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Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological variation in the time interval between consecutive heartbeats. Extracellular water (ECW) is the aqueous compartment surrounding cells and has been used as an inflammation index. Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) refer to persistent psychosomatic bodily complaints, and their presence may be employed as a clinical index of chronic stress and inflammation, useful in distinguishing suffering patients from healthy subjects.To evaluate the clinical performance of SDNN (standard deviation of intracardiac beat time interval of normal sinus beats) and RMSSD (square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals) as indices of HRV, and their correlation with ECW and MUS.A large multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 37 Italian medical practices in Caucasian men and women aged 20 to 70 years. SDNN and RMSSD were measured with the PPG Stress Flow® device (BioTekna, Italy), while ECW was determined with the BIA-ACC® device (BioTekna, Italy). All subjects filled in a MUS® questionnaire with 19 "nonspecific" symptom questions. The study sample was stratified by decade of age into five groups.Data from 9246 subjects comprising 3127 males and 6119 females, with a median age of 47 years, were analyzed. HRV index SDNN and RMSSD distributions in the entire sample and in each of the five age groups were significantly greater in subjects with a limited number of MUS (0-5) than in subjects with six or more symptoms, while both distributions correlated negatively with ECW.SDNN and RMSSD and ECW were predictors of MUS and were successfully used to objectively evaluate chronic stress and inflammation.

The aim was to evaluate body composition and prevalence of osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) in nursing home residents (NHR) and to assess their nutritional status. This research builds on our pilot study (conducted prior COVID-19 pandemic) that revealed high OSA prevalence and poor nutritional status in NHR. The current study included newly recruited n = 365 NHR; 296 women, 69 men, aged 84.3 ± 5.6 and 83.1 ± 7.3 years, respectively. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance BIA-ACC®, yielding total bone mass along with all components of lean and adipose tissues. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) was used to assess nutritional status. Participants reported about their present/past diseases, including COVID-19. Mean duration of stay in nursing homes was 46.3 ± 47.0 months. Approximately 30% of participants had COVID-19 prior (median 6.7 months) to entering the study. OSA was diagnosed in 70.8% women and 47.8% men (p < 0.001). Malnourishment was detected in 5.8% women and 6.2% men while the risk of malnourishment was found in 30.8% women and 30.0% men. No significant differences in age, body composition parameters, prevalence of OSA, malnutrition/risk for malnutrition were found in participants who had COVID-19 compared to those who did not. Regression analysis showed that intramuscular adipose tissue (%) was significantly positively, while bone mass was significantly negatively associated with OSA. In this population, the high prevalence of OSA coincided with the high prevalence of malnutrition/risk of malnutrition. Such unfavorable body composition status is more likely a consequence of potentially poor diet quality in nursing homes, rather than of health hazards caused by COVID-19.

Adolescence is a developmental stage characterized by endocrine-induced physical and psychosocial changes in stress responsiveness. The stress-sensitive cortical and limbic brain regions, which continue to develop during adolescence and young adulthood, may be vulnerable to such changes, yet have not yet been extensively investigated. To examine the activation state of the stress system in adolescence and to show its physiologic relevance, we employed Electrolytic Extracellular Tomography measurement cycles by bioimpedance (TomEEx, BioTekna Co, Venice). Analysis of changes in Basal Extracellular Conductance (BEC) and systemic hydroelectrolytic distribution (DECW + and DECW-) markers were obtained. The statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. The highest possible precision (in statistics) was detected by a meta-analytic tool: Hedge's g correction for small samples bias. Stress system activity, BMI, and BEC, a biomarker of systemic inflammation, were significantly different in adolescents classified according to their depressive symptoms or self-preoccupation (p 0.05). Importantly, BEC measures were predicted by stress activation system (p 0.05). The results contribute to the understanding of the mediating processes in different stress activation-related states and inflammation during adolescence.

Stress induces obesity, while extreme obesity causes stress, anxiety, and even depression. Yet, knowledge on the underlying mechanism(s) has many gaps. To this end, we designed a feasibility study, focused on 18 bariatric patients recruited by the First Propaideutic Department of Surgery at the Hippokration University Hospital in Athens, Greece. The patients (aged 23-58 y, weight 101-185.4 kg before surgery) were weighted and evaluated by advanced bioimpedance technology 2-3 days before surgery at the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens. We employed Bioimpedance Electrolytic Extracellular Tomography (Tomeex), which characterizes (a) neurodegenerative responsiveness to stress, (b) sensory and autonomic tones by basal extracellular conductance (BEC), and (c) activity of limbic and cortical brain areas. The patients' mean body weight loss after 6 months was 48.8 ± 3.1Kg, while stress levels evaluated by appropriate questionnaires decreased (Spearman coefficient significance level p 0.05). Anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased by 70%, accompanied by changes in measured sensory and autonomic tones (p = 0.003). Baseline blood markers, such as hsCRP and glucose, predicted lower abdominal inflammation (p = 0.034 and p = 0.058, respectively) 6 months postoperatively. In conclusion, chronic inflammation measures by bioimpedance are a useful non-invasive monitoring tool in bariatric surgery.

Background This study was performed to evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of a new non-invasive electrodermal biofeedback device in reducing perceived pain levels and chronic systemic inflammation. Materials and methods This multicenter study was designed and coordinated by BioTekna, included 20 general practice medical centers, took place between June 2010 and January 2011, and was validated clinically at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. The study participants were 1015 Caucasian men (401) and women (614), while the placebo-treated controls were 950 Caucasian men (500) and women (450). Patients were aged between 30 and 86 years (average age about 50 years) and all suffered from chronic pain and other medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The RegMatEx electrodermal biofeedback device (brand BioTekna - Biomedical Technologies, Marcon, Venice, Italy) was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of electrodermal biofeedback in reducing the level of pain perceived by decreasing the chronic systemic inflammation of the subjects. All subjects received 6 × 30 min sessions of electrodermal or placebo biofeedback given twice a week over 3 weeks. Perceived pain was evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, while systemic inflammation was examined with measurements of morning circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Results Perceived pain in the treatment group was significantly lessened in the NRS scale (p

Exploration of photoplethysmography (PPG), a technique that can be translated to the clinic, has the potential to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) through heart rate variable (HRV) in pregnant individuals. This novel study explores the complexity of mental health of individuals in a clinical sample responding to a task in late pregnancy; finding those with several types of past or current anxiety disorders, greater trait anxiety, or greater exposure to childhood traumatic events had significantly different HRV findings from the others in the cohort. Lower high frequency (HF), a measure of parasympathetic activity, was found for women who met the criteria for the history of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (p = 0.004) compared with women who did not meet the criteria for OCD, and for women exposed to greater than five childhood traumatic events (p = 0.006) compared with those exposed to four or less childhood traumatic events. Conversely higher low frequency (LF), a measure thought to be impacted by sympathetic system effects, and the LF/HF ratio was found for those meeting criteria for a panic disorder (p = 0.006), meeting criteria for social phobia (p = 0.002), had elevated trait anxiety (p = 0.006), or exposure to greater than five childhood traumatic events (p = 0.004). This study indicates further research is needed to understand the role of PPG and in assessing ANS functioning in late pregnancy. Study of the impact of lower parasympathetic functioning and higher sympathetic functioning separately and in conjunction at baseline and in relation to tasks during late pregnancy has the potential to identify individuals that require more support and direct intervention.

OBJECTIVES: Elderly are at the highest risk for COVID-19 infections. The risk is heightened among NHR for several reasons, including unhealthy body composition and poor nutrition. Previously, we showed high prevalence of osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA; concomitant osteoporosis, sarcopenia and adiposity) in NRH. Objective of this study was to assess body composition and dietary intake of NHR in one Croatian nursing home. METHODS: Participants, n = 84 (81.2 ± 6.8 y), were 82.1% females. Body composition, assessed with bio-impedance, BIA-ACC (BioTekna®, Marcon, Italy), yielded fat, lean/muscle tissue and volumetric bone mineral density (BMD g/cm(3)). Dietary intake, estimated via 24-hour recall, was analyzed with “Nutrition” (Infosistem, d.d., Croatia). All NHR signed the informed consent. RESULTS: Both women and men were overweight with corresponding BMI of 29.6 ± 5.2 and 27.2 ± 3.2 kg/m(2) (P = 0.027). Women, compared to men, had higher body fat (42.1 ± 5.9% vs. 36.6 ± 5.4%; ranking as obese), but lower skeletal muscle (11.3 ± 3.3 kg vs. 17.3 ± 3.1 kg). The respective BMD (1.006 ± 0.012 vs. 1.018 ± 0.012 g/cm3) was also low (all P ≤ 0.001) influencing high OSA prevalence (>50%). There was no difference in energy and macronutrient intake between women and men. Protein (0.71 and 0.68 g/kg for women and men) and fiber (∼16 g/day) were below recommendation. Fat intake was ∼35% of energy, with high saturated fatty acids (∼14%); cholesterol was within recommendations. Most of the minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron) were below, while sodium and phosphorus were above recommendations for both women and men. About 42% women were taking vitamin supplements which increased the average intake above recommendations except for vitamin A. Men were below recommendations for all vitamins. CONCLUSIONS: High body fat and low muscle and bone mass leading to high prevalence of OSA, as well as poor dietary intake placed these NHR at higher risk for COVID-19. Their diet should be planned with higher nutrient-dense food, particularly protein and multiple minerals and vitamins, possibly through intake of fresh foods/vegetables and/or supplements. Personalized diets and exercise should be implemented to prevent further weight gain and improve muscle and bones, to render them less susceptible to COVID-19 infections. FUNDING SOURCES: None

Post-operative pain is a common clinical problem after surgery, yet its predictors are inconsistent and unclear. This study examined whether pre-surgical vagal cardiac efferent nerve activity, indirectly indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), predicts patients' pain after epileptic surgery.Using a prospective design, HRV was measured at rest during 5 min in n = 30 patients, prior to undergoing epileptic surgery. Post-operative pain was assessed every 8 h during the first 2 days after surgery, and our analyses focused on the worse pain level. We used multiple regression analyses and statistically considered several confounders (age, surgical duration, and analgesics during various surgical phases).Multiple HRV indexes strongly and inversely predicted post-operative pain, with high-frequency HRV (HF-HRV) being the strongest predictor (r = -0.81, p 0.001). In a hierarchical multiple regression, HF-HRV accounted for an additional and significant 18% of the variance in post-operative pain, after statistically considering effects of age, surgical duration and effects of two anaesthetics.Pre-surgical HF-HRV independently, strongly and inversely predicts post-operative pain. These results are in line with a neuromodulatory role of the vagus nerve in pain and have clinical implications for predicting and managing post-operative pain.

Chronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) are key underlying factors for many diseases, including bone and body composition impairments. Objectives of this narrative review were to examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress and LGCI may influence osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome, originally named as ostoesarcopenic obesity (OSO). We also examined the crucial nutrients presumed to be affected by or cause of stress and inflammation and compared/contrasted them to those of our prehistoric ancestors. The evidence shows that stress (particularly chronic) and its related inflammatory processes, contribute to osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and adiposity ultimately leading to OSA as a final and most deranged state of body composition, commencing at the mesenchymal cell lineage disturbance. The foods/nutrients consumed by modern humans, as well as their altered lifestyle, also contribute to stress, LGCI and subsequently to OSA. The processes can also go in opposite direction when stress and inflammation impact nutritional status, particularly some micronutrients’ levels. While nutritional management of body composition and LGCI have been studied, the nutrients (and their quantities) most affected by stressors and those which may act toward the alleviation of stressful state, ultimately leading to better body composition outcomes, need to be elucidated.

IntroductionChronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) influence body composition and are key underlying factors in health and disease. New syndrome, osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO), signifies the simultaneous impairment of bone, muscle, and adipose tissues and has been associated with poor diet and metabolic derangements. Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis associated with hypercortisolemia and LGCI disrupts the metabolism of bone, muscle and, adipose tissue and may cause changes in eating behavior. Some nutrients involved in preventing/alleviating OSO and LCGI include protein, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the relations between chronic stress, LGCI, body composition and dietary intake in university students.Materials and MethodsParticipants were n = 50 graduate nutritional students (Age, 23.0 ± 1.4 years; BMI, 22.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2) [n = 45 females (90%)]. Advanced bio-impedance devices, BIA-ACC® and PPG-StressFlow® (BioTekna S.r.l., Marcon-Venice, Italy), were used to determine total bone mass (kg) and T-score; muscle mass (kg and % fat free mass) and S-score; and fat mass (kg and % of body weight), as well as extracellular water and HPA index (reference value > 3.5) as indicators of underlying LGCI and stress. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour recall and analyzed for all macro- and micro-nutrients.ResultsPositive correlation was found between HPA index and the intake of either total or animal protein, calcium and riboflavin, with r ranging from 0.3–0.35, all p < 0.05. HPA index also positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.39, p = 0.005) and S-score (r = 0.49, p = 0.0003). Total protein intake positively correlated with T-score (r = 0.32, p = 0.024) and animal protein with S-score (r = 0.34, p = 0.017).DiscussionOur results show that chronic stress, LGCI and body composition were interrelated in this young population and possibly augmented by higher protein and calcium intake. Screening for body composition dyshomeostasis, chronic stress and LGCI using innovative, non-invasive devices, along with assessing intake of some crucial nutrients, may provide quick and useful health information enabling prevention or early treatment of some linked disorders.

Rationale: Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) is characterized by bone and muscle loss with increased adiposity either as overweight/obesity or redistributed and/or infiltrated fat in bone and muscle. OSA was related to metabolic disorders, poor nutrition and declined physical function. There are no studies evaluating OSA in nursing home residents (NHR) suffering from multiple comorbidities. With recognized vulnerability of NHR to COVID-19 and OSA being a potential risk factor, we aimed to determine prevalence of OSA in that population. We also explored OSA association with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) and dietary parameters. Methods: Participants were n=84 NHR (81.2±6.8y ; BMI, 29.2±5.0 kg/m2), 82.1% females, with multiple comorbidities. Advanced bio-impedance devices, BIA-ACC and PPG- Stress Flow (BioTekna®, Marcon- Venice, Italy), were used to determine total body bone mass (kg, T-score) ; muscle mass (kg, S- score) ; fat mass (kg and % of body weight), extracellular water (ECW%) and phase angle, as indicators of LGCI. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour recall. Protocol was approved by the Institutional review board and each subject signed the informed consent. Results: OSA was identified in 66.7% women and 40.0% men. Phase angle was low (0.73±0.70, normal >3.5) and ECW% was elevated (53.7±5.4%, normal

To prospectively compare two different approaches for estimating the amount of intravenous contrast media (CM) needed for multiphasic MDCT of the liver in obese patients. This single-center, HIPAA-compliant prospective study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. Ninety-six patients (55 men, 41 women), with a total of 42 hypovascular liver lesions, underwent MDCT of the liver. The amount of contrast medium injected was computed according to the patient’s lean body weight which was estimated using either a bioimpedance device (Group A) or the James formula (Group B). The following variables were compared between the two groups: the amount of contrast medium injected (in grams of Iodine, gI), the contrast enhancement index (CEI) and the lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio. Protocols A and B yielded significant differences in the amount of CM injected (mean values 41.9 ± 4.41 gI in Group A vs. 35.9 ± 5.75 gI in Group B; P = 0.021). The mean CEI value and lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio measured on the portal phase were significantly higher with protocol A than with protocol B (P

Scarce data exist on the body composition of lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on treatment with metformin and oral contraceptives (OCs). Thirty-four lean (body mass index 18.5&ndash, 24.9 kg/m2) women (17 with PCOS on metformin and OCs treatment for six months and 17 controls) aged 18&ndash, 40 years were assessed for body composition parameters (fat, muscle, glycogen, protein masses, bone masses, and body water compartments) and phase angles. PCOS patients demonstrated lower muscle, glycogen and protein masses (U = 60, p = 0.003), along with a lower bone mineral content and mass (U = 78, p = 0.021, U = 74, p = 0.014) than their healthy counterparts, while total and abdominal fat masses were similar between the two groups. PCOS patients also exhibited increased extracellular body water (U = 10, p &lt, 0.001) and decreased intracellular water, compatible with low-grade inflammation and cellular dehydration. Key differences in body composition between women with PCOS and controls demonstrated an osteosarcopenic body composition phenotype in PCOS patients. A confirmation of these findings in larger studies may render osteosarcopenia management a targeted adjunct therapy in women with PCOS.

Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) syndrome describes the simultaneous deterioration of bone, muscle and excess fat, resulting in reduced functionality and systemic metabolic dysregulation. The key component contributing to this may be ectopic fat in the viscera, bone and muscle. OSO research to date is summarized, and the revised criteria for its identification for research purposes are reviewed and proposed, including new criteria to assess visceral fat in males and females. Finally, nutritional and physical activity recommendations are consolidated into a treatment algorithm, which can be validated in future studies and which may also be applied to preventative management.

The population of older adults, especially those living in the nursing homes, is growing. The sedentary lifestyle and possible poor nutrition in nursing homes place residents (NHRs) at risk for body composition impairments, malnutrition, and, subsequently, numerous chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess body composition (including body fluids) and dietary intake in NHRs. The association between osteosarcopenic adiposity syndrome (OSA) and its components, osteopenic adiposity (OA), sarcopenic adiposity (SA), and adiposity-only (AD), and specific macro- and micro-nutrients was evaluated as well. The study included 84 participants (82.1% women), aged 65.3–95.2 years. Body composition was assessed with an advanced bioelectrical impedance device BIA-ACC® and dietary intake was assessed via 24-h recall and analyzed using “Nutrition” software. The majority (95%) of participants were overweight with a high body fat and low muscle and bone mass, leading to a high prevalence of OSA (&gt, 50%), OA (13%), and AD (26%). There were only a few participants with SA, and they were not analyzed. The highest extracellular water/total body water ratio was observed in the OSA participants, indicating a heightened inflammatory state. Participants in all three body composition categories had a similar nutrient intake, with protein, fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and almost all micronutrients being far below recommendations. In conclusion, a high prevalence of OSA among NHRs accompanied by a poor dietary intake, could place these residents at a very high risk for COVID-19 infections. Therefore, optimization of body composition and nutritional status should be included along with standard medical care in order to provide better health maintenance, particularly in the COVID-19 era.

Osteosarcopenic obesity was recently described as a variant phenotype of obesity, mainly, observed in old age. This nested case-control study was performed to detect differences in body composition between young, healthy overweight/obese, and healthy lean populations of both genders. Our null hypothesis was that, except for the fat mass, there would be absence of body composition differences, namely skeletal muscle and bone masses, between the groups. We used an advanced bioimpedance device to determine body composition and measured circulating hsCRP and diurnal salivary cortisol concentrations, as indices of inflammation and chronic stress, respectively. Overall, 2,551 subjects aged 18-21 years participated in the study. The healthy lean group included 1,072 participants [900 males (84%), 172 females (16%)], and the healthy overweight/obese group included 1,479 participants [74 males (5%), 1,405 females (95%)]. Healthy overweight/obese participants presented with an increased fat mass (p < 0.001), as expected, but lower muscle (p < 0.001) and bone (p< 0.001) masses than lean controls. These findings were accompanied by increased extracellular water compartments, circulating hsCRP levels and evening salivary cortisol concentrations in the healthy overweight/obese group. Our study suggests that “osteosarcopenic” elements exist even in very young populations. These may represent a “precursor” or forme fruste of the osteosarcopenic obesity phenotype in young healthy overweight/obese subjects, who may progressively develop osteosarcopenia in its full form at an older age. Our study highlights the significance of body composition analysis in medical practice, improving prevention and alleviating later health-related economic burden. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The aim of the study is to investigate water compartments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Acute inflammatory episodes such as infection stimulate water retention, chiefly implemented by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This is an important compensatory mechanism due to expected water loss (sweating etc.). Since SNS and HPA axis are activated in RA, inflammation might be accompanied by water retention. Using bioimpedance analysis, body composition was investigated in 429 controls and 156 treatment-naive RA patients between January 2008 and December 2014. A group of 34 RA patients was tested before and after 10 days of intensified therapy. Levels of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) and expression of atrial natriuretic peptide in synovial tissue were investigated in 15 controls and 14 RA patients. Extracellular water was higher in RA patients than controls (mean ± SEM: 49.5 ± 0.3 vs. 36.7 ± 0.1, % of total body water, p

Prediabetes in the form of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or both is considered as a preliminary stage for the onset of diabetes and diabetic complications. Hormonal fluctuations in adolescence are accompanied by body composition modifications, which are associated with insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation. Bioimpedance (BIA) accurately evaluates body composition, and heart rate variability (HRV) assesses cardiac autonomic function, which are frequently afflicted by insulin resistance. We aimed at evaluating the effect of glycemic status on mental stress, anxiety, and depression status in adolescents with impaired fasting glucose, body composition, and HRV parameters. This is a case-control study to evaluate the effect of the hyperglycemia on depression, anxiety, and stress levels (DASS21 questionnaire), body composition (BIA-ACC&mdash, BIOTEKNA&copy, ), and HRV (PPG Stress Flow&mdash, ), between euglycemic adolescents (euglycemic group) and adolescents with impaired fasting glucose (prediabetic group), aged 12&ndash, 20 years. No differences were found between the prediabetic (n = 13) and the euglycemic (n = 16) groups in the outcome measures, possibly due to the number of participants. Interestingly, females, irrespective of their glycemic status, exhibited altered sympathovagal function as revealed by impaired HRV. In the euglycemic group, HRV parameters were significantly correlated and in line with the DASS21 scores, but in the prediabetic group, similarities to those of adults were observed. Impaired fasting glucose had no impact on mental health, body composition, or HRV parameters in adolescents. HRV parameters were impaired in females, irrespective of their glycemic status. This finding implies that females seem to be more prone to stress disorders, even from a young age. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Background This large cross-sectional, multi-centre study evaluated the association of body composition measurements by a novel dual frequency bioimpedance device (BIA-ACC) with chronic stress/inflammation biomarkers and the presence of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Materials and methods Participants were adult Caucasians of both sexes and included 10 416 lean subjects with no MUS (Group A), 58 710 lean subjects with MUS (Group B) and 30 445 overweight/obese subjects with no MUS and excessive fat mass (FM) (Group C). Results Total body extracellular water (ECW) was higher, while intracellular water (ICW) was lower in Group B than both other groups (P

Recent studies have suggested that body composition is key to health and disease. First, fat tissue is a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ that responds to afferent signals from traditional hormone systems and the central nervous system but also expresses and secretes factors with important endocrine, metabolic, and immune functions. Second, skeletal muscle mass is an important predictor of health in adult life, while severe mass loss has been associated with the frailty of old age. Studies have shown that skeletal muscle is also an important endocrine organ that secretes factors with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions, which have been associated with inflammatory processes. Third, the bone is also a systemic endocrine regulator playing a pivotal role in health and disease. Finally, proper hydration in humans has been neglected as a health factor, especially in adults. Chronic stress and stress hormone hypersecretion alone or associated with distinct disorders, such as anxiety, depression, obesity, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), have been associated with psychological and somatic manifestations, typically, increased fat mass, osteosarcopenia/frailty, cellular dehydration, and chronic systemic inflammation. This review aims to provide new insights into the newly developed concept of stress-related osteosarcopenic obesity and its prevention.

BACKGROUND-OBJECTIVES: We aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a newly developed, advanced Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA-ACC®) device as a screening tool for determining the degree of obesity and osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal women with normal or decreased bone density determined by Dual-Energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a representative sample of Greek postmenopausal women. METHODS: This is a single-gate cross-sectional study of body composition measured by BIA-ACC® and DEXA. Postmenopausal females with BMI ranging from 18.5 to 40 kg/m2 were subjected to two consecutive measurements of DEXA and BIA-ACC® within 5–10 minutes of each other. We used Pearson’s co-efficient to examine linear correlations, the intraclass correlation co-efficient (ICC) to test reliability, Bland-Atman plots to assess bias and Deming regressions to establish the agreement in parameters measured by BIA-ACC® and DEXA. Last, we used ANOVA, with Bonferroni correction and Dunnett T3 post hoc tests, for assessing the differences between quantitative and Pearson’s x2 between qualitative variables. SAMPLE AND RESULTS: Our sample consisted of 84 overweight/obese postmenopausal women, aged 39–83 years, of whom 22 had normal bone density, 38 had osteopenia and 24 had osteoporosis based on DEXA measurements, using quota sampling. ICCs and Deming regressions showed strong agreement between BIA-ACC® and DEXA and demonstrated minimal proportional differences of no apparent clinical significance. Bland-Altman plots indicated minimal biases. Fat, skeletal and bone mass measured by BIA-ACC® and DEXA were increased in the non-osteopenic/non-osteoporotic women compared with those of the osteopenic and osteoporotic groups. CONCLUSIONS: BIA-ACC® is a rapid, bloodless and useful screening tool for determining body composition, adiposity and presence of osteosarcopenic features in postmenopausal women. Women with osteopenia and osteoporosis evaluated by DEXA had decreased fat, skeletal and bone mass compared with normal bone density women, suggesting concordance in the change of these three organ masses in postmenopausal women.