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Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading global cause of cancer-related deaths. Thermal ablation techniques, especially radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), have become pivotal treatments for HCC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to compare these modalities, highlighting their efficacy, strengths, and limitations in treating HCC.

Mental health disorders are a significant global health burden, and access to mental healthcare services remains a challenge. Digital transformation has emerged as a promising solution, but it also presents its own set of challenges. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of digital transformation on mental healthcare, identify the opportunities and challenges it presents, and to examine the role of AI chat-bots in mental health symptom management. Drawing on a comprehensive literature review, a theoretical framework is developed, and five hypotheses are proposed. Methods: This study employs a cross-sectional survey design, collecting data from mental healthcare professionals in three countries. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses and examine the relationships among digital transformation, opportunities, challenges, AI chat-bot effectiveness, and mental health symptom management. Findings: The results provide support for the hypothesized relationships, highlighting the significant influence of digital transformation on opportunities and challenges, the impact of opportunities on AI chat-bot effectiveness, and the role of AI chat-bots in mental health symptom management. Novelties: This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of digital transformation in mental healthcare and offers practical implications for the development and implementation of effective digital mental health interventions. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-04-012 Full Text: PDF

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) posed significant health problems and deaths. There are various challenges in the management of HCC, including the late detection or diagnosis. The ongoing diagnostic method in HCC also hinders the detection on the early stages of the disease, thus biomarkers need to be explored further for HCC detection. Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and Midkine (MDK) are two proteins which might be the biomarker of choice in the detection of HCC. This meta-analysis aims to analyze the accuracy of Midkine and AFP in the detection of HCC. Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by adhering to the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We conduct literature screening and selection followed by quality assessment from various databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, SpringerLink, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, Cochrane, and EMBASE. The included studies were then extracted and analyzed cumulatively using MedCalc and MetaDTA with forest plot and ROC curve as outcome. Results: 12 studies were included in this study. The AFP biomarker yields sensitivity value of 62.5% (97.5% CI 0.442 – 0.778) and specificity value of 95% (97.5% CI 0.842 – 0.986), while the Midkine biomarker denotes sensitivity value of 91.6% (97.5% CI 0.83 – 0.961) and specificity value of 82.2% (97.5% CI 0.83 – 0.96). Conclusions: Both AFP and MDK are proven to be a good diagnostic tool or biomarker in the detection of HCC. The use of both in combination should provide high quality diagnostic marker for HCC suspected patients. Further studies on this should be conducted.

Political education for a number of indigenous peoples in Indonesia is one of the important measures in carrying out the democratic party. The political rights of the Orang Rimba have received less attention by election organizers, political parties and the government, one of which is marked by the absence of an identity card as a prerequisite for being able to exercise their voting rights. This research aims to explore the guarantee of the political rights of the Orang Rimba through political education. The method used is qualitative research and enriched by library studies by utilizing relevant literature sources to deepen the political education that has been received by the Orang Rimba. The results obtained show that political education has been carried out by the local government, and election organizing agencies, and the Indonesian Conservation Community WARSI. Limited knowledge in political education for Orang Rimba is an obstacle to political education to the fullest. Facing the General Election, Regional Head Election, and Legislative Election, the Provincial KPU has facilitated and educated the election for the Orang Rimba. This is a recognition of the political rights of the Orang Rimba, namely participation in the democratic process and providing access to political information for indigenous peoples.

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mendefinisikan bahwa penuaan yang sehat sebagai proses pengembangan dan pemeliharaan kemampuan fungsional yang memungkinkan kesehatan kesejahteraan di usia tua.Penuaan menjelaskan pengaruh sel pada tingkat biologis yang diakibatkan oleh dampak akumulasi berbagai macam kerusakan molekuler dan seluler seiring berjalannya waktu. Hal ini menyebabkan penurunan kapasitas fisik dan mental secara bertahap, peningkatan risiko penyakit dan akhirnya kematian. Salah satu upaya program fisioterapi dalam melakukan kegiatan ini bertujuan melakukan pemberian edukasi dan program senam lansia untuk meningkatkan kesadaran tentang pentingnya fisioterapi dan bagaimana melakukan latihan sederhana di rumah, kehadiran fisioterapis yang bisa memberikan layanan berkala di posyandu, termasuk evaluasi kondisi fisik dan pemberian intervensi yang sesuai kondisi peyakit. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan penyuluhan, edukasi dan pemberian intervensi, kemudian data diolah secara kuantitatif. Hasil dilakukan pengukuran kualitas hidup dengan menggunakan WHOQOL. Nilai WHQOL sebelum 68.33+5.423 dan sesudahnya didapatkan nilai 86.06+4.439 yang berarti terdapat peningkatan kualitas hidup setelah diberikan senam lansia. Selain itu kegiatan ini menghasilkan beberapa aspek, yaitu 1). lansia dan keluarga mereka menjadi lebih sadar akan pentingnya fisioterapi dalam menjaga kesehatan fisik, 2). edukasi mengenai manfaat fisioterapi dan latihan fisik, 3). program latihan fisik (berupa senam lansia), 4). lansia yang mengikuti program mengalami peningkatan kualitas hidup, 5). lansia melaporkan merasa lebih aktif, bersemangat, dan mampu melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari dengan lebih baik, 6). tingkat partisipasi lansia dalam program tinggi, menunjukkan minat dan kebutuhan akan program tersebut, dan 7). umpan balik positif dari lansia dan keluarga mereka mengenai manfaat program terhadap kesehatan dan kesejahteraan mereka.

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been reported to be at an increased risk of infertility and sexual dysfunction. Although the relationship between them remains unclear, IBD severity is suspected to affect hormone levels and fertility. To analyze the impact of IBD severity on semen parameters and sex hormone levels in ulcerative colitis-type IBD (UC-IBD), we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 120 patients with UC-IBD in Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. The patients were classified into three groups based on the Mayo score for UC, followed by a comparison of various semen and hormone parameters among these groups. In addition to the cross-sectional analysis, a simple correlation test was conducted irrespective of the patient grouping. Sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were found to decline significantly with an increase in IBD severity. Without classifying patients with IBD into subgroups, the Mayo score showed negative correlations with sperm concentration (r = −0.375, P < 0.0001), rapid progressive motility (r = −0.660, P < 0.0001), free testosterone (r = −0.732, P < 0.0001), and total testosterone (r = −0.721, P < 0.0001), and positive correlations with immotile sperm (r = 0.660, P < 0.0001), abnormal morphology (r = 0.657, P < 0.0001), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; r = 0.278, P = 0.002). Sperm concentration, motility, and morphology declined significantly with the severity of IBD. This study suggests a significant negative impact of IBD severity on semen quality and sex hormones.

Permasalahan yang diangkat pada pengabdian ini pengolahan limbah organik kampus menjadi pupuk kompos yang dimanfaatkan pada tanaman holtikultura. Universitas Riau setiap harinya menghasilkan limbah organik kampus salah satunya dari dedauan dan ranting tanaman yang gugur. Kegiatan ini merupakan program pengabdian unggulan perguruan tinggi yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan produk intelektual kampus. Program studi pendidikan biologi FKIP Universitas Riau telah mempunyai unit incubator bisnis “Biofarm” yang berfokus pada pengembangan produktivitas tanaman holtikultura dengan implementasi pupuk organik. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium alam Pendidikan Biologi dengan tahapan 1. Pembuatan pupuk kompos dari limbah organik kampus dengan teknik bokhasi dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen. 2. Implementasi pupuk kompos pada tanaman holtikultura (sawi pakcoy, kangkung, dan bayam). Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan kualitas pupuk kompos dari limbah organik kampus telah sesuai dengan standar SNI tentang kualitas kompos dan produksi tanaman holtikultura serta pupuk kompos telah dilabelkan dengan merk Biofarm yang telah dipasarkan.

Based on a grounded theory approach to healthcare professionals’ experience, this study conducted a qualitative assessment of new opportunities and provided a conceptual justification of forward-looking trends of global health system efficiency improvement and resilience toward universal health in the post-COVID-19 era. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, while theoretical saturation was reached after 20 interviews with international experts in Global Health System Resilience (psychologists, nurses, and community health consultants). The data were analyzed using four coding stages: initial, focused, axial, and theoretical. The results showed that to achieve global health system resilience toward universal health and safety coverage in the post-COVID-19 era, it is required to develop a strategy including the support of healthcare professionals, which allows coping with the emotional and psychological impact of the pandemic. Moreover, opportunities for professional development and collaboration can enhance their resilience and adaptability during and after crises. The findings suggest factors of global health system resilience ranked using the AHP method. The present research provides a valuable insight into the significance of telemedicine, remote care, and ensuring the safety of the healthcare industry and patients as the most crucial factors for enhancing health system sustainability. This article provides new policy recommendations to ensure the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of health systems. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-011 Full Text: PDF

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is still a global health problem nowadays. A particular COVID-19 patients develop severe symptoms. Some biomarkers can be used to determine disease severity and improve outcome. Homocysteine is one of the novel biomarkers. The objective of this study is to determine the role of serum homocysteine level in stratifying severity of COVID-19.

The pollution caused by mercury (Hg) is a matter of concern regarding worldwide ecosystems and public health. It is dangerous as it is highly poisonous and has more ways to get exposed than other heavy metal ions. Recently, the application of biomaterials with varying structures and designs for mercury adsorption has grown. In this research, clay monoliths (CM) and clay-manganese monoliths (CMM) were synthesized, investigated, and compared regarding their ability to adsorb mercury ions from water to determine the most effective adsorbents. CM and CMM were extruded through a stainless-steel molder with dimensions of 7 holes, 9 mm in radius, and 20 mm in height. The surface morphologies of both adsorbents were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of contact time (40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 minutes) and initial concentrations (3–5 mg/L) were applied to evaluate both adsorption processes. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor using a monolithic adsorbent that operated for 240 minutes. The experimental equilibrium data of the adsorption were examined with Langmuir and Freundlich models to find the best-fit isotherm. In the kinetic study, the pseudo-first-order was investigated in both linear and nonlinear models. The adsorption results showed that CMM had the highest adsorption efficiency (42.7%). The equilibrium study concluded that the Langmuir was the most significant isotherm model. The highest monolayer capacity and Langmuir constants (KL and aL) were 0.396, 1.329, and 0.396, respectively. The adsorption of both adsorbents was well displayed in the pseudo-first-order non-linear model. Experiments and processed data compromise the finding that CMM is more effective than CM at adsorbing mercury ions.

Background: The incidence of liver cancer is increased worldwide with 75%–85% diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current practice has low sensitivity limitations to diagnose the early stages of HCC, thus urging the need for a biomarker with higher sensitivity to detect HCC, specifically in the early stage. This study aimed to determine the association between midkine levels and progressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), according to tumor size, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), and presence of portal venous thrombosis.

Mercury is harmful to humans and the ecological environment. The adsorption process is known as an effective method for removing heavy metals. This research is devoted to developing new adsorbents based on carbon materials to remove metal ions Hg(II) with carbon-based monolith adsorbents without and with manganese oxide fillers (KM and KMM). The results of adsorption efficiency, adsorption kinetics, and isotherm models were made in a batch system with varying concentrations of mercury solution from 2 mg/L to 6 mg/L with adsorbents without and with manganese oxide fillers (KM and KMM). The highest removal efficiency reached 96% on KMM and 47% on KM. The adsorption isotherm of Hg(II) ions corresponds to the Freundlich model, with intensity and volume constants obtained respectively 0.042 and 1.347 L/mg on KM adsorbents, while on KMM adsorbents the intensity and volume constants obtained are 0.291 and 2.079, respectively. L/mg. These results indicate that physical adsorption occurs more dominantly than chemical adsorption. The adsorption of Hg(II) ions was in accordance with the pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics, with the adsorption capacity and rate constant on the KM adsorbent obtained were 0.0505 mg/g and 0.0072 g/mg, while the adsorption capacity and rate constant for the KMM adsorbent were on KM adsorbents obtained were 0.0848 mg/g and 0.0239 g/mg.

Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Methods: A case-control was carried out from October 2021 to August 2022 on 182 chronic hepatitis B patients who had TDF therapy regularly for 24 weeks at H. Adam Malik and USU Hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. The history of the samples was obtained, followed by physical examination, and blood collection. CTLA-4 polymorphism examination was carried out using real-time PCR, while the serum CTLA-4 levels were assessed with ELISA. Results: The CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism, genotype GG+AG, increased 1.52 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression to TDF compared to genotype AA (p=0.041). High CTLA-4 levels increased 2.28 times risk, high HBV DNA levels increased 2.09 times risk, low ALT levels increased 1.95 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression (p= 0.009, 0.026, 0.036, respectively). There was no relationship between gender, age, ethnicity, obesity, baseline AST, HBeAg, genotype, liver fibrosis and HBV DNA suppression after 24 weeks of treatment (p>0.05). Conclusions: The levels of CTLA-4, HBV DNA, ALT, and CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism have a potential relationship with the suppression of HBV DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients with TDF.

The Giant freshwater prawn (GFP) Si Jawa population is a new population of GFP from Bengawan Solo domesticated by BPTPB Cangkringan. The good morphometric and genetic characteristics of Si Jawa have never been compared with those of Bengawan Solo, or with cross-breeding populations such as Siratu. This study was to compare the morphometric and polymorphic characteristics of the DNA of three populations. Sampling of GFP was carried out at UKBAP Samas. Characterization was carried out at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. Each population took three male and three female individuals as samples. DNA polymorphisms were determined using ISSR 5 and ISSR 8 primers. Data on interpopulation morphometric characters were compared with the Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that for the characters Cephalothorax:abdomen and carapace:abdomen was highest in males of Si Jawa and the lowest respectively in males of Siratu and Bengawan Solo. Carapace:rostrum were not significantly different (P>0.05). DNA polymorphisms from highest to lowest was Bengawan Solo (75%), Si Jawa (71.43%) and Siratu (68.75%). The results showed that Si Jawa was a morphometrically and genetically good population.

Manusia normal idealnya memiliki pemikiran bahwa hidup ini adalah mencari kebahagiaan. Namun fakta sosial di Indonesia masih menunjukkan bahwa manusia modern masih dilanda oleh mental distress. Karena itu, untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan, seseorang harus berusaha untuk mengetahui hakikat kebahagiaan itu sendiri. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan tentang: (1) Hakikat kebahagiaan menurut pemikiran Hamka; (2) Unsur-unsur kebahagiaan dalam perspektif Hamka; dan (3) Relevansi konsep kebahagiaan menurut Hamka dalam konteks kekinian. Tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam menggali datanya. Pendekatan analisis konten dipakai untuk menggali pemikiran Hamka tentang filsafat kebahagiaan. Data primer diambil dari buku Hamka berjudul: “Tasawuf Modern: Bahagia Itu Dekat dengan Kita, Ada di dalam Diri Kita.” Sedangkan data sekunder diambil dari literatur lainnya yang relevan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Hakikat kebahagiaan menurut pemikiran Hamka terbagi menjadi tiga tingkatan yaitu: kebahagiaan akhirat, kebahagiaan akal budi, dan kebahagiaan tubuh. (2) Unsur-unsur yang membentuk kebahagiaan manusia yaitu memiliki: akal yang sempurna, i’tikad yang bersih, keyakinan, iman, dan agama. (3) Pemikiran Hamka mengenai filosofi kebahagiaan masih sangat relevan dengan konteks kekinian untuk mengatasi mental distress di tengah masyarakat. Kata kunci: Filsafat, Kebahagiaan, Hamka, Mental Distress.

The phenomenon of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 currently emphasizes rapid technological advances. There is a need for innovation in technology development to package the current learning process more effectively, one of which is the development of learning media which is an important part of the learning process and is certainly directed at meaningful learning that encourages students to develop 21st Century skills as an urgency in the field of education. This study aims to 1) Develop interactive learning media with an articulate storyline based on a case method on cellular respiration material. 2) Look at students' responses to the interactive learning media articulate storyline based on the case method on cellular respiration material in training students' problem-solving skills. This research is a Research and Development (R & D). The development model in this study uses the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model, this research was carried out until the Development stage. The instruments used in this study were an open questionnaire sheet, material aspect validation sheet, media aspect validation sheet and pedagogic aspect validation sheet. The analytical technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis technique and quantitative analysis by finding the average score obtained from the validator's assessment and looking at the criteria. The results of this study obtained a very valid interactive learning media with a score of 3.9 material expert validators in the very valid category, 3.69 media expert validators in the very valid category, pedagogical expert validators of 3.47 in the valid category. It can be concluded that the articulate storyline interactive learning media based on the case method developed can improve students' problem-solving abilities.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the relationship between Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) with Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and Peyronie's disease (PD). Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of the observational study by searching for the appropriate keywords in eight databases. The risk of publication bias of the included studies was assessed by Egger's test and Kendall's t. The data extraction was carried out for each study and analysed using Revman 5.0. Results: There were eleven eligible studies out of the 411 studies retrieved. Eight studies were conducted on cases of erectile dysfunction, and three studies on Peyronie's disease. There was a significant relationship between NLR, PLR and ED (SMD: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33-0.85 and SMD: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.13-1.16, respectively). The same was also found for PD. The active phase of PD tended to have higher NLR (SMD: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.43-0.92) and PLR (SMD: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.06-0.49) compared to the chronic phase. No publication bias was found in both ED and PD studies. Conclusions: NLR and PLR indicate an ongoing inflammatory process in both ED and PD. These findings can be used as markers of treatment and prognosis of both diseases in sexual health care.

Background: The rate of infertility is increasing day by day. According to studies conducted worldwide, 30 million men are diagnosed with infertility. Cases of infertility are often associated with a failure to become male in society. Procreation and gender roles are often closely linked so that infertile men are often considered the second sex. Sometimes, this condition makes men question their masculinity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and metasynthesis with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline procedure on qualitative studies on ten databases exploring the experience of infertile men and their association with masculinity. Results: Twenty-four studies matched our question, and there are two major themes with eight subthemes that were obtained from the results of the metasynthesis of these studies. The impact of this gender issue is huge on men’s health and their social interactions. As a result, gender issues provide a space for debate and a burden on men. Sometimes, men develop mental health problems. The topic of masculinity and infertility is at odds with feminism and is susceptible to the societal stigma that results from the hegemonic conception of masculinity. Interestingly, the men must accept reality and follow the treatment process for infertility, although it affects their psychological well-being. Conclusions: These findings provide insight for physicians, as treating infertility requires a multidisciplinary team that does not only address procreation issues. Social issues related to gender roles often bring patients into harmful and dangerous conditions. To address the gender issue in men globally in several dimensions, however, a large study in various populations is still required.

Introduction: Hypogonadism and inflammato-ry bowel disease (IBD) are often associated. This association may influence sexual and reproductive function in IBD, including sperm profile and sex steroid hormones. Patients and methods: This study included 59 IBD patients diag-nosed with ulcerative colitis type IBD. Anamnesis was carried out regarding the history of the disease, along with a history of rectal bleeding. Evaluation proceeded with sperm and hormone examination if the patient agreed. Results: Progressive motility sperm, immotile sperm, and normal sperm were found to be significantly different between the rectal bleeding groups. In grade 3 (more significant bleeding) progres-sive sperm (24.81 ± 5.85, p < 0.0001) and normal sperm (6.33 ± 12.56, p = 0.0003) rates tended to be lower, while immotile sperm tended to be higher (44.48 ± 11.21, p < 0.0001). Testosterone and free testosterone levels were also reported to be significantly different between groups, where grade 3 had lower levels 255.9 ± 30.08, p = 0.014 and 4.645 ± 0.5, p = 0.002 respectively. Conclusions: Our study shows that the degree of rectal bleeding influences sperm motility and morphology, as well as testos-terone and free testosterone levels. These results can concern managing IBD patients to fulfill reproductive health care.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the sex lives of male cirrhotic patients organic factors affect them.MethodWe did an observational study of 220 cirrhotic men's satisfaction with their sexual lives. Assessment of sex satisfaction was carried out using the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale. The frequency of intercourse and masturbation was estimated. Then, the levels of albumin, total bilirubin, vitamin D, and sex steroids were examined. Ascites and sarcopenia subgroups of our patients were stratified.ResultsAlong with sex steroids, albumin, total bilirubin, and vitamin D all had an impact on how satisfying sex was (r = 0.22), (r = 0.24), and (r = -0.17) affected sex satisfaction. There were strong positive correlations between vitamin D (r = 0.33), albumin (r = 0.59), and free testosterone, along with a negative correlation between total bilirubin (r = -0.63) and free testosterone. An imbalance in sex steroid levels was observed, leading to decreased frequency of intercourse(p < 0.0001), weakened erections(p < 0.0001), and reduced quality of orgasm (p < 0.0001). Significant new sex behavior changes were found, such as an increase in masturbation. Physical limitations such as ascites and sarcopenia also impacted the decreasing sex life.ConclusionThe sex life of cirrhotic men is affected. The decrease in the frequency of intercourse and sexual satisfaction is noticeable in male patients and leads to increased masturbation. Free Testosterone, vitamin D, albumin, and bilirubin play role in their sex life. In addition, ascites and sarcopenia not only affect their sex life but also hamper the quality of their well-being.

Indonesia is a country that always tries to keep up with the developments of the Globalization Era and persuasion, every change of Head of State (President) as well as Change of Minister of Education, curriculum changes are made. The curriculum in Indonesia has undergone several changes until finally a new curriculum was born in 2013, which we usually call the 2013 Curriculum. The 2013 curriculum is running well in several schools. However, without being planned in early 2020 in various countries in the world experiencing the covid-19 pandemic, it has an impact on the learning of school students in Indonesia. What students usually do offline learning is now done boldly. In accordance with the problems that occurred, this study aims to analyze "How to Apply the 2013 Curriculum when online learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic at MAN 2 Madiun". The method used is qualitative based on numbers and data in addition to using literature research. From the results of the study, there were several problems experienced by students and teachers such as lack of understanding of the material, difficulty in communicating, mastery of technology. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many things in the world of education. As educators, teachers must find solutions to any problems that occur so that learning activities continue to run well during the COVID-19 pandemic

This study aims to reveal the profile of open-start problem-solving with ethnomathematics regarding student learning styles. This research is a qualitative research study on 3 out of 31 students of Junior High School of 3 Magetan taken by purposive sampling. The three students carried out four stages: understanding the problem, planning problem-solving strategies, implementing problem-solving strategies, and reviewing again. The results of the research show that students with a visual learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked and drawing illustrations, planning problem-solving strategies by making examples, carrying out solving strategies by working on the calculation process; students with an auditory learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked, planning strategies by making problems and formulating formulas used, implementing solutions by doing calculations and reviewing; students with a kinesthetic learning style solve problems by understanding issues through writing known and being asked, making examples and writing the formulas used, carrying out solving strategies by applying the calculation process and reviewing the results obtained. However, of the three styles, the results of the accepted work were not correct because they did not write down the conclusions and were not thorough enough.

This paper proposed adsorbent development by synthesizing polyurethane foam (PUF) using a simple method, mixing polyol with isocyanate and adding fillers of bentonite and magnetite to the PUF matrix. The study's main objective was to produce a PUF-based adsorbent with high reactivity to remove Hg2+ in wastewater. This bentonite and magnetite filler-modified polyurethane foam (BMPUF) adsorbent was fixed in a bed column for the adsorption of mercury (II) ions from an aqueous solution. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration on the removal rate and the effect of contact time on adsorption efficiency was investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET non-linear models were taken into account to determine the best adsorption isotherm fitting and obtain adsorption capacity, intensity, and pore volume. As a result, it followed the non-linear Freundlich model, and the average adsorption capacity and intensity were 0.466 mg/g and 0.923, respectively. The average BET-based pore volume obtained was 0.782 L/mg. The kinetics study showed that the non-linear pseudo-first-order kinetics model was more suitable for describing the Hg2+ adsorption kinetics. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was 1.770 mg/g with the adsorption rate of 0.0013 min-1 based on the non-linear model. The effect of varying bentonite and magnetite ratio on adsorption isotherm and kinetics was also investigated. Overall, the potential application of BMPUF adsorbent in the adsorption of mercury (II) ions was demonstrated in the current study.

Historically, oral sex is part of human sexual behaviour even though some consider it taboo, and its expression is deemed inappropriate. Human rights also stand out as technology becomes more sophisticated, leading to its practice disclosure in the 21st century. The large-scale oral sex discussion in media encourages people to express it, and there is feedback on whether it is right or not. It all depends on each person’s values. We found this sexual behaviour occurs everywhere regardless of religion, culture and race. Pop culture influences this behaviour considerably. It can be seen in music, movies and television programmes that allude to oral sex. Numerous motivations underlying this behaviour include sexual pleasure for the sake of psychological well-being. It is undeniable that this behaviour is still controversial. There is a risk of it causing disease, but it reportedly provides many benefits. Oral sex is not a new behaviour crossing boundaries, according to our theory. It is an old behaviour that has been highlighted because of the factors that support it. This behaviour, still considered taboo, has its disadvantages, such as sexually transmitted disease and oral cancer, but also has benefits, such as preventing preeclampsia.

What is new? Serum IL-12 level is associated with NAFLD severity. Elevation in serum IL-12 level is in line with more severe NAFLD based on BARD score and NAFLD fibrosis score. Positive correlation is observed between serum IL-12 level and BARD score.

Aim To compare oxidative stress state of children with nephrotic syndrome at the first week of treatment and in remission, and to predict malondialdehyde (MDA) level from routine laboratory tests. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 80 1-18 years old children with nephrotic syndrome, who were divided into two groups: initial group (40 children in the first week of therapy) and remission group (40 children in remission). Demographic characteristics of the patients were taken by a questionnaire. Laboratory tests were measured in the initial group; in the remission group negative or trace proteinuria was measured for three consecutive days. Serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total cholesterol, MDA, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and urine albuminto-creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured and compared between the groups. Albumin, total cholesterol, and UACR were subjected to predict high serum MDA using a mean of all patients’ MDA level as a cutoff. Results There were higher albumin levels and lower UACR, total cholesterol, and MDA in the remission group compared to the initial group. Albumin and UACR showed good accuracy, and total cholesterol showed very good accuracy to predict serum MDA level more than 1.35 µmol/L. Conclusion Children with nephrotic syndrome in the first week of therapy showed a higher oxidative stress state than the children in remission. Serum albumin, serum total cholesterol, and UACR can predict serum MDA level with good accuracy.

Objective: We aimed to determine the neem leaf extracts effect on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis rats. Materials and Methods: In the first phase of the study, colitis was induced by DSS administration in the case group and compared to the control group. In the second phase, 84 colitis rats were divided into groups I, II, and III receiving 7.8 mg/day of mesalazine, 100 mg/200 gm body weight, and 200 mg/200 gm body weight neem leaf extract, respectively. Results: TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were significantly increased in the case group compared to the control group. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were decreasing in all groups receiving treatment. Group III showed an earlier decrease compared to group II. TNF-α and IL-6 expressions in group III were comparable with group I since the second week. This condition was observed in the 4th week between group II and group I. Conclusion: It can be concluded that neem leaf extract decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in DSS-induced colitis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 744-749]

Although famous as a favorite junior high school, mathematics is still a scourge for most students of SMPN 1 Madiun. As a result, students' mathematics learning achievement does not meet the KKM. The group investigation learning model is one alternative to improve student learning achievement. Classroom action research with the stages of planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting on each cycle is used to improve this situation. Planning is carried out according to the results of the identification and reflection of the previous cycle. Implementation according to plan. Observations are emphasized on the implementation of learning, increasing learning achievement, and student responses. Reflections are made to make the necessary improvements so that learning objectives are achieved. The results showed that students have positive attitudes and responses to mathematics learning with the group investigation model on the subject of Social Arithmetic. Mathematics learning achievement of students of class VII B of SMP Negeri 1 in 2018/2019 in the subject of Social Arithmetic by using a group investigation model increased with an average value of 81.5 so that it was categorized quite well. Teachers can use the group investigation model as an alternative to improving students' mathematics learning achievement.

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains a global health problem. COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia have a higher risk for critical illness, mostly complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. The inflammatory response is critical, and the cytokine storm increases the severity of COVID-19. Many factors could be associated with a cytokine storm but they are incompletely understood. This study presents characteristics of COVID-19 patients and explore the clinical and inflammatory parameters of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Peripheral blood was taken for laboratory examination within 24 hours of admission. Haematologic parameters, serum electrolyte, renal function, liver function, pancreas enzyme, D-dimer, inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed in this study. Comparative analyses were done between sex, existing comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), and COVID-19 vaccination status. Results: A total of 80 subjects were included in the study. The most frequent comorbidities found among the subjects were obesity (36.35%) and diabetes (22.5%). Only 13.75% of subjects were vaccinated. Laboratory results indicated leucocytosis and neutrophilia, with a neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) of 7. The mean inflammatory findings (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, MCP-1), D-dimer, CRP, and lipase increased. Lipase levels were higher in men (p = 0.003) and in comorbidity groups. No significant differences were found among different BMI groups. Lipase, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher (p=0.019,

Triacetin, an alternative biodiesel additive, was prepared by esterification of glycerol with acetic acid in the presence of chemically activated natural zeolite. The esterification was carried out in a small reaction flask under microwave irradiation. The catalyst was characterized for its morphology by SEM and its chemical composition by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrograph indicates improved surface area of the zeolite, while the XRD analysis shows an increase in Si/Al ratio from natural zeolite to 6.042 and its crystallinity value of 12.23%. The Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis obtained showed that microwave-heated samples have an esters group spectrum of triacetin at 1702 cm-1. The conversion value of glycerol was more than 95% at molar ratio of the reactants 1:9 and catalyst loading of 3%. The selectivities for monoacetin, diacetin and triacetin were 80.1%, 15.4%, and 4.5% at 60 minutes, and 43.0%, 48.6%, and 8.3% at 90 minutes. It shows that the conversion took place in consecutive steps and the use of microwave allows the reaction proceeding at milder condition.

Penelitian ini menggunakan katalis padat CaO untuk reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji buta-buta menjadi biodiesel. Minyak biji buta-buta diekstraksi menggunakan alat press. Katalis CaO disiapkan dari cangkang kerang dengan cara dipijar pada suhu 850 oC. Sampel katalis dikarakterisasi dengan metode scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Katalis cangkang kerang memiliki ukuran partikel antara 200-2000 nm. Hal ini karena pemanasan cangkang pada 850 oC menyebabkan terjadi aglomerasi. Dari rekaman XRD teridentifikasi bahwa katalis didominasi oleh senyawa CaO dan terdapat sedikit CaCO3. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilangsungkan dalam reaktor batch dengan variasi suhu (55 oC, 60 oC, 65oC, dan 70oC), rasio metanol terhadap minyak: 3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1, dan 15:1. Reaksi dilangsungkan selama 3 jam dan katalis didispersi 6 % berat dari minyak. Perolehan metil ester maksimum dicapai 96,7% pada kondisi reaksi, yaitu: molar metanol:minyak 12:1 dan suhu reaksi 65 oC. Karakteristik biodiesel hasil penelitian ini memenuhi sifat-sifat bahan bakar berkualitas tinggi sesuai dengan standar SNI dan ASTM. Proses transesterifikasi minyak biji buta-buta dan metanol menggunakan CaO sebagai katalis basa heterogen layak diaplikasikan secara komersial untuk produksi biodiesel dalam skala industri.

Adiwiyata is one of the programs of the Ministry of the Environment to encourage the creation of knowledge and consciousness of residents in environmental preservation efforts by involving parents in learning. This paper discuss the increased of achievement and passion in learning, as well as the response of the students in class VIIF SMP Negeri 13 Madiun on the subject of the triangle and quadrilateral. The research method used is the Classroom Action Research (CAR). Data collected by test, observation, and question form. Data analysis using grade analysis of study, level of study, and the students attitude. The results showed: 1) Adiwiyata increase the achievements of students in class VIIF SMP Negeri 13 Madiun; 2) Adiwiyata increase the passion in learning of the student in class VIIF SMP Negeri 13 Madiun; 3) Student in class VIIF SMP Negeri 13 support adiwiyata program to improve learning achievements and passion in learning.

This research aims to show the positive effects and the negative social media on the growth of young people. This discussion brings together the work of various fields of study the association between social media and social capital, personal safety of young people, psychological well-being, and learning performance. This research takes information from some of the posts that cover the same topic. Those selected are regular users of social media. The methodology used in this research is to use literature research with a theoretical framework developed for synthesis. The research shows that children and young people terbawa- bring positive social media to help improve their communication skills, get data, improve their technological expertise, as well as how they can use the latest technology efficiently. On the other hand, they are at risk of Facebook’s mental stress, cyberbullying, as well as online intimate harassment. The conclusion of this research is a social media platform is a very important role in the lives of young people every day. They find benefits by improving communication skills with friends and relatives and they can further improve their socialization process. Not only that, it can be said that young people can use social media to obtain data on topics such as health, education, as well as for improving the technical expertise using the latest technology.

Mathematics teacher candidates are required to have both expertise and communication skills. Therefore, they should have a good imagery model. The present study is a descriptive qualitative research that involved the students of mathematics education program, FKIP, Universitas PGRI Madiun. The result shows there are 10 models of rational-irrational function graphs that are proposed by the candidates of mathematics teacher involved in the present study.. Mathematics lectures should enrich learning activities and materials to stimulate and develop students' capability in devising the graphs of rational-irrational functions.

Unmanageable industrial wastewater will have an impact on the environment. One of the alternative wastewater treatment technologies is electrocoagulation. This study investigates the effects of voltage, time, and NaCl concentrations on wastewater through electrocoagulation–specifically, how they affect the total suspended solid (TSS), the total dissolved solid (TDS), and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of palm oil mill effluent (POME)–with response surface methodology. An iron electrode was used with a time variation of 15, 30, and 45 minutes; a voltage variation of 10, 15, and 20 volts; and NaCl concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 M. A Box-Behnken design in the response surface method formed the model and optimized the electrocoagulation. Optimization of COD, TSS, and TDS reductions with the response surface methodology was accomplished at 93.12%, 97.70%, and 41.06% respectively, in 37 minutes with 20 volts, and no NaCl concentration. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the quadratic model, with the R2 coefficients of COD, TSS, and TDS at 0.99, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively, and the adjusted-R2 values at 0.97, 0.94, and 0.83, respectively. Conformity testing for the optimum conditions proved the model’s validity, yielding COD, TSS, and TDS reduction efficiency at 93.27%, 97.64%, and 40.78%, respectively. The results of this study were useful for predicting and controlling the COD, TSS, and TDS removal efficiencies in different conditions, and they will provide information on wastewater disposal’s impact on the environment without going through the first processing stage. Therefore, electrocoagulation is a more economical POME processing technique.

This research is a research development that aims to know the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of learning media using Adobe Flash Professional based on literacy to improve student creativity and establish SMK Cendekia Madiun XI Banking as the subject of research with reference to 4D development model until the third stage, that is define , design, and develop. Instruments used in this research include validation sheet for instructional media, questionnaire response to measure the practicality of media, test result of learning result and questionnaire of student creativity to measure media effectiveness. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Learning media developed meet the criteria of validity and the average results obtained from the media validation questionnaire reached 85.42%. 2) Learning media developed meet the criteria of practicality with the average results obtained from the questionnaire of student responses on field trials reached 81.25%. 3) Learning media developed meet the criteria of effectiveness with the average results obtained from the average test results and the average score of student creativity questionnaires on field trials reached 82.95%. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the learning media using Adobe Flash Professional based literacy to improve student creativity developed by researchers worthy of use in learning.

Mercury from the traditional gold mining activities in Aceh Jaya Regency causes water source and thus residents are exposed to mercury metals. In organic and inorganic conditions, mercury is toxic to the human body, causes damage to the nerve system, kidney failure, heart failure, blood pressure disorders, and damage to the immune system. The problem of mercury contamination can be chemically solved in various ways. This research uses polyurethane foam to adsorb mercury from water. The adsorption and selectivity of polyurethane foam adsorption can be improved through modification with Chitosan. In this research, preheating temperature, glycerol and toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) compositions greatly affect the physical form of foam. The condition under which optimal glycerol composition used for synthesizing the polyurethane foams is 20% (w/w of mixture A). This glycerol composition results in polyurethane foams with an optimum ratio of the mixture A/TDI/distilled water of 2 : 1 : 1. The best adsorption is obtained with polyurethane foam added by 2.5% Chitosan. The optimum mercury adsorption 25% is resulted from the operating time of 60 minutes with adsorption capacity of 0.313 mg/g. For Chitosan modified polyurethane foam, research points out that the reaction is the second order reaction. The result concluded that the polymer has semi crystalline crystallization and melting temperatures.

Hospital as a service provider has an important role in human life, especially for people who are experiencing physical and mental disorders. Various types of diseases and therapies performed in hospitals has made it as one of the producers of hazardous and infectious waste that requires special handling and processing so as not to pollute the water, soil, and air environment. Hospital wastewater treatment was conducted to determine the ability of sonochemical method to reduce level of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and determine the optimum conditions of the parameters used by the design of Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken. The parameters that affected this process was the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), pH, and reaction time. The Waste used was taken from the waste water treatment plant in Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Banda Aceh with COD value 260.65 ppm. The optimum conditions of this treatment process occured at pH 2, H2O2 concentration 500 ppm, and reaction time 119.98 minutes with reduction of COD was 81.88%.ABSTRAKRumah sakit sebagai penyedia layanan jasa memegang peranan cukup penting dalam kehidupan manusia, terutama bagi orang-orang yang sedang mengalami gangguan fisik dan mental. Berbagai jenis penyakit dan terapi yang dilakukan di rumah sakit telah menjadikannya sebagai salah satu penghasil limbah berbahaya dan infeksius yang memerlukan penanganan dan pengolahan khusus agar tidak mencemari lingkungan yaitu air, tanah dan udara. Pengolahan limbah cair rumah sakit dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan metode sonochemical dalam menurunkan kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan menentukan kondisi optimum dari parameter yang digunakan berdasarkan disain Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken. Parameter yang mempengaruhi proses ini adalah konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida (H2O2), pH, dan waktu reaksi. Limbah yang digunakan diambil dari instalasi pengolahan air limbah di Rumah Sakit Umum Zainoel Abidin Kota Banda Aceh dengan nilai COD sebesar 260,65 ppm. Kondisi optimum dari proses pengolahan terjadi pada pH 2, konsentrasi H2O2 500 ppm, dan waktu reaksi 119,98 menit dengan penurunan COD sebesar 81,88 %

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan proses Fenton dalam menurunkan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD) dan kadar total suspended solid (TSS) dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) dan menentukan kondisi optimum dari parameter yang digunakan dengan Response Surface Methodology menurut Box- Behnken design. Sampel diambil pada keluaran pertama kolam anaerobik ketiga dari instalasi pengolahan limbah cair kelapa sawit yang mengandung nilai COD berkisar antara 8.000 hingga 12.000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian pada berbagai pH, konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O dan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan proses AOP dengan metode Fenton dapat menurunkan konsentrasi COD dan TSS masing-masing adalah 70,7704% dan 88,3897% pada konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O 3703,52 ppm, konsentrasi H2O2 5586,43 ppm, dan pH 3.

Media pembelajaran dapat membantu peserta didik dalam memperoleh informasi yang mudah dipahami untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran, mengembangkan pengetahuannya serta memberikan pengalaman belajar yang bermakna. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan media pembelajaran menggunakan Adobe flash berbasis metakognisi guna mengetahui tingkat kualitas media dan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Penelitian ini mengacu pada model pengembangan 4-D sampai pada tahap ketiga, yaitu define, design, and develop. Peneliti menetapkan subjek penelitian yaitu kelas X SMK. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) media pembelajaran menggunakan Adobe flash berbasis metakognisi valid (98,03 %). 2) media pembelajaran menggunakan Adobe flash berbasis metakognisi untuk meningkatkan motivasi praktis(73,22 %). 3) media pembelajaran menggunakan Adobe flash berbasis metakognisi untuk meningkatkan motivasi efektif (77,90 %). Jadi, media pembelajaran menggunakan Adobe flash berbasis metakognisi yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran materi fungsi komposisi dan fungsi invers untuk meningkatkan motivasi SMK Cendekia Madiun. Kata Kunci: Media pembelajaran; Adobe Flash; Metakognisi; Motivasi Learning media can help students in obtaining information that is easy to understand to achieve learning objectives, develop knowledge and provide a meaningful learning experience. This research is a development research that aims to produce instructional media using Adobe flash based on metacognition in order to know the quality level of media and to improve student's learning motivation. This research refers to the 4-D development model up to the third stage, ie define, design, and develop. Researchers set the subject of research that is class X SMK. The results of this study are as follows: 1) learning media development using Adobe flash based on metacognition to increase motivation is valid (98.03 %). 2) learning media development using Adobe flash-based metacognition to increase motivation is practical ( 73.22 %). 3 learning media development using Adobe flash based on metacognition to increase motivation is effectiv (77,90 %). Thus, learning media using Adobe Flash based on metacognition developed by the researchers deserve to be used in learning the material of composition function and inverse function to improve the motivation of SMK Cendekia Madiun. Keywords: Learning media; Adobe Flash; Metacognition; Motivation

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kemampuan pemahaman dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan penerapan sifat-sifat eksponen dan logaritma pada siswa SMA ditinjau dari kemampuan awal, yang meliputi memahami masalah, merencanakan penyelesaia masalah, melaksanakan penyelesaian masalah, dan memeriksa kembali. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subyek penelitian adalah enam siswa kelas X SMA N 1 Kawedanan yaitu dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal tinggi, dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal sedang dan dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal rendah. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode tes dan wawancara. Teknik keabsahan data dilakukan dengan triangulasi metode. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis melalui reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi data atau penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan profil kemampuan pemahaman siswa dengan ke-mampuan awal tinggi : memiliki kemampuan pemahaman dalam proses pemahaman menaf-sirkan, mencontohkan, mengklasifikasikan, merangkum, menyimpulkan, dan menjelaskan dengan baik namun hanya mampu menggunakan proses pemahaman membandingkan dengan cukup. Siswa dengan kemampuan awal sedang : memiliki kemampuan pemahaman dalam proses pemahaman menafsirkan, mengklasifikasikan dan merangkum dengan baik namun dalam kemampuan menggunakan proses pemahaman mencontohkan, menyimpulkan, membandingkan dan menjelaskan dengan cukup. Siswa dengan kemampuan awal sedang : memiliki kemampuan pemahaman dalam proses pemahaman menafsirkan, mengkla-sifikasikan dan merangkum dengan baik namun kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan proses pemahaman mencontohkan, menyimpulkan, membandingkan dan menjelaskan adalah kurang.

The improvement of laundry activity brought a negative effect on the environment because laundry wastewater have a high content pollutants such as phosphate, surfactants, mineral, nitrogen, COD and other components, so the treatment is needed before being discharged into terristorial water. Laundry wastewater treatment has been conducted by membrane technology. Preparation of cellulose diacetate membranes with ultrafiltration process had be done by phase inversion using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. The filtration experiment showed that the highest membrane flux was 77,408 L/m2.h at TMP 3 bar. While the lowest flux at TMP 1 bar was 55.649 L/m2.h. Rejection of membrane ultrafiltration for parameters of COD, phosphate, and surfactant were 67%, 72%, and 63% respectively. Keywords: cellulose diacetate membranes, laundry wastewater, flux, rejection

Beberapa penyelesaian masalah trigonometri perlu diselesaikan dengan visualisasi. Makalah ini membahas hasil penelitian tentang profil berpikir visual mahasiswa calon guru matematika dengan gaya belajar visual dalam menyelesaikan masalah trigonometri. Jenis penelitian deskriptif-eksploratif digunakan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu: penentuan sumber informasi, pengembangan instrumen, pengumpulan, dan validasi, serta analisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Ketika memahami, pikiran mendapat input visual dari soal, petunjuk, gambar yang diperoleh, dan pengetahuan yang sudah dimiliki sehingga terjadi pemrosesan pembayangan mental; 2) Ketika merencanakan, pikiran tidak memproses pembayangan mental sehingga tidak diperoleh profil berpikir visual ketika merencanakan penyelesaian masalah; 3) Ketika melaksanakan, pikiran tidak memproses pembayangan mental sehingga tidak diperoleh profil berpikir visual ketika melaksakan penyelesaian masalah; 4) Ketika memeriksa kembali, pikiran mendapat input visual dari hasil kegiatan melaksakan rencana penyelesaian sehingga pemrosesan pembayangan mental terjadi untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan. Kata kunci: berpikir visual, mahasiswa calon guru matematika, gaya belajar visual, menyelesaikan masalah trigonometri

Mahasiswa laki-laki calon guru matematika tidak sedikit yang mengalami kesulitan dalammemahami definisi formal barisan konvergen. Umumnya definisi formal tersebut dihafalkan,sehingga tidak mempunyai pembayangan mental tentang definisi formal barisan konvergen.Untuk mendapatkan pembayangan mental tersebut, mahasiswa perlu berpikir visual.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil berpikir visual mahasiswa laki-laki calonguru matematika dalam memahami definisi formal barisan konvergen. Penelitian inimenggunakan metode deskriptif-eksploratif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitiandiambil dari program studi pendidikan matematika FP MIPA IKIP PGRI Madiun. Datapenelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan metode wawancara berbasis tugas dengan formatsemi-terstruktur. Data penelitian divalidasi dengan menggunakan triangulasi waktu. Datapenelitian dianalisis dengan kategorisasi, reduksi, paparan, interpretasi, dan penarikankesimpulan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan profil berpikir visual mahasiswa laki-laki calon gurumatematika dalam memahami definisi formal barisan konvergen; yaitu: a) Untuk memahamidefinisi formal barisan konvergen dengan menggunakan visualisasi, mahasiswa laki-lakimengenali, membayangkan, memperlihatkan (memperlihatkan gambaran definisi,memperlihatkan atribut definisi), dan menyimpulkan. Untuk mengenali, mahasiswa laki-lakimeringkas definisi dan menjabarkan yang bisa dijabarkan. Untuk membayangkan,mahasiswa laki-laki membuat rumus barisan umum, membuat tabel bantu, dan membuatgambaran umum. Untuk memperlihatkan gambaran definisi, mahasiswa laki-laki membuatrumus barisan khusus, tabel bantu, dan mengeplotkan anggota barisan. Untukmemperlihatkan atribut definisi, mahasiswa laki-laki menentukan nilai , menentukan nilai ,menentukan nilai ( ), menggambar garis ( ), dan menggambar garis . Untukmenyimpulkan, mahasiswa laki-laki mencocokkan dan membuat kesimpulan; b) Rangkaianaktivitas atau kegiatan berpikir visual mahasiswa laki-laki calon guru matematika dalammemahami definisi formal barisan konvergen adalah memunculkan pembayangan mental,mengolah (menentukan, menyempurnakan) pembayangan mental, dan memanfaatkanpembayangan mental. Untuk memunculkan pembayangan mental, mahasiswa laki-lakimemanggil atau membuat pembayangan mental. Untuk menentukan pembayangan mental,mahasiswa laki-laki mengumpulkan dan memilih pembayangan mental. Untukmenyempurnakan pembayangan mental, mahasiswa laki-laki membenarkan ataumelengkapi pembayangan mental. Untuk memanfaatkan pembayangan mental, mahasiswalaki-laki menggunakan atau merepresentasikan pembayangan mental. Pemrosesanpembayangan mental sesuai dengan tujuan dan kebutuhan aktivitas untuk memahamidefinisi formal barisan konvergen, seperti pada aktivitas menggambarkan gambaran umum,membuat rumus barisan khusus, mengeplotkan, menentukan nilai , menggambar garis( ), dan menggambar garis .

A mathematical model on carbon coated monolith using the linear driving force model is develop. The computer program is writted in MATLAB and simulation using data from [4] for cell density 200 cpsi was used to studies the effect of different variables on breakthrough profiles. The result showed that the breakthrough curve of the monolith is very sharp. Because of its an open structure and lower pressure drop, monolith is an attractive alternative internals for separation. Keywords: Adsorption, modeling, simulation, carbon coated monolith, breakthrough

Activated carbon can be manufactured from a variety source materials containing element carbon. Dregs of coffee grounds is one of abundant and promising activated carbon raw materials. This study was conducted to assess optimization process of activated carbon production from dregs of coffee grounds by using ZnCl2 as an activator. The optimization process is performed by using Response Surface Method to optimize factors that affected quality of the activated carbon using Box-Behnken design. The factors used were carbonation temperature (T) with a level of 400 oC, 500 oC and 600 °C; concentration of ZnCl2 (K) with a level of 30%, 40%, 50%; and mass ratio of ZnCl2 to activated carbon with level of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1. A second order regression model of iodine absorption of activated carbon was Y = 626,2 - 36,5T + 28,6K - 36,5R + 31,2T2 + 47,1K2 - 0,5R2 - 19,0TK + 15,9TR + 101,5KR. Results of optimization process showed that optimum iodine absorption of 799.659 mg/g was obtained at the following conditions, i.e. carbonation temperature of 400 oC, ZnCl2 concentration of 30% and mass ratio of ZnCl2 to activated carbon of 2:1.

Limbah cair pabrik pupuk urea terdiri dari urea dan amonium yang masing-masing mempunyai konsentrasi berkisar antara 1500-10000 ppm dan 400-3000 ppm. Konsentrasi urea yang tinggi di dalam badan air dapat menyebabkan blooming algae dalam ekosistem tersebut yang dapat mengakibatkan kehidupan biota air lain terserang penyakit. Peristiwa ini terjadi karena kurangnya nutrisi bagi biota air dan sedikitnya sinar matahari yang dapat menembusi permukaan air. Disamping kedua hal tersebut di atas, algae juga dapat memproduksi senyawa beracun bagi biota air dan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah urea menggunakan oksidasi konvensional (H2O2) dan Advanced Oxidation Processes (kombinasi H2O2-Fe2+) pada pH 5 dengan parameter yang digunakan adalah variasi konsen-trasi awal H2O2 dan konsentrasi Fe2+. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penurunan konsentrasi urea tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan reagen fenton (8000 ppm H2O2 dan 500 ppm Fe2+), yaitu dapat menurunkan urea dari konsentrasi awal urea 2566,145 ppm menjadi 0 ppm. Kinetika reaksi dekomposisi urea menjadi amonium dan amonium menjadi nitrit dan nitrat yang diuji mengikuti laju kinetika reaksi orde 1 (satu) terhadap urea dan orde satu terhadap amonium dengan konstanta laju reaksi masing-masing k1 = 0,019 dan k2 = 0,022 min-1.