Search

Background: Major depressive disorder is characterized by a depressed mood or feeling of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Depressed individuals have a cognitive impairment, low self-esteem, difficulty making decisions, feeling helpless and hopeless. The factors that have been associated with depression include the lack of social support, living in rural areas, suffering from chronic diseases, smoking, and alcohol abuse. This study aimed to investigate the global prevalence of major depressive disorder in the elderly. Method: The electronic database such as Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, Mag Iran, and IranDoc were systematically searched for studies reporting the prevalence of major depressive disorderin the elderly published up to March 2021. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Heterogeneity between the studies was evaluated using the I2 index. Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test was used to assess publication bias. Result: A total of 20 studies involving 18953 participants were included in this study. The global prevalence of major depression in the elderly was 13.3 % (95 % CI: 8.4–20.3 %). In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence of major depression in elderly women was 11.9 % (95 % CI: 7.6−18.6) and men 9.7 % (95 % CI: 5.2-17.3). No comparison was made between the two sexes, but based on the confidence intervals and large overlap, the two groups are not statistically different. Among continents, Australia had the highest prevalence of major depression in the elderly at 20.1 % (CI: 14.5-27.2 %). This was followed by Europe at 12.9 % (95 % CI: 5.1-28.9 %). Conclusion: Major depressive disorder has a growing trend in the elderly population of the world. The prevalence of major depression in the elderly depends on various clinical and demographic factors such as age and gender. Therefore, mental health and the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly are important. The

Peptic ulcer is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which, if not addressed, can increase mortality in different communities. As regards the results of various studies around the world that have reported different prevalence, the aim of this study was to determine the overall prevalence of peptic ulcer in the world through systematic review and meta-analysis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles focused on the prevalence of peptic ulcer were searched in the Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, Irandoc, and Scientific Information Database databases, without time limit until April 2020. To analyze the eligible studies, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of the studies was investigated using the I2 index. The prevalence of peptic ulcer in the world in 21 studies with total sample size 788,525 in age range of 17–82 years was obtained as 8.4% (95% CI 5–13.7). According to the results from meta regression, the prevalence of peptic ulcer in the world decreased with an increase in sample size and increased with an increase in study years and age of participants in the study of the prevalence of peptic ulcer in the world. It was found that these differences were also statistically significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it is stated that due to the 8.4% prevalence of peptic ulcer, health system policy makers need to prevent and treat this disease through investigating the effective factors.