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2. Radical Alternatives to Punitive Detention

Author

Darke, S. and Sozzo, M.

Abstract

Brazil is criticised for breaching international norms on the treatment of prisoners. Its common prison system is overcrowded and understaffed. Yet, Brazilian prisons are not so disorderly nor staff-inmate relations as conflictual as our established theories on prison order and legitimate prison governance would suggest. Staffing shortages are mitigated by recruiting prisoners. Of most relevance to the current paper, prison managers informally engage gang leaders to help maintain inmate discipline. The customary practices gang leaders oversee are likewise negotiated with prison managers. This paper examines the roles similarly played by inmates in establishing and enforcing disciplinary rules at dozens of radically different community prisons inaugurated by ex-prisoner-led NGOs in the twenty-first Century. In these prisons, everyday order does not depend on the informal authority of gang leaders. Instead, prisoners self-regulate through the medium of officially constituted peer-selected councils. Disciplinary powers are formally delegated by prison managers as part of a wider focus on human dignity and civil empowerment. Delegating disciplinary powers to inmates contravenes the international human rights consensus that prisoners might be entrusted to manage prison routines but never to exercise power over each other. This position is questionable from a Southern Criminological perspective. The paper asks, under what circumstances, by what means and to what extent is prison management appropriately delegated to community prison inmates in Brazil?

Published
2022

3. Beyond the Cemetery of the Living: An Exploration of Disposal and the Politics of Visibility in the Nicaraguan Prison System

Author

Weegels, J., Darke, S., Garces, C., Duno-Gottberg, L., Antillano, A., and CEDLA (FGw)

Subjects
Politics, Institutionalisation, media_common.quotation_subject, Political science, Field research, Face (sociological concept), Prison, Criminology, Livelihood, Prison violence, Ideal (ethics), media_common
Abstract

While prison authorities enforce the penitentiary both as a dumpster for “animals” and a reformatory for “doubly failed” men, prisoners’ lives and livelihood become doubly precarious. Disposed of through a politics of mediated naming and shaming, their commonplace refrain of being stuck in the “cemetery of the living” grounds this chapter’s focus on the practices prisoners engage in to reckon with and to undo their social disposal, largely arranged around the ideal of penal reeducation and “change of attitude”. Yet how do these changes articulate with(in) the violent realities of the “cemetery,” and the challenges prisoners face during their “social reinsertion”? Drawing from extensive field research in the Nicaraguan prison system, this chapter seeks to problematize the institutionalization of disposal by analyzing (former) prisoners’ parallel engagement in performances of violence and change.

Published
2021

24. Trends and characteristics in barbiturate deaths Australia 2000–2019: a national retrospective study.

Author

Campbell, G., Darke, S., Zahra, E., Duflou, J., Shand, F., and Lappin, J.

Subjects
*AGE groups, *BARBITURATES, *AGE differences, *NEUROLOGICAL disorders, *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors, *EUTHANASIA of animals, *HEALTH of older people, *SELF-poisoning
Abstract

There have been increasing reports documenting barbiturate-related deaths, despite routine prescribing for only relatively rare indications. The aims of the current study were to examine trends in barbiturate-related deaths in Australia from 2000 to 2019 and determine the case characteristics and circumstances of barbiturate-related deaths. All barbiturate-related deaths identified in the Australian National Coronial Information System were examined. Information was collected on cause, manner, demographics, location, psychosocial factors, circumstances of deaths and toxicology. We examined these based on the age categories 18–44 years, 45–64 years and ≥65 years. We identified 511 cases. Mean age was 57.9 years (SD 20.2, range 18–100) and 56% were male. Intentional poisoning was the most common cause of death (87.5%) and was slightly higher in the oldest age group (92.1%) and lowest in the youngest age group (81.1%). Pentobarbitone was the most common barbiturate (75.7%) and pentobarbitone-related deaths increased from 0% in 2000 to 93.6% in 2017. There were notable differences between age categories, with the youngest age group recording more severe psychiatric histories. In contrast, the oldest age group were more likely to have severe physical health problems, such as cancer, chronic non-cancer pain, neurological conditions and significant cardiopulmonary morbidity. Euthanasia resources were commonly documented (33.9%), most frequently in the oldest age group (52.3%). Barbiturate-related deaths in Australia are increasing, particularly pentobarbitone-related deaths. Most deaths were intentional and involved adults across the lifespan. Younger people were more likely to have significant mental health problems, whilst the oldest age group were more likely to have severe physical health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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48. Novel preconcentration technique for the determination of trace elements in fine chemicals

Author

Ambrose, Andrea J., primary, Ebdon, Les, additional, Jones, Philip, additional, Darke, S. A., additional, Pickford, C. J., additional, Tyson, J. F., additional, Greenfield, S., additional, Durrani, T. M., additional, Kaya, S., additional, Moreira, Josino C., additional, Fogg, Arnold G., additional, Benson, Richard L., additional, Worsfold, Paul J., additional, Sweeting, Frank W., additional, Dominguez, Pilar, additional, Tuñon, Paulino, additional, Fernandez, Jose Maria, additional, Smyth, Malcolm R., additional, Brearley, T. H., additional, Doshi, A. K., additional, and Fielden, P. R., additional

Published
1989
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