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An investigation was conducted to examine the photothermal and thermomechanical effects of short-pulse laser irradiation on normal tissues. This study analyzed the impact of short-pulse laser radiation on the heat-affected region within tissues, taking into consideration a set of laser variables, namely wavelength, intensity, beam size, and exposure time. The beam size ranged between 0.5 and 3 mm, and the intensity of the laser radiation ranged from 1 to 5 W/mm2 at wavelengths of 532 and 800 nm. A three-layered, three-dimensional model was implemented and studied in a polar coordinate system (r = 10 mm, z = 12 mm) in COMSOL Multiphysics (version 5.4, COMSOL Inc., Stockholm, Sweden) to perform numerical simulations. The Pennes bioheat transfer model, Beer-Lambert, and Hooke's law are integrated to simulate the coupled biophysics problem. Temperature and stress distributions resulting from laser radiation were produced and analyzed. The accuracy of the developed model was qualitatively verified by comparing temperature and mechanical variations following the variations of laser parameters with relevant studies. The results of Box-Behnken analysis showed that beam size (S) had no significant impact on the response variables, with p-values exceeding 0.05. Temperature (Tmax) demonstrates sensitivity to both beam intensity (I) and exposure time (T), jointly contributing to 89.6% of the observed variation. Conversely, while beam size (S) has no significant effect on stress value (Smax), wavelength (W), beam intensity (I), and exposure time (T) collectively account for 71.6% of the observed variation in Smax. It is recommended to use this model to obtain the optimal values of the laser treatment corresponding to tissue with specified dimensions and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Invasive blood glucose monitoring using infrared (IR) light is considered to be a useful and reliable tool for measuring blood sugar levels during daily activities. IR-based glucose monitoring depends on the variant absorption levels of IR light waves by blood with high or low levels of glucose solution. This paper introduces a low-cost finger probe to measure glucose based on Arduino and embedding a Clarke error grid with fuzzy logic. An electronic blood glucose meter was designed and implemented in a non-invasive and painless manner based on an infrared sensor. The electrical signal expressing the level of glucose in the blood with a mathematical equation was used to calibrate and map the physical and electrical values. The final numerical value was validated with the Clarke error grid by implementing fuzzy logic (FL). The designed device was tested on 30 subjects with 15 diabetes subjects. The results show the high significance of results at points where the FL was able to determine an error range of less than 10% of measured glucose within the same range of the reference measurements. The proposed method of using FL with a Clarke error grid gives more confident and precise outputs in cases of this kind of portable device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background Mandibular angle fractures are common. Currently, open reduction and internal fixation using plates and screws is considered the standard technique in the management of these fractures. Until now there is no consensus about the ideal configuration of the plates and screws, and this is one of the most debated issues in maxillofacial trauma. This 3D finite element analysis study aims to conduct a biomechanical comparison between several known configurations of miniplates used in the fixation of mandibular angle fractures. Materials and Methods A 3D model of a mandible was constructed from a CBCT scan, then an unfavourable fracture in the angle area was simulated and miniplates and screws were modelled and assembled with the mandible model according to the studied fixation configurations. Occlusal loading was represented as ipsilateral molar clench. Discussion Two miniplate fixation showed the lowest fracture site displacement, while single inferior miniplate fixation showed the highest one. The single superior miniplate fixation showed the highest equivalent (Von-mises) stress in both miniplate and screws. On the other hand, the lowest equivalent (Von-mises) stress was observed in the two miniplate fixation configurations. Summary and Conclusions The two miniplate fixation method offers the best fracture line stability, but a single superior miniplate fixation can be considered a less invasive biomechanically accepted approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]