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Riverine caves are special habitats that are home to many aquatic and terrestrial species. Some Odonata species and their emerging are recorded at the entrance and in the twilight zones of subterranean habitats around the world. However, the emergence of any Odonata species has not been recorded in the dark zones of caves or other subterranean habitats. We report the first evidence of the emerging of the Hyrcanian Goldenring, Cordulegaster vanbrinkae Lohmann, 1993, as an endemic species of the Hyrcanian biogeographical region, in the dark zone of Danial Cave, in the World Heritage‐listed Hyrcanian Forests, northern Iran. During 2020–2023, three newly emerged and three exuviae of the species were recorded in the entrance zone (25 m) and the dark zone of the cave (200–280 m). The main hypothesis of the study is the entry and exit of adults from the cave entrance. However, we still do not know if the newly emerged will leave the cave or not. We still need more study on the biology and ecology of the species inside and around the cave. Danial Cave, with its high biodiversity, is one of the most important caves in the Middle East, and is urgently in need of conservation as a national natural monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darkness is a barrier to cycling because the risk of an accident is higher and the feeling of social safety is lower. Factors influencing the choice to cycle (e.g., socio-demographic factors) have already been studied extensively, but rarely in relation to darkness. To implement strategies for increasing bicycle use (also when it is dark), we need to know what decision factors play a role for people to cycle or not when it is dark. A mixed method approach is adopted; applying a logistic regression using data of 842 surveyed cyclists in the province of East Flanders (Belgium), supplemented a qualitative analysis using 26 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Results show that knowing and using a route frequently has a positive effect on the likelihood of cycling in the dark. Elderly (and retirees) are less likely to cycle in the dark compared to youth and young adults. The latter group (ranging between 11 and 17 years old) often cycle to school while it is still dark (either or not accompanied by a parent). Whether or not one cycles alone or in group has a lower or higher propensity to cycle during the dark. People with a racing bike often cycle in groups and are less likely to cycle in the dark. Recreative and sportive cycle tours are mostly done during the day. Cyclists with an e-bike and speed pedelec have a higher likelihood to cycle in the dark compared to those who cycle on a regular bike. Women have 84% lower odds to cycle in the dark compared to men because they perceive darkness as less socially safe. Lastly, living in a rural environment has a positive impact on the odds to cycle in the dark compared to more urban environments. Establishing a cycling culture with inclusive infrastructure is essential for addressing the diverse needs of vulnerable groups and ensuring the provision of safe routes. A holistic approach is critical to effectively integrate these elements into urban planning and transport policies. • Darkness is a barrier to cycling due to a lower (sense of) safety. • More insights are required to organize effective strategies for increasing bike use. • Knowing and using a route frequently has a positive impact on cycling in the dark. • Young adults, men and electric bike owners have higher odds of cycling in the dark. • Policy interventions should focus on the actual needs of the intended target groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar eclipse has remarkable effect on behavior of animals. South India experienced a 97% magnitude annular eclipse on December 26, 2019 during 08:04–11:04 h with the totality phase appeared during 09:25–09:30 h. We investigated whether the foraging activity of the bees was limited by the eclipse, what bees are affected most, and which part of the eclipse was critical for bee activities to understand how a group of insects that rely the Sun, the sunlight, and the sun rays for their navigation and vision behaves to the eclipse. We opted to watch the bees in their foraging ground, and selected the natural flower populations of Cleome rutidosperma, Hygrophila schulli, Mimosa pudica, and Urena sinuata—some of the bee-friendly plants—to record the visitor richness and visitation rate on the flowers on eclipse and non-eclipse days and during the hour of totality phase and partial phase of the eclipse. Fewer flower-visiting species were recorded on the eclipse day than on the non-eclipse days, but in the period of totality, very few bee species were active, and limited their activity to only one population of C. rutidosperma. Visits of honey bees and stingless bees were affected most, but not that badly of solitary bees and carpenter bees. Bees, particularly the social bees use Sun for navigation and deciphering information on forage sources to fellow workers. The eclipse, like for many other animals, might hamper bees' orientation, vision, and flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the treatise "Suprematism. The World as Objectlessness or Eternal Peace" (1922), Kazimir Malevich positions himself as a "bookless philosopher" who did not consider theories of other philosophers. In fact, the treatise contains a large number of references to philosophers belonging to different traditions. A careful reading shows the extent to which Malevich's theory is linked to the Russian religious philosophy of the early twentieth century. In my view, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky—philosophers of "Religious Renaissance," as well as some other intellectuals—acquaint avant-gardists with Neoplatonic conceptions of apophasis. Malevich had access to ideas of fourteenth-century theologian Meister Eckhart, and I will refer to two sources to demonstrate this, including Margarita Sabashnikova's translation of Eckhart and works of Sergei Bulgakov. Without any reference, Malevich retells the concepts of Dionysius the Areopagite, Meister Eckhart, and Gregory Palamas. I will demonstrate parallels between the treatise on Suprematism and Meister Eckhart's Sermons concerning the concepts of apophaticism, Platonism, and Nothingness. I will also touch on the theme of Divine Light in the theology of Palamas (fourteenth century) to show the diversity of the avant-garde's sources of inspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses challenges that emerged during Advent through recent experience of lecturing at Berkeley Divinity School, the Episcopal Seminary at Yale. For many of my students, Advent 2020 presented particular challenges since they found that the recurring utilization of 'darkness' as a metaphor for sin and death did not sit easily with their commitment to anti-racist thought and practice. This essay does not attempt to provide a definitive model for how Anglicans might engage fully with Advent themes, but serves as a paper to 'think with' in which the author (a) engages with Michael Battle's work on Anglican spirituality and (b) describes how her own expertise on Gregory of Nyssa was brought to bear on present needs. The Advent focus on darkness and light, I propose, does not need to be circumvented but provides Anglicans who are attentive to the problems of racism with an opportunity to examine further their own approach to 'darkness'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euryodendron excelsum H. T. Chang, a rare and endangered evergreen tree that is endemic to China. The micropropagation system of this species has been established, but some challenges associated with in vitro rooting remained to be improved. In this study, the in vitro rooting of E. excelsum plantlets were optimized by dark exposure, and the network of gene expression and endogenous hormones levels during dark-induced adventitious root (AR) formation were revealed. AR formation of E. excelsum plantlets were significantly promoted by dark exposure, especially by dark exposure for 15 d. In the stems of E. excelsum plantlets under the treatment of dark exposure for 15 d, lower level of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid 1 (GA1), isopentenyladenine (IP), isopentenyladenosine (IPA) and zeatin (ZT), as well as higher level of GA7, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), promoted the whole course of AR formation. The higher level of trans-zeatin riboside (TZR) and T-zeatin (TZT) promoted the elongation of dark-induced AR, while higher level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) stimulated the process of AR primordia formation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in hormone biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis participated in the regulation of dark-induced AR development. The weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) analysis identified five modules that had highly correlation with phytohormone contents, and numerous hub genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were revealed. Those result will provide technical reference for in vitro rooting of woody species, and promote biological conservation and genetic engineering of rare and endangered species.

Abstract Riverine caves are special habitats that are home to many aquatic and terrestrial species. Some Odonata species and their emerging are recorded at the entrance and in the twilight zones of subterranean habitats around the world. However, the emergence of any Odonata species has not been recorded in the dark zones of caves or other subterranean habitats. We report the first evidence of the emerging of the Hyrcanian Goldenring, Cordulegaster vanbrinkae Lohmann, 1993, as an endemic species of the Hyrcanian biogeographical region, in the dark zone of Danial Cave, in the World Heritage‐listed Hyrcanian Forests, northern Iran. During 2020–2023, three newly emerged and three exuviae of the species were recorded in the entrance zone (25 m) and the dark zone of the cave (200–280 m). The main hypothesis of the study is the entry and exit of adults from the cave entrance. However, we still do not know if the newly emerged will leave the cave or not. We still need more study on the biology and ecology of the species inside and around the cave. Danial Cave, with its high biodiversity, is one of the most important caves in the Middle East, and is urgently in need of conservation as a national natural monument.

Genelde olumsuzlama cihetinden aydınlığın/nurun zıttı olarak kabul edilen karanlık, bu niteliği ile aydınlığın olmadığı bir durumu betimliyor olsa da onun nurun en parlak hâlini ifade ettiğini söylemek de mümkündür. Felsefi literatürde her iki yoruma yönelik teorik yaklaşımlar söz konusudur. İlk yoruma göre, madde ve suretten teşekkül eden hilomorfik ve kompozit yapıdaki karanlık, madde ve kaosla; nur ise form ve düzenle ilişkilendirilir. Nur, aşkın ve tanrısal olana, karanlık da içkin ve maddesel olana karşılık gelir. Ancak apofatik bağlamda Tanrı’nın bilinemezliği hususunda yapılan kimi yorumlarda ise nurun yanı sıra karanlığın da kullanıma sokulduğu, bu kavrama bilinemezliğin izahında mihver ve merkezî bir boyut kazandırıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede karanlık, tanrısal alanla ilişkili olduğundan sönüklük veya siliklikle değil parlaklıkla nitelenmektedir. Dolayısıyla parlak karanlık, aydınlığı olumsuzlamasının ötesinde olumlamanın zirve noktasını temsil etmekte, hatta aydınlık, aydınlık etme bakımından karanlığın olumsuzu bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Mistik teolojide epistemolojik açıdan tanrısal alanda olduğu gibi şeylerin özlerinin de hakikat çerçevesinde bilinmemesi zulmetin alanını genişletmekte, bir anlamda bütün bir varlık alanı bilinmezlik, dolayısıyla karanlık bir muhteva kazanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda karanlığa göre aydınlık, aydınlığa göre de karanlık olan ziya, nur ile zulmet arasında görmeyi, algılamayı ve akletmeyi mümkün kılan ara-ışık konumunda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, karanlığı dinsel ve mitolojik metinlerden başlayarak Platon, Aristoteles ve Plotinus gibi antik Yunan, Gregory of Nyssa ve Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite gibi Neoplatonik mistik Hristiyan, Mahmûd Şebüsterî ve Sadreddin Konevî gibi sufi mistiklerin görüşleri çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca bilgi ve cehalet kavramları aydınlık ve karanlık kelimeleri kapsamında değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmakta; felsefi görüşler ile mistik teolojik yorumlar arasındaki temel ayrımlara ve gece ile gündüz üzerinden dinsel metaforlara vurgu yapılmaktadır. Çalışmada karanlığın felsefede ve mistik teolojide farklı bağlamlarda ele alındığı; felsefede karanlığın nurun yokluğu, mistik teolojide ise kimi yorumlarda karanlığın nurun yoğunluğu olarak değerlendirildiği görülmektedir.

Weakened by the expansion of several imperial and colonial projects, the inhabitants of Jabal 'Amil survived as second-class citizens, severed from the urban expression of Lebanese nationalism, and having to formulate their identity amid countless transgressions on their scholarship and literary production. It is thus in the spectacles of the universe and the mysteries of the cosmos that they inscribed fragments of their oral legacy, turning the night sky into an archive that no empire could burn or colonize. And yet it is light pollution, leaking from the same cities they were once forced to nourish, that quickly established itself as the main transgressor, clearing the faintest stories in their celestial library. Although distant manifestations of Islamic cosmology could no longer animate their rural nights, new alterations in the sky after dark, no matter how violent, have proven worthy carri-ers of their modern myths and legends. And it is onto the loudest object in their polluted sky, the Israeli reconnaissance drone IAI Searcher MK, that they grafted the tale of their legendary matriarch Umm Kamel. I argue that Umm Kamel's physical and symbolic ascent into the sky was orchestrated by a modern generation of 'Amilis whose infidelity to the celestial stories authored by their ancestors fortified their ability to transform the combined pressures of pollution and colonization. United by their efforts to forge new imaginaries around a starless night, they invite reflection on the possibility (and responsibility) of confronting the sky we have together inherited rather than lamenting the one we have lost. In tracing Umm Kamel's transformation from figure to constellation, I contend that their cosmic interventions set the stage for new alliances between design and darkness, and ultimately, for a more expanded imagination of night design, particularly within the context of the climate crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although darkness, which is generally regarded as the opposite of light (al-nūr, radiance) in terms of negation, describes the absence of light, it is also possible to say that it expresses the brightest form of light. There are theoretical approaches to both interp-retations in the philosophical literature. According to the first interpretation, darkness consisting of matter and form and existing in hylomorphic and composite structure is associated with matter and chaos, and light is associated with form and order. The light corresponds to the transcendent and divine, and darkness corresponds to the immanent and material. However, in some interpretations of God's unknowability in the apophatic context, it is seen that darkness is used as well as light, and this concept is given a pivotal and central dimension in the explanation of unknowability. In this context, darkness is characterized by brightness, not dullness or obscurity, since it is associated with the divine realm. Therefore, bright darkness, beyond negating light, represents the peak of affirmation, and even light is in a position to be the negative of darkness in terms of making light. In mystical theology, the fact that the essences of things are not known within the framework of truth, as in the divine realm, from an epistemological point of view, expands the area of darkness, and in a sense, the entire field of existence acquires an unknown, and, therefore dark content. In this context, ḍiyāʾ (illumination), which is light compared to darkness and darkness compared to light, is in the position of intermediate light, making possible to see, perceive, and reason between light and darkness. This study discusses darkness starting from religious and mythological texts, within the framework of the views of ancient Greeks such as Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus, Neoplatonic Christian mystics such as Gregory of Nyssa and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, and sufi mystics such as Maḥmūd Shabistarī and Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī. The study also evaluates the concepts of knowledge and ignorance within the scope of light and darkness, emphasizes on the basic distinctions between philosophical views and mystical theological interpretations and emphasizes on religious metaphors of night and day. In the study, it is seen that darkness is considered with different contexts in philosophy and mystical theology; in philosophy darkness is the absence of light, while in mystical theology some interpretations of darkness are considered as the intensity of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infraorbital hyperpigmentation represents one of the most prevalent conditions in cosmetic dermatology. To treat this condition, many patients prefer natural remedies. This study explored the efficacy of topical castor oil cream in treating patients with infraorbital hyperpigmentation. Methods: We conducted an exploratory single‐arm clinical trial at the Shahid Faghihi Dermatology Clinic and Molecular Dermatology Research Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, during 2021–2022. Using the convenience sampling method, we enrolled 25 patients with infraorbital hyperpigmentation. We instructed the patients to apply topical castor oil cream twice daily for 2 months. The darkness, melanin, and erythema levels were evaluated by VisioFace® 1000 D and SkinColorCatch® devices. We used a visual analog scale to assess skin laxity, wrinkles, and patient satisfaction. Data analysis was done with Stata version 14.2. Results: The data of 22 patients with a mean age of 40.92 ± 7.33 years were analyzed. The VisioFace® scores decreased significantly by the end of the study [right eyes: mean difference (MD): ‐5.63 (95% CI: −7.12 to −4.15), p < 0.001; left eyes: MD: ‐5.91 (95% CI: −7.46 to −4.36), p < 0.001]. Moreover, castor oil cream significantly reduced the melanin level, wrinkles, and skin laxity in the infraorbital region (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Castor oil cream seems to be an effective alternative for treating infraorbital hyperpigmentation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article translated from the German original, author Kathrin Asper explores Frida Kahlo's life and art—the scars and cuts of life, both physical and emotional, that were balanced by the light side of existence. Suffering the consequences of polio contracted as a child and a streetcar accident that left her with lifelong pain, Kahlo found herself through painting, using her experience as a palette. The themes of her art include suffering, transience, and nearness to death as well as the cuts of her husband's, Diego Rivera's, love affairs. Rarely were these experiences portrayed without the juxtaposition of the bright, beautiful, and colorfulness of life, however. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noise and lighting are prime factors of poor sleep quality in critically ill patients, which impair recovery and increase the risk of delirium or complications. Aim: To identify and rank the effectiveness of sound and darkness interventions on the sleep quality of critically ill patients. Study Design: This systematic review and component network meta‐analysis was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews incorporating the Network Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA‐NMA) Statement. The Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Airiti Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to August 10, 2021, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sound and darkness interventions targeting critically ill patients' sleep quality. We applied standard and component NMA to determine the effects of interventions. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool (V.2.0) and the online Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis (CINeMA) application. Results: Twenty‐four RCTs with 1507 participants who used combined interventions constituting seven competing interventions were included in the standard NMA. The combination of earplugs, eye masks, and music; eye masks alone; earplugs combined with eye masks; and music alone had beneficial intervention effects. The combination of earplugs, eye masks, and music was the best intervention, and these components had no interaction effect. An eye mask had the best relative effect, followed by music, quiet time, and earplugs. Conclusions: This study provides clinical evidence of the effectiveness of using eye masks, music, and earplugs to improve sleep quality in critically ill patients. We also recommend future research using bedtime music, nocturnal eye masks, and quiet time, which had the best relative effects on sleep quality. Relevance to clinical practice: This study provides recommendations for interventions that nurses can use to improve critically ill patients' sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Petal senescence refers to the progressive loss of intracellular structures and functions within plant decorative organs, ultimately leading to cell death. Autophagy involves the degradation of damaged cellular components and nutrient recycling. Plant organ senescence and autophagy are highly coordinated; however, the mechanisms by which autophagy regulates petal senescence remain largely unknown. In this study, by using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that autophagic activity peaked early, at flower opening, without any senescence and other morphological symptoms in petals. We found that darkness positively regulated petal senescence and upregulated autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Dark treatment promoted the accumulation of Rosa hybrida phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (RhPIF4) in petals. RhPIF4 silencing delayed petal senescence and repressed the expression of ATGs. In contrast, silencing of the light-responsive gene Rosa hybrida elongated hypoctyl 5 (RhHY5) promoted petal senescence and ATG gene expression. RhPIF4/8 and RhHY5 could directly interact with RhWRKY40, and RhWRKY40 is directly bound to the promoters of RhATG7 and RhATG11. Silencing RhWRKY40 delayed petal senescence and suppressed RhATG7 and RhATG11 expression. Based on these results, we propose that RhPIF4/8 and RhHY5 transcription factors are involved in regulating petal senescence in response to dark or light conditions by modulating autophagic activity.

Humanity's love and curiosity for metaphysics has never stopped. Because the unknown human being, by nature, has not been satisfied with what exists and what is seen, and has always attempted to grow wings to catch what he cannot see. This curiosity and search have led to new inventions and creations and, as a result, nourished human competence and evolution. One of the most striking examples of this endless metaphysical love of man is the production of mystical and symbolic stories that can be described as the red mind tradition. This tradition, which is considered very valuable in terms of the history of religion, thought and civilization, can be evaluated as humanity's lament for its material and human limitations, on the one hand, and as the expression of its longing for spiritual and divine eternity, on the other hand. When man, who felt captive in the world's wheel of birth and death, wanted to express his existential pains and longings for perfection through the language of birds and in the form of the red mind, many symbolic stories emerged. The subject of this article is to shed light on the chronology of the dualist human or red mind, which is formed by the combination of the spiritual and material dimensions of man. This dualist nature of man, which started with Adam, the first human, is discussed through striking examples before and after Islam. Pre-Islamic examples of the red mind have been sought in mythological and mystical texts of Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, Iran and the Middle East. In the post-Islamic period, the examples of red mind in the gnostic texts of Ikhvan-ı Safa, Ibn Sina and Yahya Suhrawardi were focused on. Due to the limitations of the article, only a few of the examples mentioned in the historical chronology could be discussed. In this research, the phenomenological method, which seeks to capture the unchangeable truth behind different forms, was used. The aim of this study is to combine examples from different geographies of the dualist character of man in religions and thoughts, following the path of wisdom beyond time and space, and to see the chain links of the red mind tradition from a universal perspective. Although the red mind theme has been researched and interpreted independently and disconnectedly from each other through particular examples, addressing the red mind examples in different religions and thoughts for the first time with a phenomenological method and a universal perspective in the light of historical chronology can make the study different and original. As a result of this study, it is concluded that man has a luminous or divine nature in essence, but when he enters the darkness of the material world, he loses his whiteness and purity and thus turns red, and that isna, which manifests as a red mind with the combination of the duality of light and darkness, will make significant progress in the journey towards good or evil. It was determined that it could. In addition, it was seen that the Nurani man fell into deep heedlessness with the red cover he received after falling into the dark world, suffered amnesia and amnesia due to this heedlessness, started to remember his homeland and origin as a result of the warnings of a spiritual messenger, and stood up again from under the red cover and started to rise towards his homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reflecting on a question posed to the author by the poet Gerrit Lansing concerning a possible soteriological dimension of Paul Celan's thought, this essay argues for Celan as a radically secular figure—revolutionary both politically and poetically—whose Jewishness was and remained an absolute for him, without this, however, having led to a retro-assimilation within a, or any, religious or theological stance. Using certain core images of Celan's poetry—his doors—and thinking their metaphoricity and polysemanticism through with the help of the painter Irving Petlin's series of works inspired by and reflecting on Celan's doors, the essay, after examining a range of critical takes on Celan—by the likes of Otto Pöggeler, George Steiner, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jean Bollack, and others—comes to the conclusion that probably the only salvific quality for Celan lay in the act of writing itself, and was thus not a transcendental reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, cyclical changes in the body were assumed to be caused by the cyclicity of the environment (day-night, seasons). The concept of daily and seasonal changes was first documented in the 18th century by astronomer D'Ortous de Mairan, who demonstrated that plant leaf motions varied depending on the time of day, and by Linné's description of his floral clock in 1751. In 1832, De Candolle was the first to experimentally establish the endogeneity of rhythms in plants, underlining the notion of what we now term free-running rhythms. Julien-Joseph Virey made his own contribution in his thesis, published in 1814, against this backdrop, in which he examined the knowledge of his day on the daily and seasonal biological fluctuations of living matters. He emphasized the relevance of the environment's day-night cycle on plant life and created a list of plants based on their diurnality or nocturnality. He expanded on the issue of rhythmic changes in human health and sickness and provided his own data on the daily fluctuations in patient mortality he discovered at the Val-de-Grâce military hospital where he was chief pharmacist. What is crucial is his use of terms such as "living clock," "entrainment," and "innate rhythm" and the applicability of the advanced concepts Because Virey introduced the notion of temporal variations and the impact of the alternation of day and night on these variations, this thesis is a historic testimonial to understanding of biological rhythms in the first half of the 19th century. We may assume from his writings on rhythmic fluctuations that he offered the theory, followed by an experiment, however primitive, from which he drew conclusions and postulated a mechanism (the living clock) that would later prove accurate. All of these aspects indicate that this study represents an early exploration of the notion of temporal variations in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pivotal moment in the Gospel of John comes when the resurrected Jesus breathes the Spirit into his disciples and sends them as he was sent. The double thrust of Johannine spirituality is desiring Jesus and desiring what he desires: on the one hand, going deeper into relationship with Jesus in trust, understanding and love; and, on the other hand, going deeper into the world now, inspired by how Jesus was sent, with learning, praying, and loving as the core practices of disciples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes Paul Celan's translation of James Baldwin's "Everybody's Protest Novel" and considers the connections between the poetics of these two writers. In addition to their shared preoccupation with and rearticulation of terms such as human, creature, and darkness, the translation reveals how they explored the relationship between literature and reality at early and transitional moments in their careers. While rejecting regnant modes of realism, Baldwin and Celan insisted, in different but related ways, on the bearing of the world on their writing, which they understood as a response to historical catastrophes that resisted inherited categories and hegemonic language. This article demonstrates how reading Baldwin's essay and Celan's translation together can help us understand their peculiar realism anew, and it elucidates how this aspect of their work continues to feel urgent today, with specific reference to the writing of Claudia Rankine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In nature, light is a key driver of animal behaviour and physiology. When studying captive or laboratory animals, researchers usually expose animals to a period of darkness, to mimic night. However, 'darkness' is often poorly quantified and its importance is generally underappreciated in animal research. Even small differences in nocturnal light conditions can influence biology. When light levels during the dark phase are not reported accurately, experiments can be impossible to replicate and compare. Furthermore, when nocturnal light levels are unrealistically dark or bright, the research is less ecologically relevant. Such issues are exacerbated by huge differences in the sensitivity of different light meters, which are not always described in study methods. We argue that nocturnal light levels need to be reported clearly and precisely, particularly in studies of animals housed indoors (e.g. '

Night-time provides a critical window for slowing or extinguishing fires owing to the lower temperature and the lower vapour pressure deficit (VPD). However, fire danger is most often assessed based on daytime conditions1,2, capturing what promotes fire spread rather than what impedes fire. Although it is well appreciated that changing daytime weather conditions are exacerbating fire, potential changes in night-time conditions-and their associated role as fire reducers-are less understood. Here we show that night-time fire intensity has increased, which is linked to hotter and drier nights. Our findings are based on global satellite observations of daytime and night-time fire detections and corresponding hourly climate data, from which we determine landcover-specific thresholds of VPD (VPDt), below which fire detections are very rare (less than 95 per cent modelled chance). Globally, daily minimum VPD increased by 25 per cent from 1979 to 2020. Across burnable lands, the annual number of flammable night-time hours-when VPD exceeds VPDt-increased by 110 hours, allowing five additional nights when flammability never ceases. Across nearly one-fifth of burnable lands, flammable nights increased by at least one week across this period. Globally, night fires have become 7.2 per cent more intense from 2003 to 2020, measured via a satellite record. These results reinforce the lack of night-time relief that wildfire suppression teams have experienced in recent years. We expect that continued night-time warming owing to anthropogenic climate change will promote more intense, longer-lasting and larger fires.

Abstract Background GLutamate Receptor-like (GLR) channels are multimeric, ionotropic, ligand-gated plant transmembrane receptors. They are homologous to mammalian glutamate receptors, iGLuRs, which are critical to neuronal function. GLRs have been reported several times to play a role in photomorphogenesis. However, to date, no study has looked at the mechanism of their involvement in this process. Here we focused on examining the impact of GLRs on the regulation of early seedling growth in blue light, red light, and in the dark. Results Wild type and six photoreceptor mutant seedlings were grown on media supplemented with known iGLuR/GLR channel antagonists: MK-801, which non-competitively blocks NMDA channels in mammalian cells, and CNQX, known for competitive blocking of AMPA channels in mammalian cells. The lengths of hypocotyls and roots were measured in seedlings of phyA, phyB, phot1, phot2, cry1, and cry2 mutants after 7 days of in vitro culture. Changes in growth parameters, both in light and in darkness upon application of chemical antagonists, show that both types of GLR channels, NMDA-like and AMPA-like, are involved in the regulation of seedling growth irrespective of light conditions. Analysis of seedling growth of photoreceptor mutants indicates that the channels are influenced by signaling from phot1, phot2, and cry1. To extend our analysis, we also evaluated the elicitation of a calcium wave, which is likely to be partially driven by GLRs, in Arabidopsis seedlings. The changes in cellobiose-induced calcium waves observed after applying GLR inhibitors suggest that both types of channels likely cooperate in shaping Arabidopsis seedling growth and development. Conclusions Our work provides the first experimental evidence that two types of GLR channels function in plants: NMDA-like and AMPA-like. We also demonstrate that the channels are involved in seedling growth and development, at least partially through modulation of calcium signaling, but they are unlikely to play a major role in photomorphogenesis.

Although the role of light in the creation of sacred spaces is well known, the hierotopy of darkness has never been, to our knowledge, a subject of a dedicated study. In this work, darkness is thematized as a constitutive element of sacred spaces. I argue that there is more to darkness than merely the absence of light. A dark ambience engenders its own spirituality characterized by serenity, quiet peace and focusing on one’s inner life. Moreover, darkness is imbued with its own sacred meanings intimately intertwined with the dramaturgy and meanings of light. As an example, we take Roman catacombs, a site of funerary rituals and a spatial icon of the underworld through which the Christian paradise was shining, with sporadically embedded small gold-glass tondo icons as points of connection between earth and heaven.

My claim in this short paper will be that Ex 14:19-20 preserves a variant where YHWH uses a supernatural darkness alone, and not a cloud, to separate the two armies at the sea. This reading solves long perceived difficulties in the text of Ex 14:19-20, and coheres with the version of the incident related in Josh 24:6-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GLutamate Receptor-like (GLR) channels are multimeric, ionotropic, ligand-gated plant transmembrane receptors. They are homologous to mammalian glutamate receptors, iGLuRs, which are critical to neuronal function. GLRs have been reported several times to play a role in photomorphogenesis. However, to date, no study has looked at the mechanism of their involvement in this process. Here we focused on examining the impact of GLRs on the regulation of early seedling growth in blue light, red light, and in the dark. Results: Wild type and six photoreceptor mutant seedlings were grown on media supplemented with known iGLuR/GLR channel antagonists: MK-801, which non-competitively blocks NMDA channels in mammalian cells, and CNQX, known for competitive blocking of AMPA channels in mammalian cells. The lengths of hypocotyls and roots were measured in seedlings of phyA, phyB, phot1, phot2, cry1, and cry2 mutants after 7 days of in vitro culture. Changes in growth parameters, both in light and in darkness upon application of chemical antagonists, show that both types of GLR channels, NMDA-like and AMPA-like, are involved in the regulation of seedling growth irrespective of light conditions. Analysis of seedling growth of photoreceptor mutants indicates that the channels are influenced by signaling from phot1, phot2, and cry1. To extend our analysis, we also evaluated the elicitation of a calcium wave, which is likely to be partially driven by GLRs, in Arabidopsis seedlings. The changes in cellobiose-induced calcium waves observed after applying GLR inhibitors suggest that both types of channels likely cooperate in shaping Arabidopsis seedling growth and development. Conclusions: Our work provides the first experimental evidence that two types of GLR channels function in plants: NMDA-like and AMPA-like. We also demonstrate that the channels are involved in seedling growth and development, at least partially through modulation of calcium signaling, but they are unlikely to play a major role in photomorphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the atheism of renowned abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko, the artist was commissioned by Christians to create a sacred space that was originally intended to be used by religious believers: the Rothko Chapel in Houston, Texas. The project started out as a collaboration between Rothko and another atheist: famed architect Phillip Johnson, who designed several prominent religious spaces throughout his distinguished career. While Johnson removed himself from the Chapel project early on, Rothko would have carried his conceptual vision all the way to the end if it were not for his tragic suicide just prior to the Chapel's completion. Using as a guide the criteria for sacred space set forth in the classic work The Sacred and The Profane by famed historian Mircea Eliade, I will consider the question of how a religious space designed by non-believers can be rightly considered sacred, as well as ways in which it falls short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Facility cultivation is widely applied to meet the increasing demand for high yield and quality, with light intensity and light quality being major limiting factors. However, how changes in the light environment affect development and quality are unclear in garlic. When garlic seedlings are grown, they can also be exposed to blanching culture conditions of darkness or low-light intensity to ameliorate their appearance and modify their bioactive compounds and flavor. Results In this study, we determined the quality and transcriptomes of 14-day-old garlic and blanched garlic seedlings (green seedlings and blanched seedlings) to explore the mechanisms by which seedlings integrate light signals. The findings revealed that blanched garlic seedlings were taller and heavier in fresh weight compared to green garlic seedlings. In addition, the contents of allicin, cellulose, and soluble sugars were higher in the green seedlings. We also identified 3,872 differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested enrichment for plant-pathogen interactions, phytohormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to the growth and formation of the main compounds included phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, allicin biosynthesis, secondary metabolism and MAPK signaling. Accordingly, we identified multiple types of transcription factor genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant phytohormone signaling, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites among the differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. Conclusions Blanching culture is one facility cultivation mode that promotes chlorophyll degradation, thus changing the outward appearance of crops, and improves their flavor. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network integrating light and darkness signals in garlic seedlings and provides a useful resource for the genetic manipulation and cultivation of blanched garlic seedlings.

This paper aims at exploring and analysing the presence and significance of images of light and darkness as symbolic elements in the short story collection In Our Time by Ernest Hemingway. Many renowned writers incorporate such images into their works, often representing them as distinct polarities or as a unified entity. Given the fact that Hemingway's often omitted elements of the narrative are prone to analysis due to their significance, the main aim of this paper would be to examine what these symbolic elements might be an indication of. By relying on the theory of conceptual metaphor and Jung's coniunctio oppositorum, or the union of opposites, abstract oppositions such as emotions surrounding birth and death, fear and consolation, the fundamental misunderstanding between various married or unmarried couples within these short stories will be analysed within the mentioned framework. Thus, the paper provides an exploration of these notions and sheds light on Hemingway's portrayal of the stereotypical dark/light opposition, as well as the coexistence of these opposing elements within the inner and outer worlds of his characters. Hence, the main conclusions which can be drawn from the analysis include the perspective from which the author creates images of light and darkness in order to draw attention to emotions such as fear or consolation corresponding to the common perception of these images. Nonetheless, depending on the context within different narratives, the author also manipulates the common perception, thus creating the reverse symbolisation. By presenting both of these images, examining their contrast, relatedness, as well as the necessity of their existence, Ernest Hemingway creates a unique short story collection, thus supporting the claim that his narratives can be repeatedly and inexhaustibly reread and reanalysed.

Retinal rod and cone photoreceptors mediate vision in dim and bright light, respectively, by transducing absorbed photons into neural electrical signals. Their phototransduction mechanisms are essentially identical. However, one difference is that, whereas a rod visual pigment remains stable in darkness, a cone pigment has some tendency to dissociate spontaneously into apo-opsin and retinal (the chromophore) without isomerization. This cone-pigment property is long known but has mostly been overlooked. Importantly, because apo-opsin has weak constitutive activity, it triggers transduction to produce electrical noise even in darkness. Currently, the precise dark apo-opsin contents across cone subtypes are mostly unknown, as are their dark activities. We report here a study of goldfish red (L), green (M), and blue (S) cones, finding with microspectrophotometry widely different apo-opsin percentages in darkness, being ∼30% in L cones, ∼3% in M cones, and negligible in S cones. L and M cones also had higher dark apo-opsin noise than holo-pigment thermal isomerization activity. As such, given the most likely low signal amplification at the pigment-to-transducin/phosphodiesterase phototransduction step, especially in L cones, apo-opsin noise may not be easily distinguishable from light responses and thus may affect cone vision near threshold.

SUMMARY: In recent years, more farms have been transitioning to cage-free systems as multiple states passed regulations banning use of conventional cages, and several large food service companies pledged to exclusively source cage-free eggs by 2025–2026. However, transition and management of hens within new cage-free systems has been problematic. Additionally, catching hens prior to mass depopulation or carcass removal after depopulation becomes a challenging task for workers in these systems. The goal of this study was to explore 10-sec flashes (2 pulse/d, 1 pulse in AM and 1 pulse in PM) of UV light and darkness as management tools to stimulate a movement response from laying hens, with the aim of moving hens from within the aviary system to floor area. Approximately 1,800 Lohmann Brown hens were divided into 4 rooms equipped with Big Dutchman Natura 60 aviary; 150 hens were placed into 3 sections of aviary, totaling 450 hens per room. Six UV-light bars in the 395 to 400 nm wavelength were used. Four lighting treatments were as followed: 1) Control, 2) UV light flashed for 10-sec (UV), 3) floor area was darkened (DF), and 4) UV flashed for 10-sec plus floor area darkened (DF + UV). Each treatment was applied once in the AM and once in the PM. Videos were recorded to assess hens’ spatial distribution (difference in number of hen pre- and post-treatment application) and behavior (preening, dust bathing, wing flapping, perching, and standing alert), before and after treatments were applied. Results demonstrated that when UV flash was combined with darkened floors in AM application, a greater difference in number of hens was observed in this treatment compared to other lighting treatments; whereas in PM application this difference was only observed when comparing DF + UV to control. UV light flashes influenced hens’ behavior, with more stress related behaviors apparent in treatments where UV lights were used, whereas more hens exhibited normal behaviors in non-UV light treatments. Based on these observations, a flash of UV light was successful in moving laying hens out of aviary and onto floor area, but this was only effective for a short period and may not be effective for long-term movement.

Roberta Bassett Corson's Stepping Out of the Shadows: Naming and Claiming the Medial Woman Today is a study in discovering, recovering, and reclaiming a part of the soul that has been forgotten or neglected. By using the power of stories as vehicles through four companions as well as her own experiences of being wounded, ignored, and dismembered, Corson leads us initiates through the narrative restoration of five participants: Angela, Clelia, Elizabeth, Kathryn, and herself. Anchored firmly in Toni Wolff's Structural Forms of the Feminine Psyche (1956), Corson then interviews each participant on a host of qualities indigenous to the medial archetype: empathy, broad-mindedness, healing, truth-telling, and imagination. Despite the medial woman's wounds, including being forgotten, marginalized, trivialized, devalued, and labelled as an outsider who does not belong in mainstream culture, Corson discovers in each narrative how the medial woman nonetheless learns to claim herself in her complex relation to the unconscious while living securely in the conscious world that must be negotiated in order to survive. The medial woman has a sixth sense of what the modern world needs but often does not realize: a counterbalance to logic and rationality, an ability to see-through, a connection with the divine, and a voice that can transform how the current anorexic myth is being lived out collectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This co-authored article discusses Asa Horvitz's three-hours long performance A Dream that Belongs to No-one (2021) as a generative experience of disorientation. The performance takes place as the sun is setting, in a big wooden space with glass windows. The audience is given a booklet with fragments of text that describe experiences of overwhelming streams of images, and sits around the sides of the space. Through a dramaturgy of a sideways moving attention that occurs while the night falls, two entangled experiences of disorientation are proposed: a pause in the dark that allows attention to drift; and a sense of falling into darkness that evokes groundlessness and instability. While in disorientation, the audience is immersed in cycles of dream-images that they are invited to wake up to, and to summon these as a way to reorient themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual development of criminological scholarship has been inextricable with the city. This is particularly apparent in relation to policing, where foundational ideas about police work and culture are derived almost exclusively from research in cities. But how has the ubiquity of the urban context limited our criminological imagination? Drawing on a major ethnography of policing in two remote Scottish archipelagos, this paper explores how the remote island context brings new phenomena within the scope of criminological inquiry, illuminating the selectivity of its dominant preoccupations. It explores the centrality of (1) the weather, light and darkness and (2) immersion in the physical environment in the way island officers perceive the places, people and problems they encounter, and the implications for how they exercise state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of approaches that frame the Anthropocene in scenic terms ("Anthropo-scene," Una Chaudhuri), this paper examines scenic ecologies in Arno Schmidt's Black Mirrors and Werner Herzog's Lessons of Darkness. Based on the analysis of the spatio-temporality and agency of Schmidt's and Herzog's scenic ecologies, the essay explores the extent to which the chorus facilitates a rethinking of the Anthropo(s)cene. The choral in the Anthropocene is thereby conceptualized in three ways: as a scene of force, "scale critique" (Derek Woods), and the emergence of the ground. Schmidt's and Herzog's eco-scenarios are scenes of darkness. What reworking does the scenic undergo in and out of darkness and what does this imply for ecological thinking? Under the sign of darkness, the ecological scene opens up as one of extinction, a scene of an uncanny ecology, whose scenic vehicle is the chorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the connections between darkness and sustainability, particularly in contemporary night environments, and the needs of various species. Artificial light plays a vital role in shaping the aesthetics of today's nightscapes. For humans, illumination during night-time serves both practical purposes after sunset and enhances the aesthetic appeal of the night. However, this same artificial lighting poses disturbances to other species. Consequently, using artificial light at night is a significant issue in discussing a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Research has suggested that artificial light at night (LAN) may disrupt circadian rhythms, sleep, and contribute to the development of obesity. However, almost all previous studies are cross-sectional, thus, there is a need for prospective investigations of the association between LAN and obesity risk. The goal of our current study was to examine the association between baseline LAN and the development of obesity over follow-up in a large cohort of American adults. METHODS: The study included a sample of 239,781 men and women (aged 50-71) from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study who were not obese at baseline (1995-1996). We used multiple logistic regression to examine whether LAN at baseline was associated with the odds of developing obesity at follow-up (2004-2006). Outdoor LAN exposure was estimated from satellite imagery and obesity was measured based on self-reported weight and height. RESULTS: We found that higher outdoor LAN at baseline was associated with higher odds of developing obesity over 10 years. Compared with the lowest quintile of LAN, the highest quintile was associated with 12% and 19% higher odds of developing obesity at follow-up in men (OR (95% CI) = 1.12 (1.00, 1.250)) and women (1.19 (1.04, 1.36)), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high LAN exposure could predict a higher risk of developing obesity in middle-to-older aged American adults.

Changes in dendritic morphology in response to activity have long been thought to be a critical component of how neural circuits develop to properly encode sensory information. Ventral-preferring direction-selective ganglion cells (vDSGCs) have asymmetric dendrites oriented along their preferred direction, and this has been hypothesized to play a critical role in their tuning. Here we report the surprising result that visual experience is critical for the alignment of vDSGC dendrites to their preferred direction. Interestingly, vDSGCs in dark-reared mice lose their inhibition-independent dendritic contribution to direction-selective tuning while maintaining asymmetric inhibitory input. These data indicate that different mechanisms of a cell's computational abilities can be constructed over development through divergent mechanisms.

The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is a model organism for the study of circadian rhythms. It is naturally competent for transformation-that is, it takes up DNA from the environment, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we use a genome-wide screen to identify genes required for natural transformation in S. elongatus, including genes encoding a conserved Type IV pilus, genes known to be associated with competence in other bacteria, and others. Pilus biogenesis occurs daily in the morning, while natural transformation is maximal when the onset of darkness coincides with the dusk circadian peak. Thus, the competence state in cyanobacteria is regulated by the circadian clock and can adapt to seasonal changes of day length.

The neuromodulator melatonin synchronizes circadian rhythms and related physiological functions through the actions of two G-protein-coupled receptors: MT1 and MT2. Circadian release of melatonin at night from the pineal gland activates melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, synchronizing the physiology and behaviour of animals to the light-dark cycle1-4. The two receptors are established drug targets for aligning circadian phase to this cycle in disorders of sleep5,6 and depression1-4,7-9. Despite their importance, few in vivo active MT1-selective ligands have been reported2,8,10-12, hampering both the understanding of circadian biology and the development of targeted therapeutics. Here we docked more than 150 million virtual molecules to an MT1 crystal structure, prioritizing structural fit and chemical novelty. Of these compounds, 38 high-ranking molecules were synthesized and tested, revealing ligands with potencies ranging from 470 picomolar to 6 micromolar. Structure-based optimization led to two selective MT1 inverse agonists-which were topologically unrelated to previously explored chemotypes-that acted as inverse agonists in a mouse model of circadian re-entrainment. Notably, we found that these MT1-selective inverse agonists advanced the phase of the mouse circadian clock by 1.3-1.5 h when given at subjective dusk, an agonist-like effect that was eliminated in MT1- but not in MT2-knockout mice. This study illustrates the opportunities for modulating melatonin receptor biology through MT1-selective ligands and for the discovery of previously undescribed, in vivo active chemotypes from structure-based screens of diverse, ultralarge libraries.

Background: Facility cultivation is widely applied to meet the increasing demand for high yield and quality, with light intensity and light quality being major limiting factors. However, how changes in the light environment affect development and quality are unclear in garlic. When garlic seedlings are grown, they can also be exposed to blanching culture conditions of darkness or low-light intensity to ameliorate their appearance and modify their bioactive compounds and flavor. Results: In this study, we determined the quality and transcriptomes of 14-day-old garlic and blanched garlic seedlings (green seedlings and blanched seedlings) to explore the mechanisms by which seedlings integrate light signals. The findings revealed that blanched garlic seedlings were taller and heavier in fresh weight compared to green garlic seedlings. In addition, the contents of allicin, cellulose, and soluble sugars were higher in the green seedlings. We also identified 3,872 differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested enrichment for plant-pathogen interactions, phytohormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to the growth and formation of the main compounds included phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, allicin biosynthesis, secondary metabolism and MAPK signaling. Accordingly, we identified multiple types of transcription factor genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant phytohormone signaling, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites among the differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. Conclusions: Blanching culture is one facility cultivation mode that promotes chlorophyll degradation, thus changing the outward appearance of crops, and improves their flavor. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network integrating light and darkness signals in garlic seedlings and provides a useful resource for the genetic manipulation and cultivation of blanched garlic seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]