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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the phonemic inventory of the Kashmiri language, focusing on consonants, vowels (monophthongs), diphthongs, and nasal vowels. By analyzing both historical and contemporary data, the research focuses on the dynamic roles of vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and nasal vowels within Kashmiri phonology. The study confirms the consistency of consonant and monophthong inventories with previously documented findings, while offering new insights into the diphthongal and nasal vowel systems. Key findings include the identification of a newly recognized diphthong [oi] and the classification of 14 nasal vowels as distinct phonemic categories with substantial variation across dialects: the central urban dialect exhibits the widest range, while central rural, southern, and northern dialects show a reduction in diphthongs, often replaced by monophthong variants. This discovery highlights the need for revising existing descriptions of Kashmiri diphthongs. The examination of nasal vowels identifies fourteen distinct types, organized into front, central, and back categories, and highlighting their phonemic status contrasting with previous studies that had not fully recognized their phonemic relevance. The study’s findings challenge traditional views on the category of nasal vowels and contribute to a refined understanding of Kashmiri phonology. This research enriches the phonological analysis of Kashmiri, providing a detailed account of its diphthongs and nasal vowel systems and suggesting directions for further exploration in phonemic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Though hypoadiponectinemia and leptin resistance have been proposed as potential factors for weight gain in patients with hyperprolactinemia (HPL), the effects of HPL and cabergoline on these adipocyte-derived hormones are not clear. Aims of this study were (i) to assess the alterations of body fat, leptin, and adiponectin in patients with HPL (ii) effect of cabergoline treatment on these parameters. Methods: Nineteen consecutive patients with prolactinoma (median prolactin [PRL] 118.6 (interquartile range: 105.3) µg/L) and 20 controls were studied in a nonrandomized matched prospective design. The controls were age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) matched. Anthropometric data, metabolic variables, leptin, and adiponectin were studied at baseline and 3 and 6 months after cabergoline treatment. Results: Patients with prolactinoma had increased level of fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.001) as compared to age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy controls. Estradiol concentration of controls was higher than that of patients (P = 0.018). Patients with prolactinoma had higher levels of leptin (P = 0.027) as compared to healthy controls without a significant difference in adiponectin levels. There was a significant decrease of body weight at 3 months (P = 0.029), with a further decline at 6 months (P < 0.001) of cabergoline therapy. Furthermore, there was a significant decrement of BMI (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P = 0.003), waist-hip ratio (P = 0.03), total body fat (P = 0.003), plasma glucose (P < 0.001), leptin levels (P = 0.013), and an increase in estradiol concentration (P = 0.03) at 6 months of cabergoline treatment. Conclusion: Patients with prolactinoma have adverse metabolic profile compared to matched controls. Normalization of PRL with cabergoline corrects all the metabolic abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) belongs to the Apiaceae family. It is a high value medicinal and essential oil bearing crop used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Keeping the medicinal as well as economic importance of this herb in mind, a pot experiment was carried out under the net house conditions of the Botanical Garden, Fort, AMU, Aligarh. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replications. This study was conducted to assess the effects of triacontanol (TRIA) alone and in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, some other physiological and biochemical attributes, composition and yield of essential oil of fennel. At 30 days after sowing, the plants were sprayed with either TRIA or with different combination of TRIA and GA3. Among the treatments, foliar spray of 10−6 TRIA + 10−6 GA3 significantly promoted the values for most of the growth, physiological and biochemical attributes as well as for essential oil composition and yield attributes. It was concluded that a combined spray of TRIA and GA3 (10−6 TRIA + 10−6 GA3) might be highly effective for increased productivity and essential oil composition of fennel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case history of a 25-year old male patient with electric shock-induced multiple punched-out skull bone lysis.