segment with short apical-ventral seta and tiny subapical seta. Fifth segment with two medium-length, stout apical-ventral setae, two longer apical-dorsal setae, and tiny subapical seta. Terminal segment with one long, one medium-length and one tiny setae, and aesthetasc ya. Antenna with small hook h on first segment (Fig. 4B). Third segment with one robust seta on apical-ventral corner. Fourth segment with short z1 claw, approximately 50% as long as G2 and G3 claw. Claw G1 and seta z2 both very short, approximately half length of claw z1. Terminal segment with short GM claw, about 45% length of Gm. Mandible with long z seta extending beyond distal end of terminal segment, setae w and x much shorter, less than 50% length of z. Seta y, very small, about 15% length of z (Fig. 4C). Terminal segment of palp with short c seta and five claws. Fifth limb endopodite leg-like, with three segments (Fig. 4D). First segment with two subapical setae. Second segment with one apical seta. Terminal segment with one subapical seta, one apical seta and small claw. Sixth limb five-segmented with very short d1 seta and two d2 setae on first segment (Fig. 4E). Second segment with two e setae and long pd seta, latter extending to about end of third segment. Third segment with robust f seta. Fourth segment with short, but robust g seta. Terminal segment with robust h1 seta and h2 claw, and short h3 seta. Seventh limb five-segmented with two d2 setae on first segment (Fig. 4F). Second segment with medium length e seta. Third segment with long f seta, extending beyond end of fourth segment. Fourth segment with well-developed g seta. Terminal segment supporting very elongate claw h2 (approximately twice as long as claw of sixth limb), short but robust h1 seta, and very long h1 seta, approximately 40% as long as h2 claw. Caudal ramus consisting of sub-triangular base supporting one short claw (Fig. 4G). Body terminating with small, rounded end, but without post-abdomen. No dorsal seta. Males unknown. Remarks. The long keel (an external ridge near the postero-ventral margin on the right valve) indicates that this species belongs to the danielopoli -group of Vestalenula (species with a short keel belong to the boteai -group; see Rossetti & Martens 1998), which consists of seven previously described species (Table 3). The length of the keel of Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., at 39–45% the length of the right valve, is proportionally much longer than most other species of the group. In this respect, the Brazilian Vestalenula carinata (Pinto et al., 2013), with a keel about 40% the length of the right valve, is the most similar to Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., but Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. is smooth, while V. carinata has a lightly pitted carapace, and V. carinata is slightly more elongate (height/length = 0.45 vs. 0.47–0.48). No pigmented eye was observed in any of the specimens, while most other Vestalenula species found in Japan, Vestalenula cornelia Smith et al., 2006, Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, 1952), Vestalenula lundi (Neale & Victor, 1978) and Vestalenula molopoensis (Martens & Rossetti, 1997), have pigmented eyes, albeit rather small examples. An eyeless species of Vestalenula was previously reported from a cave in Susono City, Japan, but this remains unnamed and is not figured (Kaji & Tsukagoshi 2010). For some other species of Vestalenula, the presence or absence of an eye was not noted in descriptions, but one species, Vestalenula carveli Artheau, 2007, was reported as not possessing an eye (although Fig. 4C of Artheau 2007 appears to show an eye in this species). Vestalenula carveli can be distinguished from Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. by the shorter keel and the presence of a post-abdomen in the former. Distribution and ecology. Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. was found at two sites during our survey. The type material was collected from a small, very shallow stream in a steep gully in a forest. The substrate was sedimentary rock, with small areas covered with poorly sorted mud, sand, pebbles and organic detritus. In places branches and logs were infilling the gully.A trowel was used to dig out some of the sediment to a depth of about 10–20 mm, which was then washed through the sieves (see Methods and Material section above). The second site was similar to the first; a small, shallow stream in a forest on the lower slopes of a mountain. The sediment was very poorly sorted and angular, consisting of cobbles, pebbles and gravel, with specimens found interstitially. The lack of a pigmented eye and small size suggests that this species may be a stygobiont, and it is possible that specimens were washed from groundwater habitats during the heavy rains that occurred a couple of days before collection (Japanese Meteorological Agency 2019; see Material and Methods section).

Darwinulidae Although Penthesilenula brasiliensis is globally widespread, known from seven of the world’s zoogeographical regions (Meisch et al. 2019), it has not been previously recorded in East Asia. Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., Vestalenula sp. and the new record of P. brasiliensis herein, bring the total of Darwinuloidea species known from Japan to nine, representing almost a quarter of the total number of extant species in this superfamily. Three of these, P. brasiliensis, Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson, 1870), and Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916), are globally widespread, while two of the Vestalenula species, Vestalenula lundi and Vestalenula molopoensis, are known from more than one zoogeographical region (Meisch et al. 2019). The other four species, Vestalenula cornelia, Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., Vestalenula cylindrica and Vestalenula sp., may be endemic to East Asia, although V. cylindrica is known as fossils from elsewhere, and may represent a relic endemic (Smith et al. 2006; Smith & Janz 2009). The small size and lack of a pigmented eye indicates that Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. may be a stygobiont, which was washed to the surface in heavy rains prior to collecting. The distributions of stygobionts can be difficult to determine as direct access to groundwater is usually limited, and thus it is plausible that Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. is more widespread, but difficult to collect. Vestalenula is divided into two groups, the boteai -group, which includes species with a short keel on the right valve, and the danielopoli -group, consisting of species with a longer keel (Rossetti & Martens 1998). The boteai - and danielopoli -groups are both widespread, with each found in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Neotropical, Palaearctic regions, and with the boteai -group also found in the Pacific Oceanic Islands region (Meisch et al. 2019). Five of the Vestalenula species found in Japan belong to the danielopoli -group of Vestalenula (V. cornelia, V. cylindrica, Vestalenula gravata sp. nov., V. lundi, and Vestalenula sp.), but it is unknown if they represent a distinct lineage within the genus. Vestalenula gravata sp. nov. lacks a post-abdomen and a pigmented eye, whereas these are present in V. cornelia, V. lundi, and V. cylindrica. The post-abdomen is a feature useful for species discrimination (e.g. Rossetti & Martens 1998), but it is not clear if it is only present in particular lineages within the genus. The absence of a pigmented eye is not a widely used taxonomic character in Vestalenula (the presence or absence of an eye is sometimes not noted in descriptions, Table 3), and could potentially be a homeomorphic character influenced by habitat, rather than having phylogenetic significance. The extra setae on both the antennule and antenna of Vestalenula sp. are features previously only known in three other Vestalenula species, belonging to the boteai -group, from Brazil. Species of the genera Alicenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998, Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885 and Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 have the extra setae on the antennule and antenna, while Isabenula Rossetti et al., 2011 and Microdarwinula Danielopol, 1968 only have the extra seta on the antenna. As these setae are taxonomically widespread in the family, their absence in most species of Vestalenula is possibly an apomorphy. Their loss could be a result of convergent evolution in both groups of Vestalenula, or species of Vestalenula retaining these setae could represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage. This latter scenario would indicate that keel length, and hence the boteai - and danielopoli -groups, is not phylogenetically significant., Published as part of Smith, Robin James & Chang, Cheon Young, 2022, Two new species of non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) of the genera Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Darwinuloidea) and Microloxoconcha Hartmann, 1954 (Cytheroidea) from Tsushima, Japan, and a summary of the non-marine ostracod fauna of the island, pp. 529-555 in Zootaxa 5150 (4) on page 546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6626905, {"references":["Meisch, C., Smith, R. J. & Martens, K. (2019) A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea). European Journal of Taxonomy, 492, 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2019.492","Brady, G. S. & Robertson, D. (1870) The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of tidal rivers. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 6, 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937008696200","Menzel, R. (1916) Moosbewohnende Harpacticiden und Ostracoden aus Ost-Afrika. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 11 (3), 486 - 489.","Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. (2009) Recent ostracods of the superfamilies Cytheroidea and Darwinuloidea (Crustacea) from Lake Biwa, a Japanese ancient lake. Species Diversity, 14, 217 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 14.217","Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110.","Brady, G. S. & Robertson, D. (1885) In: Jones, T. R. (Ed.), On the Ostracoda of the Purbeck Formation with notes on the Wealden species. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 41, 311 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1885.041.01 - 04.31","Rossetti, G., Pinto, R. L. & Martens, K. (2011) Description of a new genus and two new species of Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) with some considerations on the morphological evolution of ancient asexuals. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 141 (2), 55 - 74.","Danielopol, D. L. (1968) Microdarwinula n. g. et quelques remarques sur la repartition de la famille Darwinulidae Br. et Norm. (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Annales de Limnologie, 4, 153 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1968004"]}

Smith, Robin James, Chang, Cheon Young (2022): Two new species of non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) of the genera Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Darwinuloidea) and Microloxoconcha Hartmann, 1954 (Cytheroidea) from Tsushima, Japan, and a summary of the non-marine ostracod fauna of the island. Zootaxa 5150 (4): 529-555, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.4

Finds of the European fossil species Vestalenula danielopoli in the Holocene peat deposits of Western Siberia are reported. The age of the deposits is 8850 cal yr BP. The species first appeared at the beginning of the Atlantic period (5750 cal yr BP), and disappeared at the beginning of the Subatlantic period (2200 cal yr BP). Vestalenula danielopoli co-occurred with species typical for temporary shallow bodies of water.

Vestalenula sp. Figures 33 and 34. Material examined: Two females from JFL15, one female (ECNU 20170413/HN43) dissected. Dimension: Female, RV, n = 1, length 0.452 mm, height 0.229 mm. Description: LV overlapping RV both anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 33A). Posterior end wider than anterior. Dorsal margin slightly arched. Keel on RV short (Fig. 33B). Ventral seta on the third segment of A1 absent (Fig. 34A). Exopodite on A2 with one long seta. Both claws on terminal segment (GM and Gm) approximately same lengths (Fig. 34B). UR base narrow. P-abd short and without any seta (Fig. 34C). Distribution: This species was found in Jianfengling National Forest Park on Hainan Island. Remarks: According to the following characters: L/H of the carapace smaller than 2.2, P-abd without seta, third segment of the A1 without ventro-apical seta, shape of the UR base, this species is similar to Vestalenula spec. D, Rossetti & Martens, 1999, but this species can be distinguished from Vestalenula spec. D by the following characters: the dorsal margin is extremely straight in Vestalenula spec. D but slightly arched in Vestalenula sp. from Hainan; claw Gm on the A 2 in Vestalenula sp. from Hainan is much longer than that of Vestalenula spec. D. (Pinto et al. 2013; Rossetti & Martens 1999). Only two females were collected in April 2017 during our two collection trips. The number of specimens is insufficient to provide a full description of this species.

Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) Figures 30D and 31A. 1916 Darwinula zimmeri n. sp. — Menzel: 487 –489, figs. 16–17. 1952 Darwinula brevis n. sp. — Straub: 498, figs. 21–22. 1968 Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menz) — Danielopol: 154 –163, figs. 1–28. Material examined: Eighteen females from HK 3, one female (ECNU 20170411/HN40) dissected. Dimensions: Female. RV, n = 1, length 0.324 mm; LV, n = 1, length 0.344 mm; height 0.194 mm. Description: Carapace white. LV overlapping RV. Greatest height approximately at mid-length. Dorsal margin arched (Fig. 30D). Aesthetasc y1 present on penultimate segment of A2 (Fig. 31A). Distribution: This species has been found in Europe, Western Africa, North America, the Caribbean, Madagascar, the Middle East and Indonesia (Rossetti & Martens 1998). This species was found in Haikou on Hainan Island. Remarks: There are only two species in this genus: M. inexpectata Pinto et al., 2005 and M. zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) (Pinto et al. 2005). M. zimmeri can be easily distinguished by the presence of aesthetasc y1 on A2 (absent in M. inexpectata). M. zimmeri has been reported to be widely distributed, while M. inexpectata has only been reported from South America (Pinto et al. 2005)., Published as part of Ma, Shunxin & Yu, Na, 2020, Freshwater ostracods (Crustacea) from Hainan Island, southern China, with description of a new species, pp. 201-243 in Zootaxa 4767 (2) on page 234, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3770727, {"references":["Menzel, R. (1916) Moosbewohnende Harpacticiden und Ostracoden aus Ost-Afrika. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde, 11, 478 - 489.","Straub, E. W. (1952) Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen im Tertiar zwischen Ehingen und Ulm an der Donau. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 66, 433 - 523.","Danielopol, D. L. (1968) Microdarwinula n. g. et quelques remarques sur la repartition de la famille Darwinulidae Br. et Norm. (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Annales de Limnologie, 4, 153 - 174.","Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de L'institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110.","Pinto, R. L., Rocha, C. E. F. & Martens, K. (2005) On the evolution of the genus Microdarwinula Danielopol, 1968 (Ostracoda, Darwinulidae) with the description of a new species from semi-terrestrial habitats in Sao Paulo state (Brazil). Crustaceana, 78 (8), 975 - 986."]}

Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson, 1870) 1870 Polycheles stevensoni nov. sp. — Brady & Robertson: 25 –26, pls. 7 (1–7), 10 (4–14). 1885 Darwinula stevensoni— Brady & Robertson: 346. Materials examined: One female from JFL3, one female (ECNU 20170413/HN50) dissected; 40 females and five female valves from JFL24; four females and three female valves from SY3; three females from YND6; one female from YND12; one female valve from YND14; five females from WN3; two females and two female valves from WN4; one female from QH4; two females from 11JFL11; one female from 11JFL24; 14 females from 11SY3; two females from 11WZS4. Dimensions: Female, LV, n = 1, length 0.560 mm; RV, n = 1, length 0.533 mm. Distribution: This species has been reported from all continents except Antarctica (Karanovic 2012). This species was found in Jianfengling National Forest Park, Sanya, Qionghai, Wanning and Wuzhi Mountain on Hainan Island., Published as part of Ma, Shunxin & Yu, Na, 2020, Freshwater ostracods (Crustacea) from Hainan Island, southern China, with description of a new species, pp. 201-243 in Zootaxa 4767 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3770727, {"references":["Brady, G. S. & Robertson, D. (1870) The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 1 - 33.","Brady, G. S. & Robertson, D. (1885) Genus Darwinula. In: Jones, T. R. (Ed.), On the Ostracoda of the Purbeck formation with notes on the Wealden species. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 41, pp. 311 - 353.","Karanovic, I. (2012) Recent freshwater Ostracods of the World: Crustacea, Ostracoda, Podocopida. Springer, New York, 608 pp."]}

In this study, 24 non-marine ostracod species were found in 142 samples collected from diverse water bodies from Hainan Island, south China. Among them, a new species Pseudocypretta lineata n. sp. is described and illustrated. Twelve species are new records for China. Among them, six species are identified: Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916), Pseudocypretta lineata n. sp., Pseudostrandesia mamarilorum (Victor & Fernando, 1981c), Stenocypris malayica Victor & Fernando, 1981b, Stenocypris orientalis Victor & Fernando, 1981b and Strandesia freyi Victor & Fernando, 1981c. Six species are left in open nomenclature: Batucypretta sp., Candonopsis? sp., Cypridoidea gen. et sp. indet. 1, Cypridoidea gen. et sp. indet. 2, Cyprinotus cf. kimberleyensis McKenzie, 1966 and Vestalenula sp. Additionally, a re-description of Strandesia freyi is provided.

Ma, Shunxin, Yu, Na (2018): Freshwater ostracods (Crustacea) from Tiantong National Forest Park and Dongqian Lake, eastern China, with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History 52 (27-28): 1825-1868, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1489085, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1489085

Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885 Syn.: Polycheles Brady & Robertson, 1870 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) Syn.: Darwinella Brady & Robertson, 1872 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) * Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson, 1870) Brady & Robertson, 1885: AT, AU, NA, NT, OL, PA Polycheles stevensoni Brady & Robertson, 1870 Syn.: Argilloecia aurea Brady & Robertson, 1870 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) Syn.: Darwinula improvisa Turner, 1895 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) Syn.: Darwinula protracta Rome, 1953 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) Syn.: Darwinula variabilis Tagliasacchi, 1968 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) Syn.: Darwinula sphenoides Rome, 1977 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998), Published as part of Meisch, Claude, Smith, Robin J. & Martens, Koen, 2019, A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea), pp. 1-135 in European Journal of Taxonomy 492 on page 54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.492, http://zenodo.org/record/3271099, {"references":["Rossetti G. & Martens K. 1998. Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a redescription of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 68: 55 - 110.","Turner C. H. 1895. Fresh-water Ostracoda of the United States. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Zoological Series 2: 277 - 337."]}

Alicenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 Alicenula furcabdominis (Keyser, 1976) Rossetti & Martens 1998: NA, NT Darwinula furcabdominis Keyser, 1976 Alicenula inversa (Martens & Rossetti, 1997) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT Darwinula inversa Martens & Rossetti, 1997 * Alicenula serricaudata (Klie, 1935) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT, NT, OL Darwinula serricaudata Klie, 1935 Syn.: Darwinula serricaudata espinosa Pinto & Kotzian, 1961 (fide Martens & Rossetti 1997) Alicenula yucatanensis Macario-González et al., 2018: NT

Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 Penthesilenula aotearoa (Rossetti et al., 1998) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AU, NT Darwinula aotearoa Rossetti et al., 1998 Penthesilenula araucana (Löffler, 1961) Rossetti & Martens 1998: NT Darwinula araucana Löffler, 1961 Penthesilenula brasiliensis (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT, AU, NA, NT, OL, PA, PAC Darwinula africana brasiliensis Pinto & Kotzian, 1961 Syn.: Darwinula africana Klie, 1935 (fide Martens & Savatenalinton 2011) Syn.: Darwinula dicastrii Löffler, 1966 (fide Rossetti & Martens 1998) * Penthesilenula incae (Delachaux, 1928) Rossetti & Martens 1998: NT Darwinula incae Delachaux, 1928 Penthesilenula kohanga (Rossetti et al., 1998) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AU Darwinula kohanga Rossetti et al., 1998 Penthesilenula malayica (Menzel, 1923) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT, OL, PAC Darwinula malayica Menzel, 1923 Penthesilenula reidae Pinto et al., 2004: NT Penthesilenula repoa (Chapman, 1963) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AU Darwinula repoa Chapman, 1963 Penthesilenula setosa (Daday, 1902) Rossetti & Martens 1998: NT Darwinula setosa Daday, 1902 Penthesilenula sphagna (Barclay, 1968) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AU Darwinula sphagna Barclay, 1968, Published as part of Meisch, Claude, Smith, Robin J. & Martens, Koen, 2019, A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea), pp. 1-135 in European Journal of Taxonomy 492 on page 86, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.492, http://zenodo.org/record/3271099, {"references":["Rossetti G. & Martens K. 1998. Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a redescription of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie 68: 55 - 110.","Loffler H. 1961. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der iranischen Binnengewasser 2: Regional-limnologische Studie mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Crustaceenfauna. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 46 (3): 309 - 406.","Klie W. 1935. Die Fischereigrunde vor Alexandrien. V. - Ostracoda. Notes and Memoirs of the Fisheries Research Directorate 12: 1 - 10.","Martens K. & Savatenalinton S. 2011. A subjective checklist of the Recent, free-living, non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa 2855: 1 - 79.","Barclay M. H. 1968. Additions to the freshwater ostracod fauna of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 2: 67 - 80."]}

We present an updated, subjective list of the extant, non-marine ostracod genera and species of the world, with their distributions in the major zoogeographical regions, as well as a list of the genera in their present hierarchical taxonomic positions. The list includes all taxa described and taxonomic alterations made up to 1 July 2018. Taxonomic changes include 17 new combinations, 5 new names, 1 emended specific name and 11 new synonymies (1 tribe, 4 genera, 6 species). Taking into account the recognized synonymies, there are presently 2330 subjective species of non-marine ostracods in 270 genera. The most diverse family in non-marine habitats is the Cyprididae, comprising 43.2% of all species, followed by the Candonidae (29.0%), Entocytheridae (9.1%) and the Limnocytheridae (7.0%). An additional 13 families comprise the remaining 11.8% of described species. The Palaearctic zoogeographical region has the greatest number of described species (799), followed by the Afrotropical region with 453 species and the Nearctic region with 439 species. The Australasian and Neotropical regions each have 328 and 333 recorded species, respectively, while the Oriental region has 271. The vast majority of non-marine ostracods (89.8%) are endemic to one zoogeographical region, while only six species are found in six or more regions. We also present an additional list with ‘uncertain species’, which have neither been redescribed nor re-assessed since 1912, and which are excluded from the main list; a list of taxonomic changes presented in the present paper; a table with the number of species and % per family; and a table with numbers of new species described in the 20-year period between 1998 and 2017 per zoogeographical region. Two figures visualize the total number of species and endemic species per zoogeographical region, and the numbers of new species descriptions per decade for all families and the three largest families since 1770, respectively.

Microdarwinula Danielopol, 1969 Microdarwinula inexpectata Pinto et al., 2005: NT * Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) Danielopol 1969: AT, NA, NT, OL, PA Darwinula zimmeri Menzel, 1916, Published as part of Meisch, Claude, Smith, Robin J. & Martens, Koen, 2019, A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea), pp. 1-135 in European Journal of Taxonomy 492 on page 80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.492, http://zenodo.org/record/3271099, {"references":["Danielopol D. L. 1969. Microdarwinula n. g. et quelques remarques sur la repartition de la famille Darwinulidae Br. et Norm. (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Annales de Limnologie 4 (2) (1968): 153 - 174."]}

Isabenula Rossetti et al., 2011 * Isabenula humphreysi Rossetti et al., 2011: OL, Published as part of Meisch, Claude, Smith, Robin J. & Martens, Koen, 2019, A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea), pp. 1-135 in European Journal of Taxonomy 492 on page 72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.492, http://zenodo.org/record/3271099

Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 * Vestalenula boteai (Danielopol, 1970) Rossetti & Martens 1998: OL, PA Darwinula boteai Danielopol, 1970 Vestalenula botocuda Pinto et al., 2003: NT Vestalenula carinata Pinto et al., 2013: NT Vestalenula cornelia Smith et al., 2006: PA Vestalenula cuneata (Klie, 1939) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT, PA Darwinula cuneata Klie, 1939 Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, 1952) Janz et al. 2001: PA Darwinula cylindrica Straub, 1952 Vestalenula danielopoli (Martens et al., 1997) Rossetti & Martens 1998: PA Darwinula danielopoli Martens et al., 1997 Vestalenula daps (Harding, 1962) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AU, PAC Darwinula daps Harding, 1962 Vestalenula flexuosa Rossetti & Martens, 1999: AT Vestalenula inconspicua (Klie, 1935) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT Darwinula inconspicua Klie, 1935 Vestalenula irajai Pinto et al., 2003: NT Vestalenula lundi (Neale & Victor, 1978) Rossetti & Martens 1998: OL, PA Darwinula lundi Neale & Victor, 1978 Vestalenula marlieri (Kiss, 1959) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT Darwinula marlieri Kiss, 1959 Vestalenula marmonieri Rossetti & Martens, 1999: AU, PAC Vestalenula matildae Martens & Rossetti, 2002: AU Vestalenula molopoensis (Martens & Rossetti, 1997) Rossetti & Martens 1998: AT, OL, PA Darwinula molopoensis Martens & Rossetti, 1997 Vestalenula pagliolii (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961) Rossetti & Martens 1998: NT, PA Darwinula pagliolii Pinto & Kotzian, 1961

Ostracods were sampled qualitatively at 22 sites from 15 waterbodies in the western part of Jamaica and determinations of the water chemistry and habitat characteristics were made at each locality. Most of the ostracods found belong to the Cypridinae, Cypridopsinae, Cyclocypridinae and Darwinulidae. There is a clear distinction between the faunas found in the larger, permanent lakes and the smaller ponds. The latter are subject to large fluctuations in volume and may desiccate either seasonally or interannually. Within the largest lake, Wallywash Great Pond, there is some degree of spatial zonation in the ostracod faunas that appears to be related to water depth and aquatic macrophyte occurrence. The distribution of modern ostracods within Wallywash Great Pond suggests that the late Quaternary faunal sequence from this lake is primarily a function of lake-level changes.

Vestalenula cornelia Smith et al., 2006 Figures 31 B–C and 32. 2006 Vestalenula cornelia n. sp. — Smith et al.: 1570–1574, figs. 1–3. Material examined: Three females from SY3, one female (ECNU 20170414/HN42) dissected; one female from WN4, one female (ECNU 20170417/HN41) dissected. Dimension: Female, width 0.238 mm. LV, n = 2, length 0.433 –0.509 mm; height 0.217 –0.223 mm; RV n = 3, length 0.412 –0.487 mm, height 0.198 –0.204 mm. Distribution: This species has been reported from Japan (Smith et al. 2006) and Zhejiang (Ma & Yu 2018) in China. This species was found in Sanya and Wanning on Hainan Island. Remarks: The long keel on the RV indicates that it belongs to the danielopoli-group (Rossetti & Martens 1998), and it was identified as V. cornelia based on the carapace length/height ratio (smaller than 2.2) and the P-abd. The P-abd of specimens found on Hainan Island is longer than those found in Japan. The carapace is smaller than in previous reports (Smith et al. 2006)., Published as part of Ma, Shunxin & Yu, Na, 2020, Freshwater ostracods (Crustacea) from Hainan Island, southern China, with description of a new species, pp. 201-243 in Zootaxa 4767 (2) on page 234, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3770727, {"references":["Smith, R. J. & Kamiya, T. (2006) Six new species of fresh and brackish water ostracods (Crustacea) from Yakushima, Southern Japan. Hydrobiologia, 559, 331 - 355. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 005 - 0946 - 2","Smith, R. J., Kamiya, T. & Horne, D. J. (2006) Living males of the \" ancient asexual \" Darwinulidae (Ostracoda: Crustacea). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1593), 1569 - 1578. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3452","Ma, S. X. & Yu, N. (2018) Freshwater ostracods (Crustacea) from Tiantong National Forest Park and Dongqian Lake, eastern China, with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History, 52 (27 - 28), 1825 - 1868. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2018.1489085","Rossetti, G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de L'institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110."]}

Nowadays there are about 2,000 species of non-marine Ostracoda described in diverse aquatic environments in the world, of which 117 species from 37 genera are known in Brazil. The present survey of ostracods of the Pantanal of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, recorded 35 species belonging to the families Cyprididae, Candonidae, Limnocytheridae and Darwinulidae. The ostracod fauna of Brazil is still poorly known and the ostracod biodiversity from several habitats (e.g. interstitial) remains unknown. In this sense, there is a great probability to find new records and new taxa of ostracods in the Pantanal, as well as throughout Brazil.

ARTICLE I NFO A morphometric valve variability analysis of adults and juveniles of Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, E.W., 1952. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen im Tertiar zwischen Ehingen und Ulm a. d. Donau. Geologisches Jahrbuch 66, 433-524.) from Gotzendorf-Pischelsdorf (Lower Austria, Upper Miocene) is presented. The data are compared with those from Studienka (Slovakia, Upper Miocene) and from Boliqueime (southern Portugal, Pleistocene). Specimens from Austria and Slovakia are very similar in their morphology. By contrast definite morphological differences between the Central European populations (from Austria and Slovakia) and the Portuguese one are identified, in both the valve shape and size. The valves from Portugal are more elongated and show a higher variability than the Austrian and Slovakian specimens. By considering the occurrence of a new Recent species of Vestalenula in southern France, these morphologic differences could be interpreted as micro-evolutionary changes, which could have occurred between the Miocene and the present time within the European populations.

The genus Vestalenula is the most species rich in the putative ancient asexual ostracod Family Darwinulidae. Several new Recent species were described from various continents, mostly based on carapace shape and structure. These species were found in a variety of aquatic and (semi-) terrestrial habitats, including springs, streams, interstitial waters, leaf litter in forests and in splash zones of waterfalls. Here, we describe V carinata n. sp. from moist leaf litter, collected from the Brazilian island of Florian6polis. The species belongs to the danielopoli-lineage within the genus because of its elongated internal tooth in the left valve and elongated external keel on the right valve. It can be distinguished from all other species in this group by its size, its L/H ratio and the relative length of the keel. The relationship of this new species to the enigmatic, putative marine species Senidarwinula terraenuxforna Choe, 1988, is discussed. An identification key to species of the genus is provided.

[A new species in the genus Microdarwinula, M. inexpectata n. sp., is reported from semiterrestrial habitats in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Until the present findings, M. zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) was the only recent species known in the genus. Comparisons of valve and soft part morphology within the genus and among genera in the family Darwinulidae, corroborate recent studies suggesting that Microdarwinula originated from an ancestor in the genus Penthesilenula. The two species of Microdarwinula are the only darwinulids to lack an externally visible brooding cavity in the carapace. This could be a neotenic character, while soft parts appear to be fully developed. Microdarwinula zimmeri has a world-wide distribution, but it was never found in South America. On the other hand, M. inexpectata n. sp. is so far known only from two localities in Sao Paulo State. Une nouvelle espece du genre Microdarwinula, M. inexpectata n. sp., a ete decouverte dans des habitats semi-terrestres de l'Etat de Sao Paulo au Bresil. Jusqu'a cette decouverte, M. zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) etait la seule espece recente connue de ce genre. La comparaison de la morphologie des valves et des parties molles au sein du genre Microdarwinula et egalement entre les differents genres de la famille Darwinulidae, corrobore les resultats d'etudes recentes qui suggestent que Microdarwinula a pour origine un ancetre du genre Penthesilenula. Les deux especes de Microdarwinula sont les seuls darwinulides qui ne presentent pas de cavite d'incubation visible sur l'exterieur de la carapace. Cette characteristique pourrait etre neotenique, tandis que les parties molles semblent etre entierement developpees. Microdarwinula zimmeri a une distribution geographique mondiale a l'exception de l'Amerique du Sud ou elle n'a jamais ete trouvee. Au contraire M. inexpectata n. sp. n'a pour l'instant ete signalee que dans deux endroits de l'etat de Sao Paulo., A new species in the genus Microdarwinula, M. inexpectata n. sp., is reported from semiterrestrial habitats in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Until the present findings, M. zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) was the only recent species known in the genus. Comparisons of valve and soft part morphology within the genus and among genera in the family Darwinulidae, corroborate recent studies suggesting that Microdarwinula originated from an ancestor in the genus Penthesilenula. The two species of Microdarwinula are the only darwinulids to lack an externally visible brooding cavity in the carapace. This could be a neotenic character, while soft parts appear to be fully developed. Microdarwinula zimmeri has a world-wide distribution, but it was never found in South America. On the other hand, M. inexpectata n. sp. is so far known only from two localities in Sao Paulo State. Une nouvelle espece du genre Microdarwinula, M. inexpectata n. sp., a ete decouverte dans des habitats semi-terrestres de l'Etat de Sao Paulo au Bresil. Jusqu'a cette decouverte, M. zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) etait la seule espece recente connue de ce genre. La comparaison de la morphologie des valves et des parties molles au sein du genre Microdarwinula et egalement entre les differents genres de la famille Darwinulidae, corrobore les resultats d'etudes recentes qui suggestent que Microdarwinula a pour origine un ancetre du genre Penthesilenula. Les deux especes de Microdarwinula sont les seuls darwinulides qui ne presentent pas de cavite d'incubation visible sur l'exterieur de la carapace. Cette characteristique pourrait etre neotenique, tandis que les parties molles semblent etre entierement developpees. Microdarwinula zimmeri a une distribution geographique mondiale a l'exception de l'Amerique du Sud ou elle n'a jamais ete trouvee. Au contraire M. inexpectata n. sp. n'a pour l'instant ete signalee que dans deux endroits de l'etat de Sao Paulo.]

Two new species of semiterrestrial darwinulid ostracods, both belonging to the pagliolii-lineage of the genus Vestalenula, are described here. Vestalenula botocuda sp. nov., collected from moist mud in a rain forest remnant, is an enigmatic species, as it combines valve characters of the boteai-lineage with soft part features of the danielopoli-lineage within the genus. Vestalenula irajai sp. nov., found in several types of semiterrestrial habitats, is closely related to V. pagliolii in its soft part morphology, but has more elongated valves, with straight dorsal and ventral margins running parallel to each other. The description of these new species confirms the relatively high levels of endemicity and diversity in Southern Hemisphere Vestalenula and challenges earlier classifications of this group. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139, 305−313.

Collections of brackish and freshwater ostracods on Jeju Island, South Korea, yielded 26 species, including two new species belonging to the genera Cyclocypris and Cypretta, and nine new records for the Korean fauna: Bradleytriebella tuberculata (Hartmann, 1964), Strandesia flavescens Klie, 1932, Potamocypris variegata (Brady & Norman, 1889), Heterocypris salina (Brady, 1868), Stenocypris hirutai Smith and Kamiya, 2006, Ishizakiella miurensis (Hanai, 1957), Terrestricythere ivanovae Schornikov, 1969, Limnocythere sp. and Tanycypris alfonsi Nagler, Geist and Matzke-Karasz, 2014. Tanycypris alfonsi is also known from Germany, where it is considered to be an alien species. The Limnocythere species belongs to the stationis group, which consists of another eight species, and is probably undescribed. A lack of males hinders its description, but its presence in Korea is significant; including the record herein, seven of the group inhabit North-East Asia, indicating the group may have originated in this region.ht...

Vestalenula cylindrica Straub, 1952 (Figure 10E–H) Darwinula cylindrica Straub, 1952 Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, 1952) nov. comb. Janz et al. 2001 Vestalenula sp. – Smith and Kamiya, 2008 Remarks With a height/length ratio of 0.45, and a Gm claw on the antenna that is about 50% the length of claw GM, this species most closely resembles Vestalenula cylindrica, which has previously been reported from Korea (Chang et al. 2012). However, the keel on the right valve is relatively short, at about 18% of the length of the valve (Figure 10G), more similar to the keel of Vestalenula cornelia (see Smith et al. 2006). This apparent overlapping of characters of two species could indicate that there are unrecognized cryptic species within the genus, or that these characters are more plastic than previously assumed. Without a detailed statistical analysis of the amount of variation of features within the genus (which requires additional material), this issue cannot be currently resolved. Vestalenula cylindrica was found in one sample during our surveys, collected from a marsh (locality 25). Superfamily TERRESTRICYTHEROIDEA Schornikov, 1969 Family TERRESTRICYTHERIDAE Schornikov, 1969, Published as part of Smith, Robin James, Lee, Jimin & Chang, Cheon Young, 2014, Nonmarine Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Jeju Island, South Korea, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 37-76 in Journal of Natural History 49 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.946110, http://zenodo.org/record/4002512, {"references":["Straub EW. 1952. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen im Tertiar zwischen Ehingen und Ulm an der Donau. Geol Jahrb. 66: 433 - 524.","Janz H, Jellinek T, Hamedani A. 2001. Holozane Susswasser-Ostracoden aus dem Iran. Senck Leth. 81: 183 - 205. doi: 10.1007 / BF 03043299","Smith RJ, Kamiya T. 2008. The ontogeny of two species of Darwinuloidea (Ostracoda, Crustacea). Zool Anz J Comp Zool. 247: 275 - 302. doi: 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2008.05.002","Chang CY, Lee J, Smith RJ. 2012. Nonmarine ostracods (Crustacea) from South Korea, including a description of a new species of Tanycypris Triebel (Cyprididae, Cypricercinae). Zootaxa. 3161: 1 - 19.","Schornikov EI. 1969. Novoe semeystvo rakushkovykh rachkov (Ostracoda) iz supralitorali Kurilskikh Ostrovov [A new family of Ostracoda from the supralittoral zone of the Kuril Islands]. Zool Zh. 48: 494 - 498. [In Russian with English abstract.]"]}

Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889, Published as part of Pinto, Ricardo L., Rocha, Carlos E. F., Rossetti, Giampaolo & Martens, Koen, 2013, Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae), with the description of a new species, V. carinata n. sp., from the island of Florian��polis, Brazil in Zootaxa 3666 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3666.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/216440

Pinto, Ricardo L., Rocha, Carlos E. F., Rossetti, Giampaolo, Martens, Koen (2013): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae), with the description of a new species, V. carinata n. sp., from the island of Florianópolis, Brazil. Zootaxa 3666 (1), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3666.1.6

Vestalenula carinata n. sp. (Figs. 1���2) Type material. Holotype: a dissected ovigerous female. Valves stored dry in a micropaleontological slide and soft parts mounted in a permanent slide with CMC- 9 AF mounting media (Masters Company Inc., Bensenville, Illinois, USA). (MZUSP 28271) Paratypes: ovigerous female prepared and stored like the holotype, but with valves coated for scanning electron microscopy (MZUSP 28272); ovigerous female dry, coated for scanning electron microscopy and stored in a micropaleontological slide (MZUSP 28273). Type locality. Cost��o do Santinho, Morro das Aranhas, Municipality of Florian��polis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. GPS coordinates: 27 �� 28 ���17,4���S 48 �� 22 ���38,1���W. Wet leaves collected manually by the margin of a small stream that runs through the forest and crosses, near the top of the hill, the track that goes from Santinho beach up to the summit. Material collected on 26 October 2004 by CEFR and RLP. Etymology. This species is named on account of its characteristic long ventral keel. From the feminine Latin word carinata (masculine carinatus), meaning keeled. Diagnosis. Small to medium sized darwinulid (c. 400 ��m), with carapace elongated in lateral view (Le/H = 2.17). RV with very long ventral keel (c. 40 % of the valve length) and LV with long antero-ventral tooth. Cms anteriorly positioned, consisting of 8 spots arranged in circular rosette. A 1 with long seta on the third segment (without ventro-apical seta). A 2 exopodite with one seta and a lateral spine; first endopodal segment with one ventro-apical seta. Penultimate segment of Md-palp with seta y short and seta z extending beyond the tip of last segment; this latter only with setae b and c present (seta a absent). CR consisting of a conical base bearing a seta. Pabd absent. Description of female. Cp (Fig. 1 G���I). Elongated in lv (Le/H = 2.17), medium sized, with whitish surface, sparse sensilla and shallow pits, the latter concentrated mainly on the medio-ventral area; LV overlapping RV on all sides; dorsal and ventral margins straight, running parallel to each other along most of their lengths; caudal margin broadly rounded; anterior margin rounded, slightly produced towards the ventral side; in dorsal and ventral views, quite long and narrow, slightly constricted in the middle; dorsal margin straight in dorsal view; overlapping ventral margin of left valve sinuous in ventral view. Hinge adont. LV (Fig. 1 A, C, E). With elongated antero-ventral tooth; in internal view, caudal margin evenly rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded, slightly produced towards the ventral side; ventral and dorsal margins straight, running parallel to each other along most of their lengths; cms nearer to the anterior margin, consisting of 8 spots arranged in an approximately circular patch: seven elongate scars arranged biserially (three anterior to an approximately vertical centre-line, four posterior to it) with an eighth rounded-triangular one inserted ventrally. RV (Fig. 1 B, D, F). With very long ventral keel (c. 40 % of the valve length); in internal view, caudal margin evenly rounded; anterior margin slightly pointed, produced towards the ventral side; ventral and dorsal margins straight, running parallel to each other along most of their lengths; cms nearer to the anterior margin, consisting of 8 spots arranged in an approximately circular patch: seven elongate scars arranged biserially (three anterior to an approximately vertical centre-line, four posterior to it) with an eighth rounded-triangular one inserted ventrally. A 1 (Fig. 2 A). First segment with dorsal seta; second segment with two ventral seta, one approximately three times as long as the other one; third segment with a long dorso-apical seta (S 1); fourth segment with a long dorsoapical seta (S 2) and a small ��-seta; penultimate segment with a small ��-seta, with three medium sized and one long setae; terminal segment with two apical setae (the most dorsal twice as long as the most ventral one), one ��-seta and one dorsal aesthetasc sub-apically inserted. A 2 (Fig. 2 B). First segment of protopodite with two setae; second segment of protopodite with a long seta; exopodite with one seta and a lateral spine; first endopodal segment with a group of four ventral aesthetascs proximally inserted and with a long ventro-apical seta; second endopodal segment a with medio-ventral aesthetasc (y 1) and a ventro-apical aesthetasc (y 2), a short seta z 3, a medium sized claw z 2 and a long claw z 3, claw G 2 small, claw G 1 long and claw G 3 a medium sized slender seta; last endopodal segment with long claw Gm and short claw GM, the latter more dorsally inserted than the first one. Md coxa similar to other species in the genus. Md-palp (Fig. 2 C) first segment with 8 rake setae, penultimate segment with medium sized setae w and x (both equally long), seta y short and seta z very long; terminal segment externally with a subapical seta b and apically with five claws and a small seta c. Mx 1 (Fig. 2 D���F). Medially with a long seta and three endites, the distal one carrying three stout and pilose setae and five slender setae; externally with a well developed respiratory plate bearing 26 long rays and four setae reversed towards the front; palp distally widened, subdivided in two segments, the proximal one with a mediolateral seta, four apical setae and a medial seta just below the insertion of last segment; terminal segment small, with two long and one short setae. T 1 (Fig. 2 G). Endopodite three segmented: first segment with two ventro-apical setae; second segment with an apical seta; terminal segment with two lateral setae, one ventral and one dorsal, and a long terminal claw. T 2 (Fig. 2 H). Protopodite with three ventral setae, one proximal and two apical; endopodite four segmented: first segment with two ventro-apical and a medial setae; second segment with a stout ventro-apical seta; penultimate segment with a slender ventro-apical seta; terminal segment with two lateral setae, one ventral and one dorsal, and a long apical claw. T 3 (Fig. 2 I). Protopodite with two ventro-apical setae; endopodite four segmented: first, second and third segments with a long ventro-apical seta each; last segment with a long apical claw and two lateral setae, one short, dorsally inserted, and one long, ventrally inserted. End of the body (Fig. 2 J). CR consisting of a small conical base bearing a seta; P-abd absent. Males unknown. Measurements. Specimen MZUSP 28273: Cp: Le = 398 ��m; H = 183 ��m; W = 191 ��m. Specimen MZUSP 28272: LV: Le = 419 ��m; H = 195 ��m. RV: Le = 409 ��m; H = 193 ��m. Remarks. Vestalenula carinata n. sp. can be easily differentiated from other species in the genus by its small size (c. 400 ��m) combined with a very long ventral keel on the right valve (c. 40 % of the valve length). Remarkably, however, V. c ar i n at a n. sp. perhaps shares characters with the enigmatic marine darwinulid Semidarwinula terraenuxforma Choe, 1988 and this potential affinity will be further developed in the discussion., Published as part of Pinto, Ricardo L., Rocha, Carlos E. F., Rossetti, Giampaolo & Martens, Koen, 2013, Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Vestalenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae), with the description of a new species, V. carinata n. sp., from the island of Florian��polis, Brazil in Zootaxa 3666 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3666.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/216440

Genetic variability of the non-marine ostracod species Darwinula stevensoni was estimated by sequencing part of the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. As Darwinulidae are believed to be ancient asexuals, accumulation of mutations should have occurred, both between alleles within lineages and between lineages, during the millions of years of parthenogenetic reproduction. However, our sequence data show the opposite: no variability in the nuclear ITS1 region was observed within or among individuals of D. stevensoni, despite sampling a geographical range from Finland to South Africa. Lack of allelic divergence might be explained by concerted evolution of rDNA repeats. Homogeneity among individuals may be caused either by slow molecular evolution in ITS1 or by a recent selective sweep. Variability of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) was similar to intraspecific levels in other invertebrates, thus weakening the latter hypothesis. Calibrating interspecific, genetic divergences among D. stevensoni and other Darwinulidae using their fossil record enabled us to estimate rates of molecular evolution. Both COI and ITS1 evolve half as fast, at most, in darwinulids as in other invertebrates, and molecular evolution has significantly slowed down in ITS1 of D. stevensoni relative to other darwinulids. A reduced ITS1 mutation rate might explain this inconsistency between nuclear and mitochondrial evolution in D. stevensoni.

We report on two new Recent species of the genus Darwinula (D. aotearoa spec. nov. and D. kohanga spec. nov.) from New Zealand. Both soft part and valve morphology are described and figured. The taxonomic position of the two species within the Recent darwinulid fauna is discussed.

Vestalenula cylindrica Straub, 1952 (Fig 7 H���K) 1952 Darwinula cylindrica n. sp. ���Straub: 497, figs 19���20. nov. comb. 2001 Vestalenula cylindrica (Straub, 1952) ���Janz et al.: 185, pl. 3 (22���26). 2008 Vestalenula sp.���Smith & Kamiya: 275���302, figs 15���17. Material examined. Five females from wet sediment below water seeping down a near vertical rock face at Oksan-ri, Dalsan-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do (36 �� 20 ��� 38.4 ���N, 129 �� 16 ��� 28.8 ���E) (locality 5 on Fig. 1), 5 June 2011. Remarks. The lateral view of the carapace (height:length ratio = 0.44���0.47) and relative length of the keel on the right valve (ca. 26 % of length of right valve) of the Korean specimens closely match Vestalenula cylindrica from Japan. However, the Korean specimens are notable in two ways: they are smaller (length 400���438 ��m for Korean specimens, 461���481 for Japanese specimens), and the Gm claw on the antenna is relatively longer (ca. 75 % the length of GM, compared with ca. 50 % of GM for Japanese V. cylindrica). Previously, only one living population of V. cylindrica was known, in Lake Biwa, Japan, although fossils of this species have been recovered in Europe and the Middle East (see Smith & Janz 2009 for review of fossil records)., Published as part of Chang, Cheon Young, Lee, Jimin & Smith, Robin J., 2012, Nonmarine ostracods (Crustacea) from South Korea, including a description of a new species of Tanycypris Triebel (Cyprididae, Cypricercinae), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3161 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214227, {"references":["Straub, E. W. (1952) Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen im Tertiar zwischen Ehingen und Ulm an der Donau. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 66, 433 - 524.","Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. (2009) Recent ostracods of the superfamilies Cytheroidea and Darwinuloidea (Crustacea) from Lake Biwa, a Japanese ancient lake. Species Diversity, 14, 217 - 241."]}

Early Mesozoic Argentinian darwinuloids, now re-assigned to the genus Penthesilenula (incae group), are described and illustrated. These records seem to constitute the oldest known for the genus. The close similarities between the studied species and those described from eastern Asia enlarge the geographical distribution of Penthesilenula (incae group), which, although restricted to the southern Hemisphere in Recent and Holocene times, may have had a wider distribution in the past. Additional information on the paleoecology, plus a preliminary account on the distribution of darwinulid species from Argentina are also offered. One new species is described: Penthesilenula loana sp. nov., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

During surveys of a variety of groundwater, spring and interstitial habitats (e.g. in river bars, domestic wells, springs, and seeps) in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, a total of 15 ostracod species were recovered and identified. Three species and one genus are described for the first time herein, Undulacandona spinula n. gen & n. sp., Cryptocandona tsukagoshii n. sp. and Cavernocypris cavernosa n. sp.. Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) is reported for the first time from Japan. Dolerocypris ikeyai Smith & Kamiya, 2006, Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851) and Cryptocandona brehmi (Klie, 1934) are new records for Shiga Prefecture.

Vestalenula molopoensis (Martens and Rossetti, 1997) 1997 Darwinula molopoensis n. sp. ���Martens and Rossetti: 59���60, figs 1, 3H���N. nov. comb. 1998 Vestalenula molopoensis (Martens and Rossetti, 1997) ���Rossetti & Martens: 76, figs 11 A���D, 27 N���Q. Material examined. One female from a hole dug into a river bar consisting of cobbles, pebbles, gravel, coarse sand and mud of the Daido River, near the junction with the Seta River, Shiga Prefecture, N 34 �� 56 ��� 03.8���, E 135 �� 54 ��� 53.4 ���, 27 September 2009. Material collected by the author. Remarks. Previous Japanese records of this species are restricted to one locality on the shores of Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2009)., Published as part of Smith, Robin J., 2011, Groundwater, spring and interstitial Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Shiga Prefecture, Japan, including descriptions of three new species and one new genus, pp. 15-37 in Zootaxa 3140 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207945, {"references":["Martens, K. & Rossetti, G. (1997) On two new species of Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from South African dolomitic springs. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sceinces Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 67, 57 - 66.","Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. (2009) Recent ostracods of the superfamilies Cytheroidea and Darwinuloidea (Crustacea) from Lake Biwa, a Japanese ancient lake. Species Diversity, 14, 217 - 241."]}

Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and Robertson, 1870) For synonym list see Rossetti & Martens 1998. Material examined. Two females from a seep at the edge of a track in Hino-cho, Shiga Prefecture, N 35 �� 00��� 02.1���, E 136 �� 19 ��� 32.2 ���, 16 April 2008. All material collected by the author. Remarks. This cosmopolitan species has previously been reported from Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture (Okubo 2001; Smith and Kamiya 2008; Smith and Janz 2009). Elsewhere in Japan it has been reported from the runoff of springs on Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture (Smith and Kamiya 2006)., Published as part of Smith, Robin J., 2011, Groundwater, spring and interstitial Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Shiga Prefecture, Japan, including descriptions of three new species and one new genus, pp. 15-37 in Zootaxa 3140 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207945, {"references":["Brady, G. S. & Robertson, D. (1870) The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of tidal rivers. Part 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 6, 1 - 33.","Rossetti G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110.","Okubo, I. (2001) Freshwater ostracod Darwinula stevensoni from Lake Biwa. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 56, 39 - 43. [In Japanese].","Smith, R. J. and Kamiya, T. (2008) The ontogeny of two species of Darwinuloidea (Ostracoda, Crustacea). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 247, 275 - 302.","Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. (2009) Recent ostracods of the superfamilies Cytheroidea and Darwinuloidea (Crustacea) from Lake Biwa, a Japanese ancient lake. Species Diversity, 14, 217 - 241."]}

Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel, 1916) (Figs 9 F���H) 1916 Darwinula zimmeri n. sp. ���Menzel: 487���489, Figs 16, 17. 1952 Darwinula brevis n. sp. ���Straub: 498, text-figs 21���22. nov. comb. 1969 Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menz) ���Danielopol: 154���163, figs 1���28. Material examined. Seven females from a seep at the edge of a track in Hino-cho, Shiga Prefecture, N 35 �� 00��� 02.1���, E 136 �� 19 ��� 32.2 ���, 16 April 2008. One female from gravel in the riverbed of the Myo-odani River, Katsuragawabomura-cho, Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, N 35 �� 14 ��� 38.3 ���, E 135 �� 52 ��� 19.9 ���, 4 October 2007. All material collected by the author. Remarks. Previous records of Microdarwinula zimmeri are widespread, but sparsely distributed in Europe, Western Africa, North America, the Caribbean, Madagascar, the Middle East and Indonesia (see the review in Rossetti and Martens 1998). Herein is the first report of this species from Japan., Published as part of Smith, Robin J., 2011, Groundwater, spring and interstitial Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Shiga Prefecture, Japan, including descriptions of three new species and one new genus, pp. 15-37 in Zootaxa 3140 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207945, {"references":["Menzel, R. (1916) Moosbewohnende Harpacticiden und Ostracoden aus Ost-Afrika. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde, 11, 478 - 489.","Rossetti G. & Martens, K. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Recent and Holocene representatives of the Family Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a description of three new genera. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 68, 55 - 110."]}