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Artykuł omawia wkład finansowy Prus Książęcych w wysiłek zbrojny Rzeczypospolitej w dobie wojny moskiewskiej i konfederacji wojskowych (1609–1618). Analizowany jest zarówno zakres oficjalnej pomocy, uzgodnionej traktatowo, jak i uzyskiwanej w sposób nieautoryzowany przez władze Rzeczypospolitej, a przejawiającej się w wymuszanym zaopatrzeniu w postaci stacji wojskowych i czynionych przy okazji szkód.

Artykuł przedstawia zabiegi Zygmunta III zmierzające do uzyskania pomocy zagranicznej wobec spodziewanej w 1590 r. wojny z Turkami. Ukazano zabiegi polskie w Italii i Rzeszy, jednak wagę skupiono na dworze cesarskim i Prusach Książęcych, od których król spodziewał się realnej pomocy. Ukazano sposób argumentacji obu stron oraz przyczyny, dla których Polska nie uzyskała pomocy od cesarza, a otrzymała od Prus Książęcych. Wskazano przede wszystkim na rolę partykularnych interesów w relacjach obustronnych Polski i jej partnerów politycznych, a także tych ostatnich z Imperium Osmańskim, które zaważyły na podejmowaniu decyzji o udzieleniu bądź odmowie pomocy Polsce przeciw Turkom.

The supply chain strategy has a significant impact on energy consumption. This strategy determines the location of individual links in the chain (suppliers, producers, distributors), which affects the costs of logistics processes, including, in particular, transport processes. Currently, due to the rapid increase in fuel prices, the issue of energy consumption in the supply chains is becoming increasingly important. The aim of the article is to present the impact of the increase in fuel and energy costs on the costs of logistics processes and, as a result, on the profitability of different supply chain strategies. The profitability of changing from global to local sources of supply as a result of rising energy prices was especially taken into account. The article presents the results of interviews from enterprises carried out by the authors and the results of simulations carried out using a model developed by the authors. The need to conduct such research resulted from the existing research gap and the need to take into account contemporary changes and conditions. The research was conducted in a period of rapid increase in fuel and energy costs. Both the research conducted by the method of interviews, as well as the calculations and simulations indicated that despite a very large increase in rates for transport services, especially in maritime transport, it is still not profitable to relocate production from the Far East to Europe.

Academia and startups are powerful pillars of innovation ecosystem. We believe academia and startup enterprises could collaborate as strategic partners to create mutual, long-term benefits through a two-way knowledge transfer. We argue that this can be completed without large corporation involvement, which may hinder the missions of academia and startups—slowing down innovation progress. Startups and academia could foster knowledge transfer in a flexible, agile, and less bureaucratic way, helping both partners to create mutual values through strategic partnerships.

The research problem undertaken by the authors of this article concerns the optimization of the size of the distribution network (the number of warehouses). The authors developed regression models, which are an alternative to the classical “Square Root law” optimization formula. The models were built for the two distributions of demand most commonly used in the literature: Gaussian and Gamma distribution. They allow the calculation of the level of inventory with a given number of warehouses and the level of stock availability as a measure of logistic customer service. The aim was to create a useful tool for decision-makers in companies. The models were elaborated on the base of the simulations carried out for various products (loading parameters, value), sales volumes, number of warehouses, and different standard deviations. Both regression models were statistically significant; the coefficients of determination are relevant. A slightly better value was obtained in the case of Gaussian distribution. The results obtained with the use of the classic “Square Root law” were in some cases quite similar. However, the type of distribution and the variability of demand, measured by standard deviation, have a significant influence here. Thus, the authors believe that the models developed may give more accurate results and that the “Square Root law” formula should be modified taking into account the characteristics of the demand. After completing the regression models with cost components, the total costs were calculated for selected cases of product groups (food, electronics, garments), different levels of the availability of stocks, and different number of warehouses. As it turned out, centralization may not necessarily be the optimal strategy for the most expensive goods. Loading parameters are also important, as they have a significant impact on the costs of storage and, above all, transport.

The e-commerce industry has been developing extremely dynamically for many years. This development was intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the research conducted by the authors of this paper, in Poland, during the pandemic, the number of delivered parcels increased 20–100%, depending on the courier company. The research of the authors of this article focused on the energy efficiency of the last mile, which is very important for the efficiency of the entire delivery process to customers. As the authors calculated, the last mile can consume over 70% of energy of the whole distribution channel. The article presents the results of research concerning the energy efficiency of deliveries performed by couriers and express companies in Poland. Two models of distribution used Poland have been compared—direct deliveries to final customers, and deliveries to parcel lockers. The research methods are interviews with the managers and couriers, analysis of the literature, and the simulation method. According to the results of the simulations performed by the authors, distribution with the use of parcels lockers can help reduce the consumption of fuel even by 74–87% per parcel or 36% per m3. Apart from this, the authors calculated the impact of scale of operations on the energy efficiency of the transport processes on the last mile, which is an indirect effect of the growth of the e-commerce market, caused by the pandemic. Based on the results of the original research of the authors, it can be assessed that the growth of the number of the delivered parcels during the pandemic resulted in the consumption of fuel per one parcel being reduced in some cases by over 36%. The novelty of the authors’ research is that the conducted simulations regarded not only the efficiency of the processes, but also the energy consumption in delivering parcels at the last mile and during the pandemic.

The article analyses the mission of the archbishop of Marcianopolis Petar Parchevich, who, at the beginning of 1657, went to Bohdan Khmelnytsky. He was commissioned by Emperor Ferdinand III and intended to bring about Polish-Cossack reconciliation. Its aim was to enable Poland to effectively fight the Swedes. The messenger himself hoped to involve the Cossacks in the war with Turkey. Unfortunately, the mission did not bring the expected results.

The goal of the paper is to show how the problem of determining the Economic Order Quantity and Reorder Point could be solved with the use of a regression model. The method proposed by the authors of the paper is an alternative to the methods in which a mathematical EOQ formula is used and also to the simulation method. The intention of the authors was to find a solution which would allow, on the one hand, to obtain results as close as possible to real parameters and on the other, could be useful for decision makers in companies. With the use of a specially elaborated model, simulations have been conducted for different parameters (value, weight, demand of a commodity, logistics costs) which first proved the importance of the optimization of deliveries to a warehouse. Second, based on the results of these simulation, model regression models have been worked out and used for finding delivery quantities and reorder point. Both regression models are statistically significant, a slightly better value is obtained by the model created for the reorder point.

The paper deals with the economic efficiency of decentralized and centralized strategies of distribution goods in terms of both internal efficiency of firms and external costs of logistics processes (first of all external costs of transport). The author developed a model (using an electronic spreadsheet) in order to calculate the economical efficiency in the micro and macro dimensions in order to find the distances on which distribution using one central warehouse is more profitable than decentralized distribution. The results of the simulations show that the strategy of centralized inventories can be in many cases an economically effective strategy although not for deliveries on very long distance. The results confirm that the benefits of centralization are lower inventories, although the simulations do not confirm the applicability of the square root law to calculate the level of inventories. However, they confirm a positive impact on the level of logistic customer service, measured by the availability of stocks. Better service is probably the main benefit of this strategy. In order to investigate the impact of individual parameters on the total costs of logistics processes 1300 simulations were carried out for various cases: The volume of annual sales, fluctuations in demand, the value of distributed goods, the number of warehouses in a decentralized system and the width of the product range, costs of warehousing, and maintaining stocks, and the distance of transport and in deliveries to customers.

The article concerns the problem of efficiency of the Just-In-Time (JIT) system, taking into account the benefits for the company and external costs. The aim of the article was to present the conditions conducive to the effective implementation of the JIT system. The article refers to recent discussions in various publications on the effectiveness of the lean management (LM) concept and the JIT system in the context of the pandemic. It also presents the results of simulations carried out with the use of a model developed by the author concerning the transport distances at which JIT deliveries are profitable and the impact of JIT deliveries on the costs of logistics processes and external costs. The results of the conducted simulations showed in which specific cases JIT solutions were beneficial. The results showed that the scale of benefits was strongly dependent on the value of products and the scale of production. Simulations were carried out for four product groups: food products, footwear, electronics, and mobile phones. In the case of cheap products and small scale, the implementation of JIT resulted in a significant increase in the costs of logistics processes if delivery distances were not shortened. Savings of over 70% appeared in the case of expensive mobile phones, even over long distances. In the case of large-scale production and sales, large savings occurred in almost all cases (up to over 90%). Furthermore, simulations of the impact of JIT on the profitability of enterprises were also carried out using the data contained in the financial reports of listed companies. These simulations also showed a significant impact of JITs on the efficiency of companies, albeit assuming that the effect would be primarily an increase in revenues. If the current situation caused by the pandemic (disruptions in global supply chains, increased transport costs) contributes to the return of production to Europe, this may result in the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of JIT. In this case, the result will be large savings in logistics costs, including external costs of these processes (almost 80%). Here, however, the factor contributing to the reduction in external costs would also be the scale of production and sales. The simulations carried out by the author are a novelty and constitute his contribution to scientific research in this area, as no such calculations have been carried out to date.

The paper deals with the problem of the productivity of transportation services in freight road transport. The considerations focus on the market in Poland. It presents the results of calculations made by the author. The goal of it was to identify possible factors of this productivity. Classical measures were used – tkm/vehicle and EUR/vehicle. The main thesis was that the productivity of this sector transport is influenced by external factors (area and GDP of country) and thus independent from transport companies. The relations between this productivity and its factors and observed phenomena seems to be confirmed in case of Poland but surprisingly not on the European level. Because of that the author postulates to conduct further and deeper research.

The paper deals with the problem of the importance of the performance of logistics processes and services for the economic efficiency of sourcing strategies (local or global) in the garment industry. It presents the results of the research studies conducted by the authors in the Polish companies from the garment industry. Based on the results of the studies the electronic model of a supply chain has been made in order to estimate, what are the structure of the logistics costs what is the share of them in sales. The simulations conducted with the use of the model shown, that in present conditions, the sourcing strategies have strong impact the logistics costs. Yet relatively higher level of logistics costs in global sourcing (from low cost countries) don’t make it less profitable than in sourcing locally. However even small change of purchase costs can make global supply chains unprofitable.

The authors of the article here describe scientific achievements in the field of transport modelling with emphasis on intermodal transport models. Already developed models, described in the scientific literature and used in practice are discussed and their relevance to various scientific phenomena and relationships assessed. The authors point out the limitations of these models and submit the requirements that should be met in order to create effective decision-making tools. The models should provide support to achieve the research objectives for which they were developed (the observation of phenomena, the influence of different factors on the analysed phenomena, streamlining the decision-making process, optimal solution choice).

The presented research focuses on the development of an intermodal transport system in Europe. The model for a national intermodal transport network is presented based on conditioning of Poland. It proposes the location of intermodal terminals including port, regional, local and transit terminals. It also gives the forecast of intermodal units transhipments by the year 2030. Organizational solutions that provide for significant improvement to the quality of intermodal transport are suggested. The paper ends with the Authors’ conclusions of a specific and strategic nature.

Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie roli produktywności, ktora jest związana z zmniejszeniem wplywu światowego kryzysu finansowego i zapewnieniem środkow do wzrostu nie tylko dla firm, ale takze dla calej gospodarki. Szczegolny nacisk polozono na metody zwiekszania produktywno- ści – metodologie Lean Manufacturing i Six Sigma. Autorzy przeanalizowali literature badawczą i studia przypadkow firm, ktore wdrozyly metodologie Lean – Six Sigma, i udowodnili, ze wdroze- nia metodologii Lean – Six Sigma poprawily efektywnośc procesu oraz ze taka poprawa wydajności procesu pomogla firmom pokonac skutki kryzysu finansowego. Badane firmy pochodzą z roznych sektorow przemyslu i z roznych krajow świata. Uzupelnienie wyniki badan w literaturze oraz wla- snych, dokonano rowniez badan dotyczących Polski i Grecji

Artykuł omawia strukturę wydatków hetmanów Marcina Kalinowskiego i Stanisława Rewery Potockiego w latach 1651-1654, w czasie trwającego powstania kozackiego na Ukrainie. Ukazuje koszty i kierunki politycznej i wojskowej działalności hetmanów, jak też wzrost czynnika tatarskiego w polskiej polityce.

Moldavia in modern age – especially in 16th and 17th centuries – being a tributary to the Ottoman Empire – still caught Polish attention. Both Poles and Turks considered Moldavia as a buffer which needed their attention. Such a situation allowed more ambitious hospodars to balance and keep as large an autonomy as it possibly could. Although Moldavian hospodars had to obey to the Porte, they often kept close diplomatic and even military relationships with Poland. Giving Polish indigenous to hospodars was a good way to keep them in obedience to Poland. This honour was given – among the others – to Miron Barnovski, Vasile Lupu and Gheorghe Stefan. All these hospodars – although they fought against each other – saw in Poland a guarantor of their power. This article discusses the policy of these hospodars toward Poland and focuses on the circumstances of giving Polish indigenous to these rulers. The article also signals some historical principles ruling the actions of Poles, Moldavian and Turks in this difficult period.

The aim of the article is to present a problem of an intermodal connection, linking two different European regions, i.e. economically developed and developing countries. The authors identified determinants of technological and economic nature, which aim to achieve a desired economic efficiency of the intermodal transport. The economic imbalance of different regions in Europe refers to the following issues: the imbalance of the flows of cargo, lack of the uniform technological standards and differences in the economic environment. During the conducted research, authors analysed the cost of intermodal connections based on the use of three rail-road technologies dedicated to transport of semi-trailers. The analysed parameters included: distance of transport, mass of cargo, investment and operating costs. The calculations allowed would formulate conclusions and recommendations necessary for supporting conditions, which should be met, in order that the intermodal transport can effectively compete with the pure road transport.

There are in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preusischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin original letters written by Poles to the government of the Duchy of Prussia; eight of them were written by Crown senators to Margrave George Frederick and Prussian councillors-general during the third interregnum (1586–1587). The subject of the article is the edition of the abovementioned letters and their presentation in the context of Polish-Prussian relations.

W artykule omowiono problematyke konfliktu celow ekonomicznych, spolecznych i środowiskowych w kontekście idei zrownowazonego rozwoju. Autorzy starali sie udowodnic, ze najskuteczniejszym sposobem realizacji tej koncepcji jest szukanie nie konfliktow, ale obszarow wspolnych interesow. Oprocz efektow „trade-off” mozna zaobserwowac efekty „trade-up”. Mozna znaleźc wiele interesujących przykladow istnienia takiego zjawiska w praktyce, w sferze logistyki. Efekt ten oznacza, ze cele, ktore zwykle stoją ze sobą w sprzeczności, mogą byc osiągane jednocześnie. Idea „trade-up” zostala zaproponowana do rozwiązania dylematow zrownowazonego rozwoju. Problem ten przedstawiono na przykladzie transportu.