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The Turkish straits system (TSS), consisting of the Marmara Sea, Dardanelles and Bosphorus, transfers the Black Sea water and the Mediterranean water. To our best knowledge, finding the lag time of the Bosphorus to Dardanelles and estimating upper layer discharge of the Dardanelles using Bosphorus upper layer discharge have not been studied before in the existing literature. With this motivation, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was applied to the upper layer discharge data of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus as a pre-processing instrument and the noise in the data was eliminated by separating them into sub-series. The wavelet coherence (WTC) and the cross-wavelet transform (XWT) were applied to detect the lag time of the Bosphorus to the Dardanelles. The upper layer flow lag time of the Bosphorus to the Dardanelles is calculated to be about 5 days. In addition, there are not sufficient studies to predict Dardanelles flow by using Bosphorus flow. In order to fill this gap in the literature, the wavelet-ANN (WANN) and stand-alone ANN were employed to estimate the upper layer discharges of the Dardanelles from Bosphorus. Performances of model were estimated by RMSE and Pearson's R2. ANN and WANN models were developed to predict discharges with lead times of up to 7 days (168 h). Using the wavelet transform as a pre-processing tool significantly enhanced estimations in comparison to the stand-alone ANN model. While stand-alone ANN model cannot make accurate predictions for any lead time, the WANN model can make correct forecasts of Dardanelles upper layer discharges for up to 3 days (72 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional mass exchange between the Marmara Sea and the Aegean Sea provides one part of the critical hydrodynamic links between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, we examined exchange in the Dardanelles based on a 3-D numerical model simulation covering an 11-year period under realistic atmospheric forcing. The model includes the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea, and a part of the Aegean Sea to include the remote effects of basin dynamics. The main features as one-, two-, and three-layered flow structures are successfully reproduced by the model in comparison to earlier observations. It is found that the strait is subject to submaximal exchange by only one control near the Nara Pass. According to long-term modeling results, most variability occurs on synoptic time scales, and wind stress has a dominant role in those variations. The seasonal and interannual variability of exchange flow is relatively low and displays a close relationship with freshwater input to the Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dardanelles strait has a crucial importance on marine transport, splitting Çanakkale city. Combustionrelated anthropogenic sources emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air and they have public concern due to adverse health effects. In this study, composition of ambient VOCs across Dardanelles strait was monitored for 4 seasons over the year of 2018. A total of 12 sampling locations, including 5 locations on the European and 7 locations on the Asian seashores of Dardanelles strait were determined as sampling points. Standard methods were followed during the sampling and analysis of VOCs. VOCs samples were collected on thermal desorber tubes, containing sorbents of Tenax TA and Carbograph 1TD. Active VOC samples were collected by an air sampling pump and passive VOCs samples were exposed to air for 2 weeks. VOCs samples were analyzed by Thermal Desorber followed by Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector. Target VOCs in this study were paraffins and aromatic hydrocarbons. Limit of quantification was assessed as ≤ 0.1 μg/m³. According to the results of the study, VOCs concentrations varied both spatially and seasonally. The most abundant VOCs in the air were npentane, n-hexane, toluene, benzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene throughout the study. Furthermore, the highest VOCs levels mostly occurred at the locations that were close to the traffic sources and/or residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish Strait System, which is the only connection between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, is a challenging region for ocean circulation models due to topographic constraints and water mass structure. We present a newly developed high resolution unstructured finite element grid model to simulate the Turkish Strait System using realistic atmospheric forcing and lateral open boundary conditions. We find that the jet flowing from the Bosphorus Strait into the Marmara creates an anticyclonic circulation. The eddy kinetic energy field is high around the jets exiting from the Bosphorus Strait, Dardanelles Strait, and also the leeward side of the islands in the Marmara Sea. The model successfully captures the two-layer structure of the Sea of Marmara. The volume transport at the Bosphorus is around 120 km3/year which is consistent with the recent observations. The largest bias in the model is at the interface depth due to the shallower mixed layer.

In the excavations of Maydos-Kilisetepe mound on the European side of the Dardanelles since 2010, eight layers have so far been identified dating from the Bronze Age onwards, even though the bedrock has not yet been reached. The excavated areas yielded a continuous stratification throughout the 2nd millennium, as well as information about the settlement scheme, architectural traditions and innovations, defense and special structures was obtained. It has been confirmed that there is a partially parallelism between Troy and Maydos in terms of the beginning and ending times of the layers. The planning of the four settlements of the 2nd millennium BC is a continuation of the Anatolian Settlement Scheme known from Western Anatolia. While at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the Maydos ceramic and small finds were under the influence of Northwest Anatolia, at the ongoing process, these characteristics have been seen to decrease as a result of the relationship with the cultures in the Balkans. The cultural links between Maydos and Western Anatolia, Aegean, Central and Southeast European cultures allow the re-evaluation of prehistoric knowledge of Northwest Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The benthopelagic oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833 was recorded for the first time from the Marmara Sea coast in Turkey. In addition, this is the third record of the species from the Turkish sea waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. There is a serious worldwide protein deficiency problem, so it is the obligation to know about edible species and their biochemical composition. Sea cucumbers have great value because of its high protein content. The study comprises monthly data on biochemical content of H. tubulosa. Materials and methods. Monthly variations in biochemical composition of sea cucumbers and environmental interrelationship were investigated from April 2013 to March 2014, from three stations (Gelibolu, Umurbey and Dardanos) in Dardanelles Strait, Turkey. Results and discussion. Temperature pattern was similar at the stations while salinity and organic matter values at Dardanos was different than others stations. Protein was maximum (52.48%) in March at Gelibolu; in May (52.81%) at Umurbey and (56.93%) at Dardanos; lipid was maximum (1.70%) in February at Gelibolu; in March (1.77%) at Umurbey and in September (1.42%) at Dardanos; ash was maximum (43.51%) in November at Gelibolu; in September (44.22%) at Umurbey and in December (44.98%) at Dardanos. Carbohydrate reserves were reduced due to being used as energy for lipid synthesis in September and also carbohydrate and lipid reserves could be used as an energy source during periods of lower available nutrition for basic metabolic function. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and moisture values varied depending on food supply and reproduction period and might have been indirectly affected by environmental conditions. Conclusions. The study clearly showed that protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash values varied depending on food supply and reproduction period and might have been indirectly affected by environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to determine the concentrations of some trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Fe) in Holothuria tubuosa (Gmelin, 1788) belonging to Echinoderm species and in sediments that they live at three different stations (Gelibolu, Umur Bey/Lapseki, and Dardanos) on Dardanelles Strait between April 2013 and March 2014. The mean trace metal concentrations determined in H. tubulosa and sediment were as follows: Cd 0.18 mg/kg, Cu 2.43 mg/kg, Pb 2.09 mg/kg, Ni 14.58 mg/kg, Zn 16.86 mg/kg, and Fe 73.46 mg/kg and Cd 0.70 mg/kg, Cu 5.03 mg/kg, Pb 14.57 mg/kg, Ni 27.15 mg/kg, Zn 54.52 mg/kg, and Fe 3779.9 mg/kg, respectively. It was detected that the statistical difference between trace metals determined seasonally in muscle tissue of H. tubulosa was significant ( p > 0.05). As a result of the study, it was detected that H. tubulosa is a bioindicator species in determining Ni trace metal in sediment. The results were compared to the limit values of National and International Food Safety, and it was detected that Cd and Ni concentrations measured in sediment were above LEL of Ni and Cd concentrations according to Sediment Quality Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted at two stations, Guzelyali and Abide, selected in the shoreline of Dardanelles Strait. Monthly observations were performed between October 2008 and August 2009 to investigate the effects and causes of mucilage, which is an important ecological problem. In order to determine the causes of mucilage, atmospheric data were collected. The results suggested that sudden temperature variations, wind speed and rainfall may have direct effects on the continuance of mucilage. Except summer, mucilage has been observed all through the year. Biologic and socio-economic effects of mucilage were also investigated in this study. Mucilage has a negative effect, especially on flora and fauna in the marine ecosystem. Additionally, there are many socio-economic problems on fisheries, tourism activities and human health. Therefore, although it is not possible to control the mucilage occurrence, the effects of this problem on marine environment, biodiversity and economy can be mitigated by using some protection aspects such as the control of anthropogenic effects causing eutrophication, fishing period and etc.

The Dardanelles Strait is one of the conflict fields during the Tripolitanian War that was started by Italy, in the context of Italian colonial policy, to seize Tripoli which was the last Ottoman possession in North Africa. For the possession of Tripoli, Italians attempted to force the Porte to peace table by attacking the Dardanelles Strait. However, Italian naval operation against the Dardanelles Strait has failed and thus Italian attempt to force the Porte to peace table by widening the conflict to the Strait ended in frustration. This article primarily focuses on political and military aspects of the Italian naval operation against the Dardanelles Straits on 18 April 1912. This article also studies how the interests of European Great Powers -that were in alliance system-with each other and the Porte have been reflected to the field of diplomacy as an effect of the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The brackish Black Sea Waters (BSW) outflow to the Aegean Sea, through the Dardanelles Strait, affects and determines significantly the physical characteristics of the North Aegean Sea. Continuous monitoring of the Dardanelles outflow physical properties does not exist. Here, we present the development of a novel methodology to extract a 2-year (2002–2003) timeseries of the transport rates and physical characteristics of the exchange at Dardanelles Strait. Specifically, we have developed a two-layer Dardanelles flow mathematical parameterization, based on the Black Sea water budget, in order to calculate the buoyant outflow characteristics. This was applied as time varying input to the high resolution (1/50°), three-dimensional, North Aegean HYCOM model with realistic forcing conditions (boundary, initial, atmospheric). The simulation results revealed a strong correlation between the BSW spreading and the formation of major North Aegean hydrodynamic circulation patterns. The distribution of several physical (salinity, temperature, mixed layer depth) and biological (chlorophyll-a) characteristics, exhibits an intensive horizontal variability, which depends on the combination of four North Aegean factors: the BSW pathways, the meteorological conditions, the major rivers outflow and the mass exchanges with the South Aegean. Validation of the new parameterization approach showed higher correlation between model results and satellite and in situ data, in comparison to previous parameterizations that employed climatogically varying inputs at the Dardanelles. The novel methodology allows, for the first time, the connectivity of the Aegean Sea circulation to the Black Sea water budget through the Dardanelles Strait. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Black Sea constitutes a unique link between Asia and Europe and has a very important role in world trade as BSEC Countries generate 1/5 of the world trade. With a strategic importance to the West, and to Europe in particular, is bound to increase substantially in the years to come. Given the region's geostrategic position as a natural link between Europe and Asia, and between Central Asia and the Middle East, it constitutes a vital trade link as well as an important area of transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish Strait System, which is the only connection between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, is a challenging region for ocean circulation models due to topographic constraints and water mass structure. We present a newly developed high resolution unstructured finite element grid model to simulate the Turkish Strait System using realistic atmospheric forcing and lateral open boundary conditions. We find that the jet flowing from the Bosphorus Strait into the Marmara creates an anticyclonic circulation. The eddy kinetic energy field is high around the jets exiting from the Bosphorus Strait, Dardanelles Strait, and also the leeward side of the islands in the Marmara Sea. The model successfully captures the two-layer structure of the Sea of Marmara. The volume transport at the Bosphorus is around 120 km 3 /year which is consistent with the recent observations. The largest bias in the model is at the interface depth due to the shallower mixed layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]