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The COVID-19 pandemic situation causes many people to be confined at home and triggers people to tend to spend more time accessing social media. Social media basically shows activities carried out by other people and this can trigger the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). The purpose of this study is to know the level of knowledge of the Indonesian society about the FoMO and how to overcome it in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is a type of descriptive survey study; it describes the level of society knowledge about FoMO through webinars during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample is 779 people who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was obtained through a google form which was distributed to webinar participants, then processed and described in the form of a distribution table of respondents along with the average post-test results on a scale of 7 and 100 for the age group. The collected data were 779 respondents from different age groups (12-55 years). All existing age groups can answer more than half of the questions correctly. The average of questions answered correctly was almost the same in all age groups, with the 41–45-year-old group being in the top position. The average post-test result from all age ranges was 69.57. The average level of society knowledge about the FoMO phenomenon and how to solve it through webinar in the COVID-19 pandemic which was known from the post-test scores did not show much different results between each age range. This shows that all age ranges have the same susceptibility to experiencing FoMO.

Introduction:Pandemic COVID-19 has led people to a new norm of spending most of their time at home. Regular direct physical social interactions become less common and replaced by interacting using social media. Method:This is study is a descriptive survey, describing society’s knowledge on the management of social media usage in COVID-19 Pandemic. 666 samples were gathered who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Google Form was spread amongst webinar participants, processed and distributed into tables, including average score based on age groups. Results:Majority of the participants (69.5%) achieved a score between 5-6 out of 7 questions that were given. Whilst, 0 participants received scores between 0 to 1. Results achieved by all age groups are almost similar, with age 36-40 appearing on top. Conclusion:Knowledge regarding social media usage management does not appear to be affected by the person’s age. This is because social media has been used by people of all ages, hence have almost similar knowledge regarding its usage.

Cesarean section has some risk of around 90% post operative morbidity caused by Surgical Site Infection. The use of prophylactic antibiotics is one of the prevention of surgical wound infections with a decrease of about 30-65%. This study will use a prospective and cross-sectional study design, to determine the relationship between the use of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics on the prevention of infection after cesarean section. The results is From 72 cesarean section patients, it can be concluded that the age group of most cesarean section patients in this study was the age group of 20-35 years. The highest BMI group in cesarean section patients was with BMI > 30 by 43.1%. The most indications for cesarean section patients are patients with a history of previous cesarean section with a total of 30 people. The most prophylactic antibiotic use was cefazolin as much as 95.8% The incidence of infection in patients using cefazolin prophylactic antibiotics was 3 patients out of 69 patients, while the incidence of infection who did not use cefazolin was 1 patient out of 3 patients. There is a relationship between the use of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics on the prevention of infection after cesarean section

[Bahasa]: Pandemi COVID-19 berdampak pada berbagai aspek, termasuk kesehatan mental mahasiswa. Berbagai studi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kejadian gangguan mental di masa pandemi. Gangguan mental terbanyak adalah depresi, kecemasan, dan stres. Pengetahuan kesehatan mental merupakan salah satu cara untuk menekan kejadian gangguan mental. Namun, data mengenai pengetahuan kesehatan mental terhadap gangguan mental pada mahasiswa masih terbatas. Oleh karenanya, peneliti mengadakan kegiatan edukasi melalui webinar daring untuk memberikan edukasi kesehatan mental yang mencakup penelitian untuk menganalisis tingkat pengetahuan kesehatan mental dan kejadian gangguan mental terbanyak, perbedaan keduanya berdasarkan aspek sosiodemografi, serta hubungan antara dua aspek tersebut pada mahasiswa di Indonesia selama pandemi. Data diolah menggunakan analitik komparatif dan korelasi dengan teknik pengambilan consecutive sampling. Respon diambil menggunakan kuesioner DASS-21 untuk mengetahui status psikologis responden dan 16 item pertanyaan yang telah diuji validitas dan reabilitas untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan responden. Sebanyak 265 responden didominasi oleh jenis kelamin perempuan (81,5%), berusia 15 – 19 tahun (57,4%), dan berasal dari Jawa (62,3%). Sebagian besar responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan depresi kurang (42,6%), kecemasan baik (61,9%), dan stres sangat baik (48,3%), dengan tingkat depresi normal (40,3%), kecemasan sedang (30,6%), dan stres sedang (27,2%). Hasil uji komparatif tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan pada variabel, kecuali tingkat pengetahuan kecemasan menurut kelompok usia (p=0,033). Uji korelasi Spearman Correlation menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan kesehatan mental terhadap tingkat depresi (p=0,250), kecemasan (p=0,819), dan stres (p=0,403). Kata Kunci: kesehatan mental, depresi, kecemasan, stres [English]: COVID-19 pandemic affects many aspects of human life, including college students’ mental health. Some studies showed increase on mental disorder in pandemic era. The most common mental disorders are depression, anxiety, and stress. Mental health knowledge is a means to suppress mental disorder. However, studies that concerned in mental health knowledge on mental disorder amongst college students are limited. Therefore, we held online webinar for mental health education, including a research aimed to analyze the most common mental health knowledge and disorder level, difference of both according to sociodemographic aspects, and correlation between those two aspects in college students during pandemic. All data was processed by using comparative and correlation statistical analytic with consecutive sampling. The instruments used were DASS-21 questionnaire to assess psychological status of respondents and another questionnaire with 16 items that had passed validity and reability tests to assess mental health knowledge. A total of 265 respondents were included, dominated by female (81.5%), aged 15 – 19 years old (57.4%), and from Java (62.3%). Most of respondents had less depression knowledge (42.6%), good anxiety knowledge (61.9%), very good stress knowledge (48.3%), normal depression level (40.3%), moderate anxiety (30.6%), and moderate stress (27.2%). The results of the comparative test show no significant difference on variables, except anxiety knowledge on age group (p=0.033). The result of Spearman Correlation show no correlation on mental health knowledge to depression level (p=0.250), anxiety level (p=0.819), and stress level (p=0.403). Keywords: mental health, depression, anxiety, stress

Safira Nur Izzah,1 Dimas Setyanto,1 Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah,2,3 Danti Nur Indiastuti,2,3 Zamal Nasution,4 Annette d’Arqom2,3 1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 2Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 3Airlangga Research Group for Translational Medicine and Therapeutic, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 4Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandCorrespondence: Annette d’ArqomDivision of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, 60131, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, IndonesiaEmail annette-d-a@fk.unair.ac.idPurpose: This study aimed to measure the attitudes of Indonesian medical doctors and students toward new technology in genome editing.Materials and Methods: Online questionnaires regarding attitudes toward genome editing on health and non-health conditions, both in somatic cells and embryo, were distributed through researcher networks, email and social media specific to medical doctors and students. The data of 1055 valid questionnaires were processed; descriptive and association analyses between sociodemographic factors and attitudes toward genome editing were performed. Email in-depth interview was performed to explore the respondents’ answers.Results: The results showed that Indonesian medical doctors’ and students’ knowledge of genome editing was limited and correlated with gender, place of residence, religion, education, marital status, childbearing and experience abroad. More than half of respondents supported genome editing for the treatment of fatal and debilitating diseases both in somatic cells and embryos, implying their consent to edited gene inheritance. However, this approval decreased when applied to non-health-related aspects, such as physical appearance, intelligence and strength. Factors affecting their attitudes toward genome editing included their status as medical doctors or students, gender, age, education, religion, economic status and place of residence.Conclusion: Increasing knowledge and awareness of Indonesian medical doctors and students regarding genome editing is important. Even though its application in health-related matter was supported by a majority of the respondents, discussion from ethical and religious perspectives is necessary to ensure the acceptance.Keywords: developing country, CRISPR/Cas, good health and well-being

PurposeThis study aimed to measure the effectiveness of online peer-group activism to promote thalassemia prevention among high school students of East Java Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachTwenty students were recruited as cadres and trained for thalassemia every weekend for four weeks, followed by creating health promotions via online media. The media was further disseminated among the students’ peer groups for a week. The respondent’s knowledge was measured before and after health promotion utilizing an online media mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative data using an online questionnaire and in-depth interviews for qualitative measurement. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using Graph Prism 5.00. Interview transcripts were analyzed to elaborate on the respondent’s understanding of thalassemia.FindingsThe respondents had good basic knowledge about thalassemia; however, it was not in-line with their understanding, which increased after the online health promotion activity. Therefore, this approach is useful for disseminating health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and can be implemented for broadening respondents.Originality/valueThis study showed the experience of online peer-group activism for thalassemia prevention in high school students. By empowering the peer group, health promotion is effective in increasing the knowledge and understanding of thalassemia. A similar approach can be proposed for other health issues.

Background: One of the most common health problems is infectious diseases. Infectious disease can be caused by bacteria. There were two groups of bacteria based on the staining, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Purpose: Antibiotics are the main therapy used in the incidence of bacterial infections. But over time, some antibiotics became resistance. Several studies have shown that garlic has an antibacterial effect. The content of allicin, ajoene, saponins, and flavonoids is found in garlic which has antibacterial properties. The antibiotic activity test of garlic was carried out on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The goal of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of Allium sativum L. extract against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Garlic extract was made using the maceration method using 96% alcohol as the solvent. Tube dilution method elected to observe garlic antibiotic activity. This test aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). There were eight different concentration used, i.e. 2 grams/ml, 1 gram/ml, 0.5 gram/ml, 0.25 gram/ml, 0.125 gram/ml, 0.0625 gram/ml, 0.03125 gram/ml, and 0.015625 gram/ml. Replication is done three times. Results: In this experiment, the extract produced was turbid that MIC could not be determined and there was no momentous differentiation between before and after treatment. There was no growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in 1 gram/ml and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.5 gram/ml. This number indicates the MBC for each bacteria. Conclusion: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has an effect of bactericidal activity, it can perform as an antibacterial for Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Garlic extract was more effective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Streptococcus pyogenes.

Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant experience that reduces a person's quality of life. Pain related complain can be treated by administering analgesic drugs. Several studies show that the availability of analgesics is still low, especially opioid analgesics. Dayak onion (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr.) are used by the Dayaks to relieve pain. Several empirical studies have shown that Dayak onion contain compounds including quercetin as a potential analgesic. This research aimed to investigate the potential analgesic effect of Dayak onion using hot plate method.Methods: The research was conducted experimentally on 36 BALB/c male mice which randomly divided into 6 different treatment groups of Dayak onion exctract, aspirin, codein and aquadest. Each group were thermally pain-induced for latency period measurement by the hot plate test method. Obtained data were processed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett test.Results: There was a difference in the latency period between the baseline response time and the response time after being treated in each group. ANOVA test results showed significant results (p

Background: Peripheral glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are altered by peripheral nerve injury and may modulate the development of neuropathic pain. Two central pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent neural plasticity in the spinal cord. Objectives: This study examined the effect of the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist dextromethorphan on partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL)-induced neuropathic pain and the spinal expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Methods: Male mice were randomly assigned into a sham group and two groups receiving PSL followed by intrathecal saline vehicle or dextromethorphan (iDMP). Vehicle or iDMP was administered 8 - 14 days after PSL. The hotplate paw-withdrawal latency was considered to measure thermal pain sensitivity. The spinal cord was then sectioned and immunostained for GR. Results: Thermal hyperalgesia developed similarly in the vehicle and iDMP groups prior to the injections (P = 0.828 and 0.643); however, it was completely mitigated during the iDMP treatment (P < 0.001). GR expression was significantly higher in the vehicle group (55.64 ± 4.50) than in the other groups (P < 0.001). The iDMP group (9.99 ± 0.66) showed significantly higher GR expression than the sham group (6.30 ± 1.96) (P = 0.043). Conclusions: The suppression of PLS-induced thermal hyperalgesia by iDMP is associated with the downregulation of GR in the spinal cord, suggesting that this analgesic effect is mediated by inhibiting GR-regulated neuroinflammation.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Acinetobacter baumannii merupakan salah satu penyebab dari infeksi bakteri di rumah sakit. Di seluruh dunia terdapat berbagai kasus yang mana bakteri tersebut memiliki resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian deskriptif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Acinetobacter baumannii terhadap antibiotik, khususnya dari golongan β-laktam dan golongan aminoglikosida. Data penelitian ini didapat dari buku log isolat bakteri di Instalasi Mikrobiologi Klinik RSUD Dr. Soetomo pada periode Januari 2016-Desember 2016. Didapatkan hasil dari 63 sampel Pseudomonas aeruginosa yaitu kelompok umur yang paling rentan terhadap infeksi adalah kelompok umur 0-5 tahun (38%) diikuti kelompok umur >45 tahun (23,8%). Serupa, hasil dari 164 sampel Acinetobacter baumannii yaitu kelompok umur yang paling rentan terhadap infeksi adalah kelompok umur 0-5 tahun (32,9%) diikuti kelompok umur >45 tahun (29,9%). Dibagi menurut jenis kelamin, sampel Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah 55,5% laki-laki dan 45,5% wanita. Untuk sampel Acinetobacter baumannii , 51,2% laki-laki dan 48,8% wanita. Pola resistensi dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa menunjukkan bahwa bakteri secara berurutan telah resisten terhadap ceftazidime (27,4%), gentamicin (24,1%), imipenem (14%), meropenem (11,7%), dan amikacin (4,9%). Sedangkan bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii sudah mengalami resistensi terhadap antibiotik ceftazidime (78,8%), gentamicin (70,1%), amikacin (51,2%), imipenem (49,3%), dan meropenem (48,1%). Kata kunci : Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Acinetobacter baumannii , resistensi, antibiotik Abstract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are one of the causes of bacterial infection in the hospital. All throughout the world there had been cases of which those bacterias have developed resistance to antibiotics. This descriptive study was aimed towards finding the resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii to antibiotics treatment, specifically from the β-lactam group and aminoglycoside group. Data was cited from the isolate logbook of the Department of Clinical Microbiology of Dr. Soetomo General and Teaching Hospital within January 2016 – December 2016. The results from 63 samples for Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the most susceptible age groups were within 0-5 years of age (38%) followed by age >45 years (23,8%). Whereas the results from 164 samples for Acinetobacter baumannii the most susceptible age groups were also within 5 years of age (32,9%) followed by age >45 years (29,9%). According to gender, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples were 55,5% male and 45,5% female. For Acinetobacter baumannii the samples were 51,2% male and 48,8% female. Resistance patterns showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to ceftazidime (27,4%), gentamicin (24,1%), imipenem (14%), meropenem (11,7%), and amikacin (4,9%). Acinetobacter baumannii was resistant to ceftazidime (78,8%), gentamicin (70,1%), amikacin (51,2%), imipenem (49,3%), and meropenem (48,1%),. In conclusion, both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii had shown resistance towards antibiotics, in particular towards ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, and amikacin. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Resistance, Antibiotics

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji efek analgesik ekstrak etanol Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. pada mencit yang diinduksi dengan asam asetat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperiment posttest only control design, menggunakan metode writhing test. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 25 mencit terbagi dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.; P1, P2, dan P3, dengan masing-masing dosis 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, kelompok kontrol negatif aquades (K-), serta kelompok kontrol positif aspirin (K+). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (P1) dan (P2) signifikan menurunkan jumlah geliat pada mencit dibandingkan (K-) (p < 0,05), dengan persentase penurunan jumlah geliat sebesar 49,53% dan 57,01%, sedangkan (P3) tidak menunjukkan aktivitas analgesik. Ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. dosis 100 mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap (K+) untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri.

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB) is a condition when Mycobacterium tuberculosis were resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampicin simultaneously, with or without being followed by other first-line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. Diabetic patients who also have TB are more susceptible to drug resistance. There is ample evidence noting that a history of previous TB treatment is one of the main factors contributing to the development of MDR TB. This study was a case-control study. The sample of this study was all patients from TB Polyclinic Dr. Soetomo Hospital who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB by pulmonologists on January 1, 2019 – December 31, 2020, who met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 application with a binary logistic regression test.There were 178 samples of this study. MDR TB (65.8%) was the dominant resistance type in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR TB) patients. Patients with DM were 2.2 times more likely to develop MDR TB than patients without DM. Patients with histories of previous tuberculosis (TB) treatment tended to be three times more likely to develop MDR TB than new patients. Other factors such as age, sex, BMI, history of alcohol consumption, and history of smoking did not show a significant relationship with the incidence of MDR TB. Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity and history of previous Tuberculosis treatment were significant risk factors for developing MDR TB.

Thalaasemia merupakan penyakit genetik yang menyebabkan penurunan atau ketiadaan hemoglobin, yang disebabkan oleh mutasi genetik pada gen α dan/atau gen β globin. Gejala utamanya adalah anemia yang bervariasi dari sedang hingga berat yang memerlukan transfusi rutin setiap bulan. Memutus mata rantai atau pencegahan thalassemia adalah satu-satunya cara dalam menangani penyakit genetik ini. Selain itu, karena perkawinan usia muda (10-24 tahun) merupakan hal yang umum di Indonesia, maka diperlukan edukasi mengenai pengenalan status dan risiko penyakit ini sejak usia dini, sebelum menikah, untuk menghentikan bayi baru lahir penderita thalassemia mayor. Mengatasi masalah di atas membutuhkan penyebaran informasi dan pelatihan yang berkelanjutan. Salah satunya adalah SAHABAT THALER, yaitu: gerakan kader mahasiswa yang paham dan siap menyebarkan ilmu ke lingkungan dan sesama. Memanfaatkan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seperti OSIS, PMR, Rohis, dll, diharapkan pengetahuan tentang Thalasemia dapat disebarluaskan secara efektif dan efisien, terutama kepada individu usia subur. Kegiatan inisiasi ini diawali dengan pelatihan online untuk 20 kader mahasiswa dan 1 dosen pembimbing. Pelatihan diberikan oleh para ahli Farmakologi Molekuler, Patologi Klinik, Psikiatri, dan orang tua penderita Thalassemia. Pelatihan tersebut meliputi mengenal dasar-dasar Thalassemia, terapi dan skrining Thalassemia, pentingnya donor darah, aspek psikososial Thalassemia, dan berbagi pengalaman orang tua penderita Thalassemia. Para kader kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok kecil dan dipandu oleh fasilitator untuk kemudian menonton film dokumenter tentang Thalassemia dan membuat proyek mandiri yang selanjutnya disebarluaskan kepada 83 rekan sejawat. Respon lengkap yang diterima berjumlah 17 dari 20 kader, dengan 35,29% responden pernah mendengar tentang Thalassemia dan tidak ada yang memiliki keluarga atau teman dengan Thalassamia. Namun mereka memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang Thalassemia sebelum pelatihan baik (rata-rata 90,16%, kisaran 66,67-100%) dan meningkat setelah pelatihan (rata-rata 91,67%, kisaran 83,33-100%). Usai pelatihan, empat produk yang terdiri dari dua video, satu Instagram, dan satu poster dibuat dan disebarluaskan kepada rekan sebaya. Pembinaan kader kelompok sebaya diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran penyakit genetik dan pentingnya skrining pranikah. Kata Kunci : kader SMU, Thalassemia, Teman Sebaya Abstract Thalassemia is a genetic disease that causes decreasing or absence of hemoglobin, caused by a genetic mutation in the alpha gene or/and beta-globin gene. The main symptom is anemia which varies from moderate to severe which requires regular transfusions every month. Breaking the chain of Thalassemia or prevention is the only way in dealing with this genetic disease. Moreover, since young marriage (10-24 years) is common in Indonesia, education is needed regarding the recognition of the status and risk of this disease from an early age, before marriage, to stop the newborn with Thalassemia major. Addressing the above problems requires continuous information dissemination and training. One of these efforts is SAHABAT THALER, which is the movement of student cadres who understand and are ready to spread knowledge to the environment and peers. Taking advantage of extracurricular activities, knowledge of Thalassemia is expected to be effectively and efficiently disseminated, especially to individuals of childbearing age. This initiation activity began with online training for 20 student cadres and 1 supervisor. Training is provided by experts in Molecular Pharmacology, Clinical Pathology, Psychiatry, and parents of Thalassemia patients. The training includes getting to know the basics of Thalassemia, therapy, and screening for Thalassemia, the importance of blood donation, psychosocial aspects of Thalassemia, and sharing experiences of parents with Thalassemia. The cadres were then divided into 4 small groups and guided by the facilitator to then watch a documentary film about Thalassemia and create an independent project which was further disseminated to 83 peers. From 20 cadres, 17 complete response was received. From the response, 35.29% ever hear about Thalassemia and no one has family or friends with Thalassemia. However, they have a good knowledge of Thalassemia before the training is good (mean 90.16%, range 66.67-100%) and increase after the training (mean 91.67%, range 83.33-100%). After the training, four products which are two videos, one Instagram, and one poster were created and disseminated to the peers. The development of peer group cadres is necessary to increase the awareness of the genetic disease and the importance of pre-marital screening. Keyword : High School cadre, Peers, Thalassemia

Introduction: Pain signals tissue damage that is capable of reducing thequality of life. Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are known as effective analgesic drugs which have various side effects, therefore natural minerals are used as an alternative medicine for pain and inflammation, one of which is known to be coconut water. Hence this research was conducted to find out the differences of the analgesic effect between young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) with non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAID on mice induced with pain from acetic acid 0.6% 1 ml/100gBW of mice.Methods: True experimental, conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory in Faculty of Medicine of Airlangga University involving the sample of 48 mice (6 groups). The recorded data was tested using the oneway ANOVA methodology before then continued with the posthoc test of LSD.Results: The addition of young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) with the dosage of 3 ml/100gBW, 4 ml/100gBW, and 4.5 ml/100gBW of mice doesn't give any significant analgesic effect even though the analgesic protection percentage increases accordingly to its dosage (12.32%, 18.72%, 26.88%), but non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAID give significant analgesic effect (p

Staphylococcus aureus is one of major pathogens causing serious infection. Penicillin antibiotic is one of therapies against Staphylococcus infection. However, inadequate and irrational use of antibiotic causes resistance and emerges incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herbal medicine from pineapple core extract is hopefully can reduce the incidence of antibiotics resistance. This research was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of pineapple core extract against MRSA. This research is true experimental with post-test controlled group design. Pineapple core was extracted by maceration method. Ethanol extract of pineapple core is dissolved with sterilized water and obtained concentration of 750, 500, 250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth dilution test with five replications. Vancomycin was used as control group. MIC was observed visually by comparing turbidity of solutions after incubation at 37 o C for 24 hours. Then these solutions were cultured on nutrient agar plates at 37 o C for 24 hours. MBC was observed visually by inspecting the presence of bacterial colonies growth. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) could not be determined due to no turbidity changes. Vancomycin cannot be used for determining MIC. Cultures on nutrient agar plates had no colonies growth in concentrations of 750 and 500 mg/ml. Thus, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was 500 mg/ml. Pineapple core extract contains bromelain, flavonoid, saponin, and tanin, which have antibacterial effect. In summary, pineapple core extract has antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MBC of 500 mg/ml.

Introduction: Pain causes deterioration of quality of life. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is used to relieve pain with upper gastrointestinal side effects. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (known as bangle) is commonly used to relieve pain, but no study has been proved to have analgesic effect. In empirical study, bangle is a potential analgesic due to its bioactive compound named zerumbone. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of bangle rhizome ethanol extraction on thermally induced pain.Methods: Five groups of male Mus musculus consisting of 6 mice each were used. A single dose of bangle extract 2 mg/20 g, 4 mg/20 g, 8 mg/20 g, aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g, and aquadest 0.2 ml were administrated. The analgesic effect was evaluated by hot plate test. The test was evaluated at 15th, 30th, 45th minute. Latency period was observed when mice showed pain responses including hind paw shaking, hind paw licking or jumping. The data was analyzed by paired T-test and one-way ANOVA.Results: Results showed that all doses of bangle extract and aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g produced significant latency period (p0.05).Conclusion: Bangle extract has analgesic effect on thermally induced pain. The minimum dose for analgesic is 2 mg/20 g or potentially less.

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacterial infections may cause poor manifestations and even increase patients’ morbidity and mortality. The use of antibiotics in the management of infections remains the main therapy. However, ever-increasing antibacterial resistance has prompted researchers to find the solution. This study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of red coconut coir (Cocos nucifera L. var rubescens) in various concentrations and linezolid 10 µ/ml on the growth of MRSA bacteria in vitro.Methods: The antibacterial activity test method was well-diffusion test. Bacteria was plated in mueller hinton agar for 24 hours at 37oC. The treatment groups were red coconut coir extract and its combination with linezolid 10 µg/ml. The well-diffusion test results were statistically analyzed with the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests.Results: Mean inhibitory zone diameter formed in the C. nucifera L. var rubescens extract test in various concentrations was 12.5 ± 0.36 - 16.2 ± 0.79 mm, while its combination with 10 µg/ml linezolid produced mean inhibitory zone of 15.1 ± 1.31-18.4 ± 0.46 mm. There was a significant difference between groups (p