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AbstractThis study, conducted between 2016–2021 on Southeast Asian mining companies, introduces the Modified Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Index (MERMi) to measure the implementation of ERM based on the COSO 2017 principles. The study found that ERM implementation is influenced by industry competition, company complexity, international diversification, and financial leverage. Meanwhile, company size and complexity, along with ERM and industry competition, positively impact firm performance. However, international diversification and financial leverage do not have a significant effect on firm performance. The study also concludes that there are no significant differences between the factors influencing ERM implementation in Southeast Asia and in advanced ERM implementation countries such as the USA, Europe, and Germany. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating risk management into the corporate governance of the mining sector in Southeast Asia. The limitations of this research include the lack of precise company disclosures on ERM implementation, which could be addressed through more research in other sectors and by using ISO 31,000 as a replacement for measuring instruments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high need for tourism-supporting infrastructure has impacted the increasing conversion of land functions in Denpasar City, Indonesia. The lack of agricultural areas in Denpasar City has motivated farmers to continue farming. Farmer motivation to do farming will collide with obstacles in carrying out agricultural activities in Denpasar City. The purpose of this study was to examine the motivations and obstacles faced by farmers in carrying out agricultural activities. This research is relevant to the journal scope of Sustainable Agriculture Management, Urban, and Built Environmental Management. METHODS: This study was carried out in Denpasar City in Indonesia, where each sub-district in Denpasar City will be selected by one Subak. The selection of Subak was based on the Subak with the most farmers in each sub-district in Denpasar City. The selected subak were Pakel 1 Subak, Kerdung Subak, Temaga Subak, and Margaya Subak. The population in this study was 672 people. The respondents in this study were 87 people. The data collection method was carried out using structured and in-depth interviews using questions and points while face-to-face between the interviewer and the respondent, via a prepared questionnaire. This study uses two variables with 41 indicators. The analytical methods used to point to objectives one, two, and three are descriptive quantitative and descriptive qualitative methods. Goal four is "Build a model for dealing with obstacles to farming in urban areas." The fourth objective was analyzed descriptive qualitative based on the results of the analysis of objectives one, two, and three. FINDINGS: The study results show that the motivation to continue farming is caused by demands to work, not having another job to get help from other parties, a healthy work environment, the ability to take lessons from previous farming experience affect product quality, and work in nature. The obstacles for farmers to continue farming are the bargaining position of farmers in selling products, market information obtained by farmers is still minimal, and market absorption of the products produced is not maximized. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the research, several things deserve to be concluded. The number of dependents of a farming family is more than six because there are still children of farmers already working but still being supported by their parents for their primary needs, and most of the farmers do farming in an area of 0.21 - 0.60 hectares. The motivation to keep farming is caused by the demands to work, not having another job to get help from other parties, a healthy work environment, and the ability to take lessons from the previous farming experience affecting product quality and work in nature. The obstacles for farmers to continue farming are the bargaining position of farmers in selling products, market information obtained by farmers is still minimal, and market absorption of the products produced is not maximized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a review of causes of hypogammaglobulinemia in neonates utilizing illustrative cases to demonstrate commonly seen conditions. Overall, the causes of low immunoglobulin level can be divided into three main categories: decreased maternal transfer or production (due to physiological nadir, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, medication effects, or immunodeficiency), increased loss of immunoglobulins (from the gastrointestinal (GI) system, lymphatics, kidneys, skin disease, or blood loss) or destruction/suppression (from medication effects). Treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia is generally tailored to the underlying cause and condition of the patient. This can be through supportive care, prophylactic measures, or with immunoglobulin G (IgG) replacement at the recommendation of an immunologist., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

This study aims to analyze fluctuations and disparity in broiler and carcass prices before, during, and after COVID-19 pandemic in five broiler-producing regions in Indonesia, including North Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and South Sulawesi. Weekly data series were used to analyze fluctuations and disparity before (2017-February 2020), during (March 2020-2022), and after (January-June 2023) COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, Coefficient of variation (CV) and convergence models were also used during the analysis. The results showed that broiler price fluctuations in the five study areas were categorized as "medium" before and during pandemic. After pandemic, the majority of the areas were in the "low" category, except for South Sulawesi province, where CV was 10.02%. Carcass price fluctuations were categorized as "low" and "moderate" before and during COVID-19 pandemic. After the viral outbreak, all the provinces investigated in this study were classified as "low". This indicated that the variability in carcass price decreased across all provinces after pandemic. The coefficient value of β1 was less than 1 indicating that broiler and carcass price did not show significant disparity between regions at all periods. The primary drivers of fluctuations and disparity were related to production and availability factors, and the government played a role in maintaining stability in producing areas., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This method introduces a methodological approach for comprehensively analyzing COVID-19 outbreaks using Gaussian pulse models to assess transmission rates. Our methodology is designed to provide an in-depth understanding of the intricate dynamics underlying the spread of COVID-19. By incorporating Gaussian pulse models into our approach, we capture temporal and spatial outbreaks' characteristics with high precision. This method provides a detailed overview of our methodological approach, underscoring its potential to revolutionize our comprehension of COVID-19 outbreak dynamics.•Our methodology involves the application of Gaussian pulse models to the transmission rate estimation.•Parameter estimation in epidemic modeling involves adjusting key factors like transmission rate, and effective reproduction number to best match observed data.•We use Microsoft Excel's Solver add-in with the GRG algorithm to find the best parameter values, improving the data fit., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Two new species of Glyphodes Guene, 1854 from Indonesia are proposed as new to science, namely G. nurfitriae sp. nov. and G. ahsanae sp. nov. The total number of recorded Glyphodes for Indonesia is 48 at present. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for both new species.

A novel endemic pest of clove tree, Cryptophasa warouwi sp. nov., has been discovered on Sangihe Island. This new species can be distinguished from its closest relative species, C. watungi Sutrisno & Suwito, 2015 which is found in North Sulawesi, by its dark brown straw-coloured wings in both males and females. The most distinctive diagnostic characters of this new species are observed in its genitalia structure: a bent-downward uncus with a strongly sclerotized finger-shaped apex, a bent phallus gradually widened towards coecum, and a double, membranous corpus bursae branching off at mid-ductus corpus bursae of female genitalia. Additionally, DNA barcodes revealed this new species to be embedded among Australian Cryptophasa species despite having fasciculated male antennae that have been considered diagnostic of the genus Paralecta. This suggests that the male antennae may not be a reliable character for separating Cryptophasa from Paralecta. A more comprehensive study including all Cryptophasa and Paralecta will be required to elucidate the definition of each genus. Images depicting both adults and genitalia are provided for this newly recognized species.

Background: Asthma is a disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation, however one-third of asthmatic cases did not respond adequately. Inhaled magnesium has been proposed as a treatment for unresponsive asthma cases. However, its role remains controversial. This review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of nebulized magnesium compared to standard therapy (Beta Agonist, Anticholinergic, Corticosteroid) in adults with acute asthma attacks., Methods: The protocol has been registered in PROSPERO. A literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, and using the keywords "inhaled magnesium" and "asthma". Manual searches were carried out through data portals. Journal articles included are randomized controlled trials. The assessment risk of bias was performed using Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials., Results: There are five articles included in this review. There is no significant difference in readmission rate and oxygen saturation in the magnesium group compared to control (RR 1; 95% CI 0.92 to 1,08; p= 0,96 and MD 1,82; 95% CI -0.89 to 4.53; p= 0.19, respectively). There is a significant reduction of respiratory rate and clinical severity in magnesium (MD -1,72; 95% CI -3,1 to 0.35; p= 0.01, RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.69; p <0.001, respectively). There was a higher risk of side effects in the magnesium group (HR 1.56; 95%CI 1.05 to 2.32; p= 0.03). However, the side effects are relatively mild such as hypotension and nausea., Conclusion: Inhaled magnesium improves the outcome of asthmatic patients, especially in lung function, clinical severity, and respiratory rate. Moreover, inhaled magnesium is safe to be given.

Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis control in high-burden countries has not been adequately assessed. We aimed to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national tuberculosis programme in Indonesia, in association with indicators of human development and health-system capacity across all 514 districts in 34 provinces., Methods: We did a nationwide longitudinal analysis to compare tuberculosis case notification, treatment coverage, and mortality rates in Indonesia before (2016-19) and during (2020-21) the COVID-19 pandemic. The following outcomes were assessed: the district-level quarterly reported tuberculosis case notification rate (number of all reported tuberculosis cases per 100 000 population), treatment coverage (proportion of tuberculosis patients who started treatment), and all-cause mortality rate in patients with tuberculosis (number of reported deaths per 100 000 population). District-level data on COVID-19 incidence and deaths, health-system capacity, and human development and sociodemographics were also analysed. Multilevel linear spline regression was done to assess quarterly time trends for the three outcomes., Findings: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the tuberculosis case notification rate declined by 26% (case notification rate ratio 0·74, 95% CI 0·72-0·77) and treatment coverage declined by 11% (treatment coverage ratio 0·89, 95% CI 0·88-0·90), but there was no significant increase in all-cause mortality (all-cause mortality rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·91-1·04) compared with the pre-pandemic period. In the second year of the pandemic, we observed a partial recovery of the case notification rate from Q1 to Q4 of 2021, a persistent decrease in treatment coverage, and a decrease in the all-cause mortality rate from Q2 of 2020 to Q4 of 2021. The multivariable analysis showed that the reduction in the tuberculosis case notification rate was associated with a higher COVID-19 incidence rate (adjusted odds ratio 3·1, 95% CI 1·1-8·6, for the highest compared with the lowest group) and fewer GeneXpert machines for tuberculosis diagnosis (3·1, 1·0-9·4, for the lowest compared with the highest group) per 100 000 population. The reduction in tuberculosis treatment coverage was associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (adjusted odds ratio 11·7, 95% CI 1·5-93·4, for the highest compared with the lowest group), fewer primary health centres (10·6, 4·1-28·0, for the lowest compared with the middle-high group), and a very low number of doctors (0·3, 0·1-0·9, for the low-middle compared with the lowest group) per 100 000 population. No factors were shown to be significantly associated with all-cause mortality., Interpretation: The COVID-19 pandemic adversely and unevenly affected the national tuberculosis programme across Indonesia, with the greatest impacts observed in districts with the lowest health-system capacity. These disruptions could lead to an escalation in tuberculosis transmission in the coming years, warranting the need for intensified efforts to control tuberculosis and strengthen local health systems., Funding: Wellcome Africa Asia Programme Vietnam., Translation: For the Bahasa translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Inventory studies on the genus Agrioglypta Meyrick, 1932 have been conducted in Java, Sulawesi, and Papua during 2007-2011. This study also aims to explore the diversity of Agrioglypta in Indonesia, and the possible apomorphic characteristics, especially genitalic characters, that support the monophyly of the genus. Three new species were discovered, A. hastantiae sp. nov., A. ubaidillahi sp. nov., and A. halimunensis sp. nov., for a total of nine species of the genus recorded in Indonesia. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for all new species.

Green alga Caulerpa racemosa is an underexploited species of macroalgae, even though it is characterized by a green color that indicates an abundance of bioactive pigments, such as chlorophyll and possibly xanthophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, which has been well explored, the composition of the carotenoids of C. racemosa and its biological activities have not been reported. Therefore, this study aims to look at the carotenoid profile and composition of C. racemose and determine their biological activities, which include antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity in vitro. The detected carotenoids were all xanthophylls, which included fucoxanthin, lutein, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin based on orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS) and a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) diode array detector. Of the seven carotenoids observed, it should be highlighted that β-carotene and canthaxanthin were the two most dominant carotenoids present in C. racemosa . Interestingly, the carotenoid extract of C. racemosa has good biological activity in inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPPH and ABTS, and the TNF-α and mTOR, as well as upregulating the AMPK, which makes it a drug candidate or functional antidiabetic food, a very promising anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory. More interestingly, the cytotoxicity value of the carotenoid extract of C. racemosa shows a level of safety in normal cells, which makes it a potential for the further development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

In this work, an SEIR epidemic model with time-dependent transmission rate parameters for the multiple waves of COVID-19 infection was investigated. It is assumed that the transmission rate is determined by the superposition of the Gaussian pulses. The interaction of these dynamics is represented by recursive equations. Analysis of the overall dynamics of disease spread is determined by the effective reproduction number R e (t) produced throughout the infection period. The study managed to show the evolution of the epidemic over time and provided important information about the occurrence of multiple waves of COVID-19 infection in the world and Indonesia., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing and poses serious health risks accompanied by a decrease in life expectancy and quality of life. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of natural-derived nutraceuticals against obesity and its comorbidities needs to be explored. Molecular inhibition of lipase enzymes and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein has attracted some recent interest in efforts to find antiobesity agents. This study aims to innovate a fermented drink from Clitoria ternatea kombucha (CTK), find out their metabolites profile, and determine the antiobesity potential through a molecular docking study. The CTK formulation refers to previous research while the metabolites profile was determined using HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Major compounds were selected based on best match value > 99.0% of the M/Z cloud database. A total of 79 compounds were identified in CTK, and 13 ideal compounds were selected to be simulated in the molecular docking study against human pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, porcine pancreatic lipase, and FTO proteins. The study found that Kaempferol, Quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, Quercetin, Dibenzylamine, and α-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone showed the best potential as functional antiobesity compounds since their affinity value ranked high in each respective receptor. In conclusion, the major compounds of CTK metabolites have the potential to be promising functional foods against obesity. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies should validate these health benefits., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

A detection method based on an electrochemical aptasensor has been developed as an alternative fast, portable, simple, inexpensive, and high-accuracy detection method for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (spike RBD). The CeO 2 @NH 2 functionalized Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) was used to immobilize an aminated aptamer of spike RBD protein via glutaraldehyde as a linker. The aptamer's interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD was measured via the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4-/3- redox system signal. Experimental conditions were optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design and showed that the optimal conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 aptasensor were 1.5 ng mL -1 of aptamer, immobilization of aptamer for 60 minutes, and Spike RBD incubation for 10 minutes. The developed aptasensor was able to detect the standard SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD with a detection limit of 0.017 ng mL -1 in the range of 0.001-100 ng mL -1 . This aptasensor was used to detect salivary and oropharyngeal swab samples of normal individuals with the addition of Spike RBD, and the recoveries were 92.96% and 96.52%, respectively. The testing on nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients showed that the aptasensor results were comparable with the qRT-PCR results. Thus, the developed aptasensor has the potential to be applied as a SARS-CoV-2 rapid test method for clinical samples., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)