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Sentiment analysis of students’ feedback using machine learning algorithms has emerged as a valuable tool for understanding students’ sentiments and improving educational outcomes. Currently, existing systems use frequency-based methods for feature selection (e.g., Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and Bag of Words (BoW)) not to capture the subtleties of emotions expressed in student feedback and do not provide insights into the specific concerns of students via topics or themes. In this study, we propose the Student Sentiment from Feedback (SSF) framework, which includes four main procedures: pre-processing, feature selection, classification, and theme finding. The SSF framework classifies student sentiments and subsequently groups feedback into themes using semantic networks based on word co-occurrence. Our innovative feature selection approach combines TF-IDF with sentiment-based features derived from SentiWordNet and intensifiers, creating a robust feature vector that enhances the dataset’s richness and improves classification accuracy and robustness. In the experiments, we utilize a public dataset from Kaggle, applying our proposed method and various machine learning models (e.g., k-nearest neighbor, decision tree, random forest, multilayer perceptron, support vector machine, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting). The experimental results show that our concatenated features achieve the highest accuracy across all machine learning models (greater than 0.82). Our study demonstrates the efficacy of this hybrid feature selection method, contributing to better understanding and decision-making in educational settings.

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), a native of Asia, has become an invasive pest in North America and Europe. Given the severity of H. halys and the need for better and environmentally-friendly control methods for this pest, we evaluated the virulence four entomopathogenic nematode species (Heterorhabditis indica, Oscheius myriophilus, Steinernema eapokense and Steinernema pakistanense) that occur naturally in soils in southern Việt Nam and compared them with that of a commercially available strain of S. carpocapsae. We report for the first time the pathogenicity of Oscheius myriophilus towards BMSB. The commercial strain of S. carpocapsae was most virulent against BMSB. However, the strain of S. pakistanense isolated from soil in southern Việt Nam has potential for the biological control of this pest. To achieve this potential, further work is needed including evaluation in the field and with the formulation of the nematode inoculum.

Background and objectives: The demand for skin care is a major concern, not only for women but also for men. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, as well as for beauty and skin whitening.In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Morus alba L. root bark extract on the enzyme tyrosinase. Methods: Mulberry root bark was extracted with ethanol (70%) at room temperature for 24 hours (repeated three times). The total ethanol extract was then suspended in water and successively partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 475 nm. Additionally, we conducted virtual screening of 60 compounds from mulberry roots to evaluate their inhibitory effects on tyrosinase enzyme. Results: Our results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 12.68 ± 1.64 µg/mL, compared to kojic acid, the positive control (IC50 13.94 ± 0.30 µg/mL). Virtual screening identified 11 compounds with lower binding energies than twopositive control compounds (kojic acid and arbutin). These compounds were evaluated for drug-like properties and predicted pharmacokinetic-toxicological properties. Finally, two compounds, alfafuran and mulberroside C, which demonstrated the ability to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme, were introduced. Conclusion:Our results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of Morus alba root bark extract has strong inhibitory effects on the tyrosinase enzyme.

Background: This study is conducted in the context of the remarkable development of digital technology that has a profound impact on many facets of life, including the comprehensive transformation of abilities and the working style of businesses and the workforce. To survive and develop in an emerging digital society and ever-changing digital environment, workers and business leaders need to equip themselves with the necessary digital skills to adapt to job requirements. Objective: This study explores the current status of the digital skills of human resources and its impact on the level of digital transformation readiness of Vietnamese enterprises. At the same time, the inverse relationship between digital skills and the digital divide was explored for the first time in Vietnam. Methodology: A secondary research method was used to summarize and analyze the results of surveys conducted by Vietnamese government agencies and previous studies to investigate the current status of digital skills of human resources and factors affecting the digital readiness of Vietnamese enterprises in the context of ongoing DX. Results: The results show that the digital skills of enterprise HR are weak, the level of DX readiness is low, and there is a reciprocal relationship between digital skills and the digital divide. The principal findings contribute to policy implications aimed at enhancing digital skills for the workforce and enterprises’ HR, and bridging the digital divide within the population in the long term. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-013 Full Text: PDF

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three causes of global cancer mortality. In Vietnam, CRC is the third leading cause of death in women and the fourth cause of cancer mortality in men. A large number of metagenomic studies have reported the relationship between altered composition and function of the gut microbiota with CRC, but this relationship in low- and middle-income countries including Vietnam (with an estimated population of 100.3 million people in 2023, ranking 16th largest country by population in the world) is not well-explored.MethodsWe collected clinical data and fecal samples from 43 CRC patients and 44 healthy control subjects. The total community DNA of microorganisms was extracted from the fecal samples and analyzed for microbiota composition using Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing targeting the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.ResultsWe identified a significant difference in the overall fecal microbiota composition between CRC patients and healthy controls, and we detected several CRC-associated microbial signatures in fecal samples of Vietnamese patients with CRC, which overlapped with signatures from other countries and meta-analyses. Although patients with (n = 8) and without (n = 35) type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibited distinct gut microbiota composition compared to healthy controls, increased relative abundances of putatively pathogenic species including Parvimonas micra, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, and Prevotella intermedia were consistent biomarkers for CRC. In contrast, several health-associated species were significantly depleted in CRC patients such as Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bifidobacterium longum in CRC/non-T2D patients, Ruminococcus species, Bacteroides uniformis, and Phascolarctobacterium faecium in CRC/T2D patients, and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in both CRC groups combined.ConclusionOur findings confirm alterations in gut microbiota composition in CRC in a pilot Vietnamese cohort and highlight several gut microbial taxa that may have inhibitory or driver roles in CRC. This and future studies will enable the development of cancer diagnostics and treatment strategies for CRC in Vietnam, with a focus on targeting the microbiota.

Coffee husks (CH) are waste with abundant reserves in Vietnam. This type of waste is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, minerals, and some reducing active ingredients such as polyphenols, reducing sugars, and lignin, so it is suitable for use as raw material for producing organic fertilizer for reuse in agriculture. In this study, we present a new method to quickly treat CH by directly using it as a reducing and stabilizing agent to green synthesize the Cu/Cu2O/CH nanocomposite with Cu content of 3% (w/w). The size of the obtained Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) determined from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images was 54.6 ± 28.2 nm. The characteristic properties of the materials are determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and elemental mapping. In the in vitro experiment, the Cu/Cu2O/CH nanocomposite achieved 93.52% effectiveness against Phytophthora capsici at a concentration of 55 mg/L Cu, and the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value was determined to be 19.67 mg/kg. Furthermore, the obtained the Cu/Cu2O/CH nanocomposite with a content of ∼3% Cu (w/w) can degrade caffeine, a toxic substance to plants in CH by ∼95%. The Cu/Cu2O/CH nanocomposite can be potentially used as a disease control agent and micronutrient fertilizer for plants.

Background The alcohol industry uses many of the tobacco industry’s strategies to influence policy-making, yet unlike the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, there is no intergovernmental guidance on protecting policies from alcohol industry influence. Systematic assessment of alcohol industry penetration and government safeguards is also lacking. Here, we aimed to identify the nature and extent of industry penetration in a cross-section of jurisdictions. Using these data, we suggested ways to protect alcohol policies and policy-makers from undue industry influence.Methods As part of the International Alcohol Control Study, researchers from 24 jurisdictions documented whether 22 indicators of alcohol industry penetration and government safeguards were present or absent in their location. Several sources of publicly available information were used, such as government or alcohol industry reports, websites, media releases, news articles and research articles. We summarised the responses quantitatively by indicator and jurisdiction. We also extracted examples provided of industry penetration and government safeguards.Results There were high levels of alcohol industry penetration overall. Notably, all jurisdictions reported the presence of transnational alcohol corporations, and most (63%) reported government officials or politicians having held industry roles. There were multiple examples of government partnerships or agreements with the alcohol industry as corporate social responsibility activities, and government incentives for the industry in the early COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, government safeguards against alcohol industry influence were limited, with only the Philippines reporting a policy to restrict government interactions with the alcohol industry. It was challenging to obtain publicly available information on multiple indicators of alcohol industry penetration.Conclusion Governments need to put in place stronger measures to protect policies from alcohol industry influence, including restricting interactions and partnerships with the alcohol industry, limiting political contributions and enhancing transparency. Data collection can be improved by measuring these government safeguards in future studies.

This study uses a bibliometric approach to analyze the influence and productivity of research on green banking disclosure from 1993 to 2023. We utilize the Web of Science Core Collection database to gather the 112 articles, and Biblioshiny software to analyze and visualize bibliometric data to evaluate literature. Through utilizing co-citation, co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and science mapping, the results of the study show that the amount of papers published in the field of green banking disclosure has increased dramatically over the past seven years, as have the contributions of many authors, institutions from various countries, and collaboration between researchers from different institutions. The analysis results of the other criteria show that institutional theory, asymmetry information theory, and content analysis were used to study green banking disclosure, which is related to corporate social responsibility and sustainability. This thorough synthesis and analysis of green banking disclosure will add to the body of knowledge in this field by enhancing understanding of the subject and pointing out areas of research deficiency that require attention.

Objectives: This study aims to comprehensively explore trends, sentiments, and visualization of mental stress expressions in online communities, focusing on discussions within subreddits on the social media platform Reddit. Methods/Analysis: Advanced text analysis and statistical techniques are employed to achieve the study’s objectives. The research utilizes natural language processing (NLP) methods, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling to unravel the intricate layers of mental stress expressions found in posts across diverse subreddits. Additionally, engagement metrics, such as Redditors’ scores and the number of comments, are analyzed to discern distinctive information and patterns of interest. Findings: The research sheds light on prevalent trends, sentiments, and themes related to mental stress in online conversations before and after January 2020. The findings provide valuable insights into patterns of exciting topics, shared experiences of stress, coping mechanisms, and the significant role of virtual communities in offering support and understanding. Novelty/Improvement: The novelty lies in applying advanced text analysis techniques, including sentiment analysis with the majority voting method combining different machine learning techniques and topic modeling with semantic networks, to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of mental stress expressions in online communities. The research explores current patterns and distinguishes itself by examining temporal variations in stress-related posts and their correlation with engagement metrics, offering an innovative perspective on mental health discussions in the digital age. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-02-01 Full Text: PDF

Export-led growth has conventionally been regarded as a pivotal determinant of economic growth in developing countries. The article aims to affirm the vulnerability of Vietnam’s export sector due to its dependence on foreign direct investment flows and external market demand and evaluate the validity of the export-led growth strategy being applied in Vietnam among evolving global dynamics. The review of relevant literature explored the theoretical foundations, theories, and concepts of export-led and domestic demand-led growth with regard to the causal link between exports and economic growth. Qualitative and secondary research methods were used to analyze statistical data sets on imports and exports and domestic demand components to highlight their impact on the country’s GDP growth. The results showed that it is necessary to embrace both export-led growth and domestic demand-led growth as concurrent development paradigms, thereby ensuring the sustainability of Vietnam’s economic growth. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-02-05 Full Text: PDF

It is widely recognized that corrosion has been a persistent issue throughout human history. Over time, various effective strategies have been suggested and successfully employed to combat this problem. Among them, the utilization of inhibitors stands out as a promising, versatile, and easily applicable method. Considering the drawbacks associated with previous substances such as environmental concerns and high operational expenses, plant extracts have emerged as an effective alternative. In there, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. stands out as a popular species characterized by a high concentration of polar compounds that is crucial for the formation of a protective film layer on carbon steel. Consequently, this work centers on investigating the corrosion inhibition behavior of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaf water-extract (SPWE) for carbon steel in different solutions, including 1.0 M HCl, 0.5 M H2SO4, and co-volume acidic mixture, by employing electrochemical and surface techniques. The findings reveal that 2000 ppm of SPWE proved inhibition efficiency exceeding 94.24, 66.27, and 95.02% (estimated by Tafel extrapolation) for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl, 0.5 M H2SO4, and acidic mixture solutions, respectively. High inhibition performance was also ensured by high polarization resistances (Rp) observed on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). Increasing corrosion resistance could be due to the protective layer formed on the inhibited samples, while severe corrosion occurred on the uninhibited steel due to extensive damage across the entire surface. Hence, the study underscores the noteworthy impact of chloride and sulfate ions on corrosive inhibition process of SPWE.

Abstract Background Neisseria meningitidis can cause life-threatening meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia. Old standard microbiological results from CSF/blood cultures are time consuming. This study aimed to combine the sensitivity of loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) with the specificity of CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage to demonstrate a reliable diagnostic assay for rapid detection of N. meningitidis. Methods A total of n = 139 samples were collected from patients with suspected meningococcal disease and were used for evaluation. The extracted DNA was subjected to qualitative real-time PCR, targeting capsular transporter gene (ctrA) of N. meningitidis. LAMP-specific primer pairs, also targeting the ctrA, were designed and the LAMP products were subjected to CRISPR/Cas12 cleavage reaction. the readout was on a lateral flow strip. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of LAMP-CRISPR/Cas was compared with real-time PCR assays. The limit of detection (LOD) was established with serial dilutions of the target N. meningitidis DNA and calculated by Probit regression analysis. Results Six LAMP assay-specific primers were developed targeting the ctrA gene of N. meningitidis, which is conserved in all meningococcal serogroups. The LAMP primers did not amplify DNA from other bacterial DNA tested, showing 100% specificity. The use of 0.4 M betaine increased the sensitivity and stability of the reaction. LAMP-CRISPR/Cas detected meningococcal serogroups (B, C, W). The assay showed no cross-reactivity and was specific for N. meningitidis. The LOD was 74 (95% CI: 47–311) N. meningitidis copies. The LAMP-CRISPR/Cas performed well compared to the gold standard. In the 139 samples from suspected patients, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 91% and 99% respectively. Conclusion This developed and optimized method can complement for the available gold standard for the timely diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia.

Objectives: This study explores different machine learning models (KNN: k-nearest neighbor, MLP: Multilayer Perceptron, SVM: Support Vector Machine) to identify the optimal model for accurate and rapid mental health detection among the recovered COVID-19 patients. Other techniques are also investigated, such as feature selection (Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and Extra Trees (ET) methods) and hyper-parameter tuning, to achieve a system that could effectively and quickly indicate mental health. Method/Analysis: To achieve the objectives, the study employs a dataset collected from recovered COVID-19 patients, encompassing information related to depression, anxiety, and stress. Machine learning models are utilized in the analysis. Additionally, feature selection methods and hyper-parameter tuning techniques are explored to enhance the model’s predictive capabilities. The performance of each model is assessed based on accuracy metrics. Findings: The experimental results show that SVM is the most suitable model for accurately predicting an individual’s mental health among recovered COVID-19 patients (accuracy ≥ 0.984). Furthermore, the ET method is more effective than the RFE method for feature selection in the anxiety and stress datasets. Novelty/Improvement:The study lies in the understanding of predictive modeling for mental health and provides insights into the choice of models and techniques for accurate and early detection. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-01-01 Full Text: PDF

With the development of social networks, influencer marketing is a growing trend globally in general and the cosmetics industry in particular. However, administrators always have a problem with how to implement marketing strategies by influencers effectively. This study tried to come up with a solution to that problem by identifying and evaluating the effects of marketing by influencers, brand attitudes and intentions to buy cosmetics online. of consumers, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City. The study uses PLS-SEM as the primary analytical technique based on 316 people surveyed in HCMC. The results show that marketing by the influencer has charisma and that the expertise of the influencer has an impact on brand attitudes. Research has also shown that there is an impact from consumer brand attitudes to brand admiration, and brand admiration has an impact on consumers’ intentions to buy cosmetics online in Ho Chi Minh City.

Abstract Model accuracy and runtime are two key issues for flood warnings in rivers. Traditional hydrodynamic models, which have a rigorous physical mechanism for flood routine, have been widely adopted for water level prediction in river, lake, and urban areas. However, these models require various types of data, in‐depth domain knowledge, experience with modeling, and intensive computational time, which hinders short‐term or real‐time prediction. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on machine learning methods to alleviate the aforementioned limitation. We develop a wide range of machine learning models such as linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), multilayer perceptron regression (MLPR), and light gradient boosting machine regression (LGBMR) to predict the hourly water level at Le Thuy and Kien Giang stations of the Kien Giang river based on collected data of 2010, 2012, and 2020. Four evaluation metrics, that is, R2, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, mean absolute error, and root mean square error, are employed to examine the reliability of the proposed models. The results show that the LR model outperforms the SVR, RFR, MLPR, and LGBMR models.

This study presents a HPLC-DAD method developed for the simultaneous detection of histamine H1 antagonist drugs and analgesic compounds, including paracetamol, cetirizine hydrochloride, cinnarizine, chlorpheniramine maleate, and loratadine, in herbal formulations. This method systematically investigates critical parameters for enhancing separation and quantification using HPLC-DAD. Chemometric techniques were employed to optimize the method for detecting adulterants, with sample preparation involving liquid-phase extraction and a mobile phase for separation using HPLC-DAD. The calibration curves were linear over concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 µg/mL, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. The method exhibits good accuracy, with mean recoveries ranging from 90 to 105 %, and precision (% RSD) for intraday and interday precision: 0.71 to 2.94 %. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for each compound are provided. The HPLC-DAD method ensures rigorous quality control, detecting potential adulteration in 32 traditional medicine samples and emphasizing its safety and efficacy in managing allergic conditions. The proposed approach is considered environmentally friendly based on evaluations from commonly used greenness assessment tools, Green analytical chemistry metrics (ComplexGAPI, AGREE, BAGI) confirm the method's sustainability and practicality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to different health outcomes, including long COVID (LCo) and mental health (MH) disorders, impacting millions globally. To enable early healthcare diagnosis, including the prediction of MH conditions and LCo, various research studies have utilized machine learning (ML) techniques. However, there is still a gap in understanding the mental health of recovered COVID-19 patients with long COVID using ML techniques. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing and evaluating ML models, including support vector machine, multilayer perceptron (MLP), k-nearest neighbor, gradient boosting, voting classifier, and extreme gradient boosting, tailored for mental health and long COVID datasets from recovered COVID-19 patients. Additionally, feature selection methods, e.g., Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and Extra Trees (ET), and optimized models with hyper-parameter tuning will be employed. Our experiments utilize the dataset of recovered COVID-19 patients. Among these ML models, the MLP with ET-based features achieved the highest accuracy and AUC scores in this dataset, with 1.00 and 0.97 ± 0.02, respectively. The research reveals the high prevalence and risk factors of mental health disorders and long COVID from the dataset. These findings will contribute to personalized healthcare strategies for individuals navigating the complexities of post-COVID-19 recovery, integrating machine learning insights into mental health and long COVID support.

Dermal Papilla Cells (DPCs) are mesenchymal cells residing at the base of the hair follicles. They play an important role in the hair cycle remodeling and hair follicle regeneration. In this study, DPCs were isolated, and cultured from human hair follicles and evaluated the expression of -SMA, versican by immunocytochemistry, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The human fibroblasts were used as a control to confirm the non-fibroblast DPCs. The results showed that the cells grew from the hair bulb and had fibroblast morphology. These bulb cells strongly expressed alkaline phosphatase activity -SMA, and versican while the human fibroblast lacked ALP activity and less expression of -SMA and versican. In conclusion, the protocol is established to isolate and culture DPCs from hair follicle bulbs, and ALP activity is suggested as the major marker for distinguishing DPCs and human fibroblasts.

A study based on the basic characteristics of language and culture expressed through each element constituting advertising materials, we have come up with a pedagogical model including how to choose, how to prepare lessons, how to build activities, design content and build a system of exercises on this teaching material. Through the teacher's assessment of the pedagogical scenario with a sequence corresponding to the specific language and cultural contents mentioned above, the survey results have shown positive results. Survey results from learners have also demonstrated a change in awareness and progress in the accumulation of communication capacity. The above two survey results affirm the effectiveness and rationality of the teaching model based on advertising text that the goal of this study is to contribute to improve the quality of teaching and learning of the foreign languages by action method.

Trong vài thập kỉ gần đây, nhu cầu sử dụng nhựa polypropylene trong nhiều ứng dụng ngày càng tăng do giá hợp lý, độ cứng cao, điểm võng nhiệt cao,... Do vậy, polypropylene được ứng dụng rộng rãi, như trong sản xuất bao bì, ô tô, xây dựng,... Trong thực tế, luôn có ít nhất hai trong các yếu tố: Nhiệt, ánh sáng, ứng suất cơ học, lượng dư xúc tác, oxy không khí,... tác động đến polypropylene trong suốt quá trình gia công, bảo quản và sử dụng gây giòn, lão hóa polypropylene. Các loại phụ gia chống oxi hóa thường được thêm vào nhằm hạn chế sự suy giảm các tính chất của nhựa polypropylene. Nghiên cứu này nhằm đề ra một đơn pha chế polypropylene với các phụ gia hindered phenol (AE), phosphite (AK) và calcium stearate (HA) để cải thiện các tính chất, hạn chế sự oxi hóa của nhựa trong suốt quá trình gia công sản phẩm polypropylene.

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AbstractThe rapid upward thrust of the economy has harmed the environment, which has been compounded by pollution. More and more people are becoming concerned about their surroundings and looking for strategies to mitigate their unfavorable consequences. This is seen in governments’ and enterprises’ determination to expand and produce environmentally friendly products, as well as raise demand for green products. The purpose of this research is to uncover characteristics influencing green consumption behavior in Vietnam and to determine the most powerful motivator that drives customers to buy green products. The quantitative technique was applied in this investigation, with 231 samples obtained via an online survey. To analyze and assess the acquired data, several methods such as Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA, SEM, One-way ANOVA, and Independent Sample T-test were used using SPSS and Amos software. According to the findings, three elements, including Attitudes, Social Norms, and Environmental Concerns, have a beneficial effect on green consumption behavior in Vietnam, with environmental concerns playing a particularly important role. The latest findings offered meaningful data about buyer purchasing characteristics, allowing businesses to expand green goods and devise marketing practices to get more customers to make use of them.

A new architectural paradigm for future optical transport network, namely, optical-computing-enabled networking, is presented. As a major departure from traditional optical-bypass framework, the new paradigm is grounded on the idea of permitting superposition of transitional lightpaths crossing the same intermediate node to produce a more spectrally efficient lightpath bringing about spectral savings and potentially greater energy efficiency. A case study focusing on optical aggregation is provided to highlight how advantageous the proposed architecture is in comparison with the conventional one.

The increase accessibility of online resources in day-to-day communication in the digital era offers ample opportunities for informal language learning to enhance learners’ communicative competence. Addressing the issue, this sequential explanatory study sheds some light on the empirical relationship between informal digital learning of English (IDLE) activities and the development of learners’ communicative competence. Moreover, the types of IDLE activities are further depicted. A web-based survey and semi-structured interviews were employed to elicit the required data from 279 Indonesian undergraduate learners majoring in English education and linguistic studies. Drawing on a multiple linear regression analysis, the results depicted that both receptive IDLE activity (e.g. listening to English music online) and productive IDLE activity (e.g. chatting in English with others) contributed to the enhancement of the learners’ communicative competence. The semi-structured interviews further portrayed several types of IDLE activities which have fruitful insights for the learners’ communicative development. This study concerns on the current phenomenon of how language learners are exposed to the present-day technological advancement in a range of informal learning environments, along with some didactic implications for English language teaching.

Electric bicycle is a vehicle which is used widely in all the citys and provinces of Vietnam. However, it’s hard to choose “the most suitable” or “the best” type of electric bicycle because each type has different criteria (parameters). To choose out the best option, we need to consider all the alternatives at once. That is called multi-criteria decision-making. This research used three multi-criteria decision-making methods include SAW method, MARCOS method and PSI method to choose from seven bestselling types of electric bicycle on the market in 2022. All the methods which were used chose out the same best electric bicycle type and the same worst bicycle type. And so, among seven types of electric bicycle which include M133 mini, M133 Sport 2022, Aima 133AM, Nijia – PA4, DK 133M, Yadea iGo and Yadea i3, the best type is Aima 133AM, in contrast, Yadea iGo is considered the worst type. Things that need to be done in the folowing researches were proposed in the last part of this paper.

Cordyceps militaris is a valued medicinal fungus in folk medicine in East Asia. It contains two major nucleosides, cordycepin and adenosine, which have been reported to have potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper aimed to study the effect of C. militaris extract on the reproductive function of a mouse model, evaluating possible toxicity, androgenic activity, and protective and rehabilitative effects against damages caused by sodium valproate (VPA). There was no death and abnormalities observed in mice. Androgen activity was also shown in young male rats by an improvement in several sexual organs. The protective effect of C. militaris extract was explained by the gain of sexual organs’ weight, testosterone concentration, and seminiferous tubule size as well as the enhancement of sperm density, alive sperm percentage, and the progressive forward movement of sperm. The pregnancy rate of female rats paired with VPA-administered male rats (500 mg/kg/day) increased proportionally with the higher dose of C. militaris extract. In the rehabilitation study, an incline in the weight of the Cowper’s gland and glans (0.112 g/kg/day) and testicle and prostate (0.336 g/kg/day) as well as an improvement of the sperm forward progressive movement was observed. The percentage of unprogressive sperm and immotile sperm has reduced. These results suggest that C. militaris is a potential supplement to reduce the negative effects of VPA and improve reproductive function, in which the two major constituents cordycepin and adenosine may play an active role.

Abstract The quality of impermanence between traditionalism and postmodernism gave birth to Banana’s unique “hybrid narrative”. There, people are caught between traditional values and the attraction of the postmodern lifestyle. Banana’s character loves the kitchen and has a traditional belief in ghosts but is also openly LGBT-identifying—a challenge to modern binarism that is ready to confront random postmodern disasters. The character tries to escape but still seems to be stuck in the same place. This is similar to the situation that young Japanese have to face. In the eternal struggle of life, they need to be honest, live according to their own personal values and, more importantly, always show a willingness to help others with the most practical actions. Observing the world as a whole, Banana’s novels and short stories are simultaneously new and old, and readers today are eager for her stories.

We provide data on morphological characteristics and the distribution of the nemipterid fish Nemipterus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1830) in the estuary and coastal area of Thanh Hoa province, North Central Vietnam. This is also a clear location record for the distribution of this species in the North Central region compared to previous studies, and a new record for the study area.

Abstract Knowledge of the clinical presentation of central nervous system (CNS) infections and the causative pathogens is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and rapid initiation of appropriate treatment to prevent severe neurological sequelae. The aim of this study is to understand the aetiology of CNS infections based on the clinical presentation of Vietnamese patients. A prospective hospital-based cohort study was conducted between May 2014 and May 2017. We screened 137 patients with clinically suspected CNS infection for fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens using their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood cultures. In addition, DNA or RNA extracted from CSF samples were subjected to nucleic acid testing (NAT) with a selective panel of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. At least one pathogen could be detected in 41% (n = 56) of the patients. The main pathogens causing CNS infections were Streptococcus suis (n = 16; 12%) and Neisseria meningitidis (n = 9; 7%), followed by Herpes simplex virus 1/2 (n = 4; 3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4; 3%). Other pathogens were only identified in a few cases. Patients with bacterial CNS infections were significantly older, had a worse outcome, a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a higher rate of speech impairment and neck stiffness than patients with viral or tuberculous CNS infections. In northern Vietnam, adults are mostly affected by bacterial CNS infections, which have a severe clinical course and worse outcomes compared to viral or tuberculous CNS infections. Clinicians should be aware of the regional occurrence of pathogens to initiate rapid and appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract Aim The aim of the present study is to compare the performance of 16S rRNA Nanopore sequencing and conventional culture in detecting infectious pathogens in patients with suspected meningitis in a resource-limited setting without extensive bioinformatics expertise. Methods DNA was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 30 patients with suspected bacterial meningitis. The isolated DNA was subjected to 16S sequencing using MinION™. The data were analysed in real time via the EPI2ME cloud platform. The Nanopore sequencing was done in parallel to routine microbiological diagnostics. Results Nanopore sequencing detected bacterial pathogens to species level in 13 of 30 (43%) samples. CSF culture showed 40% (12/30) positivity. In 21 of 30 patients (70%) with suspected bacterial meningitis, both methods yielded concordant results. About nine of 30 samples showed discordant results, of these five were false positive and four were false negative. In five of the culture negative results, nanopore sequencing was able to detect pathogen genome, due to the higher sensitivity of the molecular diagnostics. In two other samples, the CSF culture revealed Cryptococcus neoformans and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which were not detected by Nanopore sequencing. Overall, using both the cultures and 16S Nanopore sequencing, positivity rate increased from 40% (12/30) to 57% (17/30). Conclusion Next-generation sequencing could detect pathogens within six hours and could become an important tool for both pathogen screening and surveillance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that do not have direct access to extensive bioinformatics expertise.

Despite its significant role, brand management is an oft-overlooked and challenging aspect in the development of academic institutions, especially in higher education context. Based on a systematic review of journal articles from various sources including ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight and SpringerLink during the 2000–2021 period, the authors of this paper seek to identify, evaluate, and analyze university brand. After careful consideration of academic publications based on their relevance for the research objectives, 43 articles have been included in this comprehensive and integrative review. Special attention is paid to the theories underlying brand management, brand positioning, brand identity of a higher education institution, marketing strategies, as well as implications for management, students, and staff. Moreover, some valuable lessons which a university can learn from a company in marketing are identified. Thereby, the competitive advantages of a university would be firmly enhanced. It is our hope that this paper will explore a new path for further research and provide another perspective for administrators, authors and practitioners in the area of university brand.

Objectives: To translate and adapt the Diabetic Self-care Knowledge Questionnaire-30 (DSCKQ-30) questionnaire to be suitable for Vietnamese conditions and culture. To examine the reliability and validity of the Vietnamese version of the DSCKQ-30 questionnaire. Material and Methods: The questionnaire was forward translated, from English into Vietnamese and vice versa, by four independent translators. After that, an expert panel resolved any disagreements in translation regarding 4 criteria: semantics, idioms, experiences and concepts. The questionnaire then underwent a pilot study, on a sample of 100 DM patients to assess its clarity and readability; from June 1, 2021, to June 15, 2021. Finally, a test-retest study was conducted on a sample of 279 patients, over one month to examine internal consistency, stability and construct validity of the questionnaire; from July 1, 2021 to July 30, 2021. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Thai Nguyen National Hospital. Results: The Vietnamese translated diabeté self-care knowledge questionnaire had content validity of 1.00, Cronbach’s alpha of 0.899 and Kappa coefficient of 0.700 or greater, except for question 15: with a Kappa coefficient of 0.658 (acceptable). Conclusion: The translated, adapted version of the DSCKQ-30 is valid, reliable and a feasible tool for practice, education and research in the future.

Business linkages are of interests to many firms as they can have positive impacts on firms’ performance. Nevertheless, there have been few studies on possible influence of business linkages on motivation to upgrade workers’ skills among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Applying a Probit estimation model with Fixed-Effects techniques for panel data with a sample covering more than 6,000 observations of SMEs from Vietnam, the study provides key findings. First of all, the increase in the number of business linkages helps SMEs to upgrade workers’ skills by reducing the percentage of unskilled workers. Secondly, the rise in workers’ skills increases the probability that SMEs train their existing workers, but not new workers. Finally, the increase in firm size plays an important role for SMEs in Vietnam to upgrade their workers’ skills.

In addition to the massive deployment of online learning among students worldwide, virtual training has also become a necessity to ensure the demand of teacher professional development. Exploring teachers’ attitudes toward online training programs helps educational stakeholders in understanding their expectations toward professional training modes, which positively contribute to boosting the effectiveness of career development programs. The present study sheds some light on Vietnamese English teachers’ attitudes toward online professional development programs. Twenty-five EFL teachers in Can Tho city Vietname took part in the research by providing answers to the questionnaire delivered using Google Form application; ten of them volunteered to attend further interview sections. The results of pair sample t-tests show that the English teachers preferred face-to-face to online training programs. In addition, the qualitative findings further revealed that they had no offense to online training mode, yet deny its sole implementation for all future professional development activities. Especially, most teachers approved the practice of online training in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, some of them started to acknowledge a blended teacher training program as they are relying in its affordances and accessibility. Considering the crucial role of development programs for teachers, the findings of this study contribute to providing input enhancement for teacher professional training stakeholders in Vietnam.

Abstract Background Loop isothermal amplification (LAMP) has recently been proposed as a point-of-care diagnostic tool to detect acute infectious pathogens; however, this technique embeds risk of generating false-positive results. Whereas, with abilities to accurately recognize specific sequence, the CRISPR/Cas12a can forms complexes with cognate RNA sensors and cleave pathogen’s DNA targets complimerntary to its cognate RNA, afterward acquiring the collateral activity to unbiasedly cut nearby off-target fragments. Therefore, if relevant fluorescent-quencher-nucleic probes are present in the reaction, the non-specific cleavage of probes releases fluorescences and establish diagnostic read-outs. Methods The MetA gene of N. meningitidis was selected as target to optimize the LAMP reaction, whereas pseudo-dilution series of N. meningitidis gemonics DNA was used to establish the detection limit of LAMP/Cas12a combination assay. The diagnostic performance of established LAMP/Cas12a combination assay was validated in comparation with standard real-time PCR on 51 CSF samples (14 N. meningitidis confirmed patients and 37 control subjects). Results In relevant biochemical conditions, CRISPR-Cas12a and LAMP can work synchronously to accurately identify genetics materials of Nesseria menitigistis at the level 40 copies/reaction less than 2 h. Conclusions In properly optimized conditions, the CRISPR-Cas12a system helps to alleviate false positive result hence enhancing the specificity of the LAMP assays.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine use could jeopardize the current efforts to address opioid use disorder and HIV infection. Evidence-based behavioral interventions (EBI) are effective in reducing methamphetamine use. However, evidence on optimal combinations of EBI is limited. This protocol presents a type-1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness of adaptive methamphetamine use interventions, and their implementation barriers in Vietnam. Method Design: Participants will be first randomized into two frontline interventions for 12 weeks. They will then be placed or randomized to three adaptive strategies for another 12 weeks. An economic evaluation and an ethnographic evaluation will be conducted alongside the interventions. Participants: We will recruit 600 participants in 20 methadone clinics. Eligibility criteria: (1) age 16+; (2) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores ≥ 10 for methamphetamine use or confirmed methamphetamine use with urine drug screening; (3) willing to provide three pieces of contact information; and (4) having a cell phone. Outcomes: Outcomes are measured at 13, 26, and 49 weeks and throughout the interventions. Primary outcomes include the (1) increase in HIV viral suppression, (2) reduction in HIV risk behaviors, and (3) reduction in methamphetamine use. COVID-19 response: We developed a response plan for interruptions caused by COVID-19 lockdowns to ensure data quality and intervention fidelity. Discussion This study will provide important evidence for scale-up of EBIs for methamphetamine use among methadone patients in limited-resource settings. As the EBIs will be delivered by methadone providers, they can be readily implemented if the trial demonstrates effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04706624. Registered on 13 January 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04706624

The main research objective of this paper is to study the current situation and solutions of effective university governance in public Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in Vietnam in the direction of autonomy. The paper uses a method that combines qualitative and quantitative research to analyze theoretical basis and related background theories and assess the current state of university governance in Vietnam. With quantitative research, method is done in the form of online surveys through questionnaires. The topic of the questionnaire focuses on collecting comments on governance activities being carried out at the PHEIs of Vietnam in an autonomous direction. The research results have shown quite clearly the contents related to the issues of governance and administration in the PHEIs, the way of managing and evaluating the performance of the PHEIs. Since then, the authors have proposed a number of groups of solutions for effective university governance at Vietnam’s PHEIs in the direction of autonomy. The solutions and proposals will be the necessary and important practical foundation to innovate and develop policies to promote university autonomy for sustainable and efficient development.

Abstract Background Amoxicillin-resistant Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains seem to have increased over time in Vietnam. This threatens the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication therapies with this antibiotic. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of primary resistance of H. pylori to amoxicillin and to assess its association with pbp1A point mutations in Vietnamese patients. Materials and methods Naive patients who presented with dyspepsia undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were recruited. Rapid urease tests and PCR assays were used to diagnose H. pylori infection. Amoxicillin susceptibility was examined by E-tests. Molecular detection of the mutant pbp1A gene conferring amoxicillin resistance was carried out by real-time PCR followed by direct sequencing of the PCR products. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Tamura-Nei genetic distance model and the neighbor-joining tree building method. Results There were 308 patients (46.1% men and 53.9% women, p = 0.190) with H. pylori infection. The mean age of the patients was 40.5 ± 11.4 years, ranging from 18 to 74 years old. The E-test was used to determine the susceptibility to amoxicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 0.125 μg/ml) in 101 isolates, among which the rate of primarily resistant strains to amoxicillin was 25.7%. Then, 270 sequences of pbp1A gene fragments were analysed. There were 77 amino acid substitution positions investigated, spanning amino acids 310–596, with the proportion varying from 0.4 to 100%. Seven amino acid changes were significantly different between amoxicillin-sensitive (AmoxS) and amoxicillin-resistant (AmoxR) samples, including Phe366 to Leu (p

Trong hai năm 2020-2021, số liệu về nguồn giống hải sản được thu thập ở vùng biển Bến Tre tại 30 trạm nghiên cứu đại diện cho hai mùa gió. Tổng số 240 mẫu bao gồm 120 mẫu trứng cá, cá con (TC-CC) và 120 mẫu ấu trùng tôm, tôm con (ATT-TC) đã được thu thập bằng lưới thu mẫu tầng mặt và thẳng đứng. Miệng lưới có gắn máy đo dòng chảy để xác định lượng nước qua lưới. Kết quả phân tích bước đầu cho thấy thành phần nguồn giống khá đa dạng với 30 loài và 41 họ cá; 13 loài và 13 họ tôm. Các họ cá chiếm ưu thế cả về số lượng và tần suất xuất hiện là họ cá trỏng, cá bống trắng, cá giả bống, cá đục và cá tuyết. Các họ tôm chiếm ưu thế là họ tôm he, tôm gai, tôm moi và tôm tít. Mật độ trung bình là 5.743 trứng cá và 299 cá con/1.000m3 nước biển ở tầng nước mặt, 1.296 trứng cá và 656 cá con/1.000 m3 nước biển ở tầng nước thẳng đứng. Mật độ ấu trùng và tôm con trung bình đạt 3.885 cá thể/1.000 m3 nước biển trong toàn vùng biển nghiên cứu. Khu vực từ cửa Tiểu tới cửa Cổ Chiên và lân cận được ghi nhận đóng vai trò rất quan trọng, là bãi sinh sản, bãi sinh trưởng tự nhiên của nhiều loài hải sản...

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of gender in learning English online in Vietnam under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. 1118 students from nine universities and twelve high schools in the Mekong Delta joined in the research. The study indicated gender equality in online education by revealing few discrepancies in the two genders’ perceptions about barriers to online learning, excepting for problems about technical skills, cost, and access to the Internet. The results of the mixed-method study which focuses more on quantitative approach also revealed the impacts of perceived barriers on their future online learning readiness through Discriminant Analysis and Chi-square Tests, in which gender had no impact on students’ online learning decisions. Qualitative analysis also revealed the influences of economic conditions and regions as additional barriers in addition to the six factors being confirmed from Berge’s framework (2005) including (1) Administrative issues, (2) Social interaction, (3) Academic skill, (4) Technical skills, (5) Learners’ motivation, and (6) Cost and access to the Internet.

Các nước trên thế giới đang hướng tới một xã hội không dùng tiền mặt và Việt Nam cũng không phải ngoại lệ. Tại Việt Nam, việc phát triển dịch vụ thanh toán di động (TTDĐ) góp phần đẩy mạnh thanh toán không dùng tiền mặt đang có nhiều tiềm năng, tuy nhiên, thực trạng sử dụng tiền mặt vẫn còn khá phổ biến trong các giao dịch. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện với mục đích xác định các nhân tố tác động đến ý định sử dụng dịch vụ TTDĐ của các cá nhân dựa trên phân tích lợi ích - chi phí và ảnh hưởng xã hội. Nghiên cứu áp dụng mô hình cấu trúc tuyến tính SEM để phân tích 201 mẫu quan sát thu thập được thông qua khảo sát. Kết quả thực nghiệm chỉ ra rằng giá trị cảm nhận, chuẩn mực xã hội và hình ảnh xã hội có tác động tích cực tới ý định sử dụng dịch vụ TTDĐ. Cụ thể, giá trị cảm nhận chịu ảnh hưởng bởi lợi ích cảm nhận (lợi thế tương đối), chi phí cảm nhận (chi phí phải trả) và hình ảnh xã hội. Ngoài ra, chuẩn mực xã hội cũng tác động tích cực đến hình ảnh xã hội. Dựa trên kết quả kết quả này, nghiên cứu đề xuất một số kiến nghị dành cho các nhà cung cấp dịch vụ thanh toán di động tại Việt Nam.

Abstract Background Blood stream infections (BSI) caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae is a clinical challenge leading to high mortality, especially in developing countries. In this study, we sought to describe the epidemiology of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from Vietnamese individuals with BSI, to investigate the concordance of genotypic-phenotypic resistance, and clinical outcome of ESBL E. coli BSI. Methods A total of 459 hospitalized patients with BSI were screened between October 2014 and May 2016. 115 E. coli strains from 115 BSI patients were isolated and tested for antibiotic resistance using the VITEK®2 system. The ESBL phenotype was determined by double disk diffusion method following the guideline of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Screening for beta-lactamase (ESBL and carbapenemase) genes was performed using a multiplex-PCR assay. Results 58% (67/115) of the E. coli strains were ESBL-producers and all were susceptible to both imipenem and meropenem. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporin was common, 70% (81/115) were cefotaxime-resistant and 45% (52/115) were ceftazidime-resistant. bla CTX-M was the most common ESBL gene detected (70%; 80/115) The sensitivity and specificity of bla CTX-M-detection to predict the ESBL phenotype was 87% (76–93% 95% CI) and 54% (39–48% 95% CI), respectively. 28%% (22/80) of bla CTX-M were classified as non-ESBL producers by phenotypic testing for ESBL production. The detection of bla CTX-M in ESBL-negative E. coli BSI was associated with fatal clinical outcome (27%; 6/22 versus 8%; 2/26, p = 0.07). Conclusion A high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harbouring bla CTX-M was observed in BSI patients in Vietnam. The genotypic detection of bla CTX-M may have added benefit in optimizing and guiding empirical antibiotic therapy of E. coli BSI to improve clinical outcome.

This paper studies how to construct and compare various optimal portfolio frameworks for investors in the context of the Vietnamese stock market. The aim of the study is to help investors to find solutions for constructing an optimal portfolio strategy using modern investment frameworks in the Vietnamese stock market. The study contains a census of the top 43 companies listed on the Ho Chi Minh stock exchange (HOSE) over the ten-year period from July 2010 to January 2021. Optimal portfolios are constructed using Mean-Variance Framework, Mean-CVaR Framework under different copula simulations. Two-thirds of the data from 26/03/2014 to 27/1/2021 consists of the data of Vietnamese stocks during the COVID-19 recession, which caused depression globally; however, the results obtained during this period still provide a consistent outcome with the results for other periods. Furthermore, by randomly attempting different stocks in the research sample, the results also perform the same outcome as previous analyses. At about the same CvaR level of about 2.1%, for example, the Gaussian copula portfolio has daily Mean Return of 0.121%, the t copula portfolio has 0.12% Mean Return, while Mean-CvaR with the Raw Return portfolio has a lower Return at 0.103%, and the last portfolio of Mean-Variance with Raw Return has 0.102% Mean Return. Empirical results for all 10 portfolio levels showed that CVaR copula simulations significantly outperform the historical Mean-CVaR framework and Mean-Variance framework in the context of the Vietnamese stock exchange.

Abstract In this article, we use Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive method to study the influence of Mikhail Bakhtin in Vietnam in the 1990s and 2000s. By using evaluations of Bakhtin by researchers in Vietnam and around the world, we argue that he is not the only owner of the theory of dialog and polyphony. His friends, Pavel Medvedev and Valentin Voloshinov, also played important roles in defining these concepts. The Bakhtin Circle’s dialog theory is related to the sense of democracy in society. The work of Bakhtin was introduced to Vietnam in the 1980s and led to a “Bakhtin fever” throughout Vietnam. However, he has been less overrated recently. We also discover a mistake in the dialogic theory of the Bakhtin Circle. The members of the Circle said that the nature of language is dialogic, which means that whenever language is used, either in literature or in common life, it is always polyphonic. Based on this claim, novels use language to tell stories, so novels are polyphonic. The Bakhtin Circle was mistaken when labeling Dostoevsky’s novels as polyphonic and Tolstoy’s novels as monologic. In the same vein, the Bakhtin Circle strongly believed that language in poetry is always monologic. We think this claim is also wrong. Dialogicality appears in all kinds of poetic languages.

In thin-layer chromatography coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TLC-SERS), the coffee ring effect (CRE) describes the formation of a ring-shape spot (blank in the middle and darker on the edge) caused by the aggregation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), alone (single CRE) or with the analytes (double CRE). In this work, the SCRE and DCRE were investigated in two anti-diabetic drugs, hydrophobic glibenclamide (GLB) and more hydrophilic metformin (MET). The SCRE occurred in GLB analysis, as opposed to the DCRE that occurred in MET. It was proven that for optimization of the TLC-SERS analytical procedure, it is necessary to distinguish the CRE patterns of analytes. Additionally, MET and GLB were analyzed with the developed TLC-SERS method and confirmed by another validated method using high-performance liquid chromatography. Four herbal products collected on the market were found to be adulterated with GLB or/and MET; among those, one product was adulterated with both MET and GLB, and two products were adulterated with GLB at a higher concentration than the usual GLB prescription dose. The TLC-SERS method provided a useful tool for the simultaneous detection of adulterated anti-diabetic herbal products, and the comparison of the SCRE and DCRE provided more evidence to predict CRE patterns in TLC-SERS.

Despite the difficult international situation, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions in the world in general and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vietnamese economy is gradually recovering, but certain difficulties and problems still remain. In recent years, thanks to the active work of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, timely decisions of the Ministry of Finance, other relevant departments and institutions, as well as local authorities, the goals of the Public Debt Strategy have been gradually implemented, corresponding to the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development, poverty reduction and building the necessary infrastructure asynchronously. By 2020, the indicators of the national debt of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are mainly within acceptable limits, but from the point of view of obligations to repay debt in the near future, potential risks still remain. This article is devoted to assessing the results of the implementation of Vietnam Public Debt Strategy for 2011–2020 for providing appropriate recommendations for ensuring national financial security, as well as mobilizing resources of local government bonds for effective and sustainable economic growth and development.