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Xinyang Maojian (XYMJ) green tea is a famous high-grade Chinese green tea, but the key odorants contributing to its aroma have been poorly understood. In this study, solid-phase microextraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation were used for sample preparation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) were used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. A total of 50 volatile compounds of five chemical classes were identified in XYMJ tea infusion. Among them, nine odorants including nonanal, β-ionone, octanal

The genus Achillea L. (Family: Asteraceae) is a kind of perennial plant, mostly distributed in north western region of China, especially in Tianshan Mountains area of Xinjiang province. Components extracted from their essential oils are widely applied in clinic treatment but their medicinal active compound have not been reported. In this study, essential oils were extracted by steam distillation method from the aerial parts of A. setacea. Waldst. et Kit., A. asiatica Serg., and A. millefolium L., respectively, and the relative percentage of each chemical component was determined by GC/MS method. In all, a total of 33 components in A. setacea Waldst. et Kit., 41 components in A. millefolium L. and 41 components in A. asiatica Serg. were identified. There are 7 components were identified from all Achillea L. Their order of content is in the order: (1) eucalyptol; (2) azulene,7-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-; (3) caryophyllene; (4) cyclohexene,4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl); (5) 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4-methyl-; (6) 1,4-cyclohexadiene,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-; (7) acetic acid,1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester. Among the volume of total essential oil components contained in these three plants, the highest content is eucalyptol, ranging from 7 to 11%. Interestingly, these three Achillea L. plants also contain their high specific components, such as terpenoids, eucalyptols, pinenes, and azulene, 7-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-. Our results are beneficial to the identification of essential oil of the genus Achillea L.

The study was devoted to the comparison of the probiotic effect of enterococcal Enterococcus faecium L3 to the antibiotic enramycin as a chicken feed additive. Two hundred and sixteen chickens were divided into three groups and tested by different parameters including weight gain, food consumption, blood biochemistry, immunology, and caecal microbiome at two checkpoints, 21 and 39 days after birth. By the end of the experiment, a group of chickens getting probiotic demonstrated weight gain of more than 100 g at the average relative to the control group with no additive in animal feed (P 0.05). Blood serum biochemistry showed a significant increase in HDL level (P 0.05) relative to the control group. The 16S RNA sequencing demonstrated the growth abundance of Lachnospiraceae and the decrease of Proteobacteria in probiotic fed group. On the contrary, the antibiotic fed group showed a noticeable increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria which included the genus Salmonella. Thus, probiotic E. faecium L3 being added to chicken food as a single additive may be considered as a possible replacement of antibiotic enramycin.

Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) widely exists in the environment and is a common foodborne pathogenic microorganism. It can cause meningitis, bacteremia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants and elderly people with low immunity. Therefore, the development of the rapid detection method for foodborne pathogen C. sakazakii is very important for food safety control. This study has developed a kind of genomic nucleic acid reference material as a positive reference for the rapid detection of C. sakazakii in the edible fungus Flammulina velutipes. First, the genomic nucleic acids were extracted from the standard strain of C. sakazakii, and the nucleic acids were lyophilized. The uniformity test result of the lyophilized powder showed that there were no significant differences between samples. In short-term stability tests at 4°C and 37°C for 14 days, the properties of the nucleic acid reference material were good, and in long-term stability tests at 4°C and −20°C for 8 months, the samples are still stable. To verify the application of this nucleic acid reference material, it was used as a positive control template for PCR detection and applied to the rapid detection of C. sakazakii in F. velutipes. It was found that 13 of the 15 F. velutipes samples were positive for C. sakazakii. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to detect C. sakazakii in F. velutipes using the PCR method with nucleic acid reference material as the positive reference. This study is helpful in promoting the extensive and in-depth application of nucleic acid reference materials in foodborne pathogens detection.

Thermal power generation could exhibit a considerable level of fuel emissions with a significant threat to human health. Due to variations in weather and atmospheric conditions, the time, the location, and the level of fuel emissions could determine emissions’ differentiating impacts on ambient air pollutant concentration (AAPC). The densely populated regions are more vulnerable to changes in AAPC because the associated health impacts can scale up log-linearly with AAPC and linearly with affected population sizes. This paper proposes an approach to evaluate the differentiating impacts of fuel emissions on AAPC and human health. The proposed approach applies the day-ahead hourly generation scheduling for reducing AAPC in densely populated regions. We employ a Gaussian puff model to address the source–receptor relationship among fuel emissions and resulting AAPC increments (ΔAAPC). We formulate a penalty cost for fuel emissions, which reflects the marginal health impacts of individual fuel emissions and differentiates the emission dispatch by shifting the electricity production away from power plants with high marginal health impacts. The proposed approach captures the ΔAAPC response to changes in generation scheduling and incorporates the marginal health impacts of fuel emissions into daily decision-making processes. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in which differentiating environmental benefits of wind power generation and energy storage are illustrated in power generation scheduling.

In this paper, a prediction model of urban taxi traffic demand based on BP neural network is proposed according to the characteristics of the increasing demand for public transportation. This model uses the method of zoning statistics to analyze the traffic demand of urban Taxis, and the traffic generation and traffic disappearance in a period are taken as the input of the network according to the statistical results. This paper extends the hidden layer to 2 layers and introduces the tanh activation function. Also, this paper selects passenger traffic data from 2016 to 2019 as the training set. After 1,000 epoch training, the training set Mean Square Error (MSE) is achieved 4.332 × 10–5and the test set loss is achieved 0.01139.

The optimal number and combination of UAVs and radio relay UAVs, combined with the Australian bush terrain characteristics and the size and frequency of fire events as parameters for mathematical modeling[1], can adapt to the extreme situation that may occur in the future and quickly eliminate fires at the lowest cost possible[2]. For problem 1, we can first solve the shortest path by Ant Colony Algorithm, and then use Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to find the optimal number and combination of SSA and radio relay drones[3]. For the problem 2, Poisson Regression Model was established to predict the change of extreme fire events in the next decade, so as to rearrange the number and combination of SSA UAV and repeater UAV to achieve the purpose of low cost. For the problem 3, from the aspects of drone 3D path planning, based on the basic of the selection of the pheromone of Ant Colony Algorithm is improved, along with the change of the terrain and the fire to constantly adjust the position of the drone in different sizes on different terrain firepower of drone and the number of radio relay drone arrangement optimization[4]. For the problem 4, the number and combination of drones and radio relay drones need to be figured out, as well as the use of planning funds.

The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) offers additional opportunities for improving the ambient air quality and reducing the associated health impacts. However, such opportunities could become unattainable if the electricity for charging EVs is mainly supplied by coal-fired units. This paper aims to enhance the environmental benefits of EVs by differentiating the marginal impacts of coal-fired unit emissions at various times and locations on ambient air pollutant concentration (AAPC) and human health conditions. The proposed cost-effective approach will assign EV battery charging loads and other electricity demands to generation units with low health impacts. The proposed air pollution dispersion model maps the emission into spatial AAPC increments ( ${\Delta }$ AAPCs), and concentration-response function maps ${\Delta }$ AAPCs into health impacts. As such, we estimate differentiating health impacts of emissions at various times and locations without executing large-scale atmospheric models. We also integrate differentiating emission regulations with the joint optimization of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) and EV battery swapping-charging system (BSCS). BSCS refers to the optimal scheduling of an aggregated number of EV batteries which are centrally charged and then dispatched via delivery trucks to battery swapping stations (BSSs) to supply local EVs. BSCS determines optimal schedules for battery charging, swapping, and truck routing. A Lagrangian decomposition method decouples the formulated large-scale mixed-integer linear programming model into SCUC and BSCS subproblems. The case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for managing ambient air quality and human health conditions.

Transportation electrification is regarded as one of the most significant opportunities to address the social and environmental challenges posed by mass motorization and rapid urbanization. Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing an essential role in realizing transportation electrification, with benefits of oil conservation, local air-quality improvement, global climate change mitigation, and transit mode upgrading. In principle, EVs include battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, with service types representing passenger vehicles, light-duty commercial vehicles, buses, and trucks. For brevity, EVs as referred to in this article are primarily passenger vehicles and light-duty commercial vehicles.

Wound healing is a complex and long-term process consisting of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling. These four stages overlap and influence each other; they affect wound healing in different ways, and if they do not function perfectly, they may cause scarring, proliferative scarring and keloid formation. A therapeutic target affecting wound healing in multiple ways will help the healing process proceed more effectively. DPP-4/CD26 is a multifunctional dimorphic glycoprotein widely distributed on the surface of a variety of cells, including fibroblasts and keratin-forming cells. It has been found to affect periwound inflammation, re-epithelialization, extracellular matrix secretion and skin fibrosis and is a potential target for promoting wound healing and inhibiting scar formation. After presenting a brief introduction of the wound healing process and DPP-4/CD26, this paper summarizes the effects of DPP-4/CD26 on cells involved in different stages of wound healing and discusses the feasibility of DPP-4/CD26 as a multifunctional target for the treatment of wound healing and inhibition of scar formation.

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles prime neighbouring plants to respond more strongly to subsequent attacks. However, the key volatiles that trigger this state and their priming mechanisms remain largely unknown. The tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua is one of the most devastating leaf-feeding pests of tea plants. Here, plant-plant communication experiments demonstrated that volatiles emitted from tea plants infested by E. obliqua larvae triggered neighbouring plants to release volatiles that repel E. obliqua adult, especially mated females. Volatile analyses revealed that the quantity of eight volatiles increased dramatically when plants were exposed to volatiles emitted by infested tea plants, including (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene, β-Ocimene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT). The results of behavioural bioassays demonstrated that β-Ocimene strongly repelled mated E. obliqua females. Individual volatile compound exposure experiments revealed that (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene and DMNT triggered the emission of β-Ocimene from tea plants. Chemical inhibition experiments demonstrated that the emission of β-Ocimene induced by (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene and DMNT were dependent on Ca2+ and JA signalling. These findings help us to understand how E. obliqua moths respond to volatiles emitted from tea plants and provide new insight into volatile-mediated plant-plant interactions. They have potential significance for the development of novel insect and pest control strategies in crops.

In the future, the comprehensive sensing multi-microgrids energy-efficiency management based on the ubiquitous electric Internet of things will promote the application of multi-microgrids. Moreover, the participation of microgrids in the electricity market has diversely enhanced their initiatives and abilities. Based on the analysis of the coupling relationship of the intelligent electrical distribution system of multi-microgrids, this paper reorganized the microgrid types from the differences in microgrid holder, grid feature, the role of distribution and grid-connected service. In the end, different types of microgrids operational control modes were put forward.

AIMS Parasympathetic nerve (PN) signaling plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pancreatic β-cell volume density (Vβ). PN may be pathologically affected in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). However, the association between the reduction of PNs in islets and Vβ and the therapeutic effects of a DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) and an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Goto-Kakizaki rats (GK) have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided 5-week old male GK and Wistar rats (W) into a DPP4i-treated group (GKTe), SGLT2i-treated group (GKCa), and combination-treated group (GKCaTe). After 25 weeks, the pancreata was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS Vβ in GK was significantly decreased (p < 0.01 vs. W), whereas Vβ was the most well preserved in GKCaTe (p < 0.05 vs. GKTe), followed by GKTe (p < 0.05 vs. GK). The decreased amount of PNs in the islets and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in GK was significantly improved in the treated groups compared with GK (p < 0.05 vs. GKCa and GKTe and p < 0.01 vs. GKCaTe). PN density and IENFD were significantly correlated with Vβ (r = 0.55, p < 0.01 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively). IENFD was identified as a surrogate marker for the prediction of Vβ (cutoff value, 16.39). CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of DPP4i and SGLT2i improved Vβ accompanied by PNs density and IENFD. IENFD was proportionally correlated with Vβ. Therefore, the prevention of DPN development may be concurrently beneficial for the preservation of Vβ in nonobese T2DM.

Nanogrids are expected to play a significant role in managing the ever-increasing distributed renewable energy sources. If an off-grid nanogrid can supply fully-charged batteries to a battery swapping station (BSS) serving regional electric vehicles (EVs), it will help establish a structure for implementing renewable-energy-to-vehicle systems. A capacity planning problem is formulated to determine the optimal sizing of photovoltaic (PV) generation and battery-based energy storage system (BESS) in such a nanogrid. The problem is formulated based on the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and then solved by a robust optimization approach. Flexible uncertainty sets are employed to adjust the conservativeness of the robust optimization, and Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to compare the performance of the solutions. Case studies demonstrate the merits of the proposed applications and verify our approach.

Pancreatic branch of vagus nerve (pvn) signaling plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of islet β cell volume density (Vβ). In type 2 diabetes (T2D), small fibers in the epidermis is decreased by diabetic insult. It is not still uncovered yet, however, that the reduction of terminal pvn fibers is associated with Vβ in T2DM. Herein, we explored the association between islet pvn fiber density and Vβ. We recruited non-obese spontaneous T2D Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and control Wistar rats (W) at 5 weeks of age. GK was divided into DPP-4 inhibitor (DPi)-treated group (GTe) (10mg/kg teneligliptine), SGLT2 inhibitor (SGi)-treated group (GCa) (10mg/kg canagliflozin) and both treated group (GTeCa). During experimental period, 2g/kg oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion test (GSIS) was performed. At end, pancreata were underwent for the pathological evaluation. OGTT in GK was attenuated (p Disclosure H. Mizukami: None. D. Guo: None. K. Takahashi: None. S. Osonoi: None. K. Kudo: None. S. Yagihashi: None.

Under the air quality ecological compensation (AQEC) system, the government provides financial incentives to lower air quality indexes (AQIs). For thermal power plants, integrating the temporally and spatially differentiated impacts on regional AQI into day-ahead generation scheduling can result in an optimal AQEC. Thus, this paper proposes a win-win unit commitment and power dispatch model for the government and generation companies under the AQEC system. The model incorporates the Gaussian puff dispersion of multiple air pollutants and stochastic wind power scenarios into the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model, and the AQEC prices for differentiated thermal units are calculated based on regional population and AQI level. With the objective function of maximizing total AQEC, the SCUC model is formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in reducing regional AQI in a hybrid thermal and wind power system. Furthermore, the impacts of AQEC price and wind generation on AQI abatement are quantitatively analyzed.

One of the main pathogenetic features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reduction of β cell volume (Vβ). Several antidiabetic oral agents were shown to improve Vβ in experimental studies. While DPP-4 inhibitor (DPi) ameliorated Vβ possibly via the action of GLP-1, recent studies reported that SGLT2 inhibitor (SGi) may facilitate GLP-1 secretion from L cells. These findings raised a hypothesis that the combination therapy (CT) of DPi and SGi may potentiate the effects of DPi on Vβ. To explore this possibility, we recruited non-obese spontaneous T2D Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and control Wistar rats (W) at 5 weeks of age. GK was divided into DPi treated group (GTe) (10mg/kg teneligliptine), SGi-treated group (GCa) (10mg/kg canagliflozin) and CT group (GTeCa). During experimental period, diabetic state was evaluated by glycated Hb (gHb), 2g/kg oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion test (GSIS) and serum active GLP-1. At end, pancreata were underwent for the pathological evaluation of each endocrine cell volume by tetra-immnohistochemistry. Over 24 weeks of treatment, GK showed higher gHb and deteriorated OGTT (p Disclosure H. Mizukami: Research Support; Self; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. D. Guo: None. K. Takahashi: None. S. Osonoi: None. S. Ogasawara: None. W. Inaba: None. S. Yagihashi: None.

Conventional environmental-economic power dispatch methods constrain the total amount of emissions of power plants, and they succeed in reducing emissions from the power sector. However, they fail to address the mismatch between emission reductions and the resulting changes in regional air quality. This paper proposes an ecology- and security-constrained unit commitment (Eco-SCUC) model considering the differentiated impacts of generation-associated emissions on regional air quality. A Gaussian puff dispersion model is applied to capture the temporal-spatial transport of air pollutants. Additionally, an air pollutant intensity (API) index is defined for assessing the impacts of emissions on the air quality in regions with differentiated atmospheric environmental capacities. Then the API constraints are formulated based on air quality forecast and included in SCUC model. Moreover, the stochastic optimization is employed to accommodate wind power uncertainty, and the Benders decomposition technique is used to solve the formulated mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem. Case studies demonstrate that the Eco-SCUC can cost-effectively improve air quality for densely-populated regions via shifting generation among units and can significantly reduce the person-hours exposed to severe air pollution. Furthermore, the benefits of wind power for air quality control are investigated.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B15 is a Gram-positive, plant-associated bacterium which shows strong antifungal activity, isolated from grape skin in Xinjiang, China. The genome of B. amyloliquefaciens B15 comprises a 4,006,754bp long circular chromosome containing 3991 protein coding genes and 109 RNA genes. Based on genomic analysis, we identified the giant gene clusters, nonribosomal peptidesynthetases (NRPS), and polyketide synthases (PKS), responsible for the biosynthesis of numerous bioactive metabolites. In addition, several functionally related genes, such as TasA, were also been identified for the antagonistic effect on pathogenic fungi but has no effect on the growth of itself.

Antifungal activity of recombinant medicinal leech destabilase-lysozyme (rec.Dest-Lys) was investigated by using fungi: Botrytis cinerea, and Verticillium lateriticum, including yeasts Candida guillermoudii and Shizosaccharomyces pombe. Its antibacterial activity was investigated on gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. These activities were assessed by radial agar diffusion assay, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Therefore, destabilase-lysozyme not only is endo-isopeptidase and lysozyme, but also has antifungal and antibacterial activities. Muramidase activity of rec. Dest-Lys disappeared after heat-treating at 90°C for 50 min without the loss of its antimicrobial activity. Furthermore we showed for the first time that the heated-up derivative of rec.Dest-Lys exhibited more potent activities against the above enumerated fungi and gram-negative bacteria than original protein.

The structure of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic system and the control strategy of photovoltaic inverter have been researched. This paper develops the mathematical model of photovoltaic cell array based on physical mechanism. The mathematical model of the photovoltaic inverter and MPPT controller has been established based on incremental conductance method and the inverter controller modeling has been made based on voltage-oriented space vector control scheme. An actual model of a 10 MW PV power plant in Inner Mongolia Province has been built on RTDS digital simulation device. By analyzing the operation of photovoltaic systems with different irradiance and temperature, the simulation results verify the correctness of the simulation model as well as the availability of engineering simulation analysis.

Renewable energy's grid-integration will strongly influence 3-sectional overcurrent protection's correct operation in distribution network because of its in feed current effect or shunt effect. Firstly, the fault current characteristics of different types of renewable energy sources are simulated, and their impacts on overcurrent protection are analyzed. Secondly, the detailed influence factors, including the renewable energy capacity, the integration location, the fault location, the reliability coefficient and the transmission line length, are thoroughly discussed in the distribution system model. Especially, by changing the renewable energy source capacity, the relationship between the short-circuit capacity ratio at the integration point and the fault current flowing through the protection is investigated. Lastly, simulation results on PSCAD/EMTDC show that when the short-circuit capacity ratio at the integration point is superior to 11.72%, the instantaneous overcurrent protection (1st section) will mal-operate, and when the ratio surpasses 21.8%, the time-delay instantaneous overcurrent protection (2nd section) will mis-operate.

In this paper, a neutral file format-STEP (Stander for the Exchange of Product model data) is used to transfer geometrical data from Pro/E to virtual assembly environment. The method for determining interference between parts is introduced. Then, an assembly example is presented as the application of this method.