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The outstanding biodiversity of the Guiana Shield has raised many questions about its origins and evolution. Frogs of the genera Adelastes, Otophryne and Synapturanus form an ancient lineage distributed mostly across this region. These genera display strikingly disparate morphologies and life-history traits. Notably, Synapturanus is conspicuously adapted to fossoriality and is the only genus within this group to have dispersed further into Amazonia. Moreover, morphological differences among Synapturanus species suggest different degrees of fossoriality that might be linked to their biogeographical history. Through integrative analysis of genetic, morphometric and acoustic data, we delimited 25 species in this clade, representing a fourfold increase. We found that the entire clade started to diversify ~55 Mya and Synapturanus ~30 Mya. Members of this genus probably dispersed three times out of the Guiana Shield both before and after the Pebas system, a wetland ecosystem occupying most of Western Amazonia during the Miocene. Using a three-dimensional osteological dataset, we characterized a high morphological disparity across the three genera. Within Synapturanus, we further characterized distinct phenotypes that emerged concomitantly with dispersals during the Miocene and possibly represent adaptations to different habitats, such as soils with different physical properties., Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq #140716/2016-5; 305535/2017-0; PQ 302501/2019-3; PQ 303070/2017-0

The genus Phrynomedusa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923 comprises rare and little known phyllomedusid species from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Phrynomedusa appendiculata (Lutz, 1925) is known from three localities since its description and considered a “lost species” because it was last sighted 51 years ago. This pervasive lack of knowledge raised a significant concern about its threat status. Here, we present the rediscovery of P. appendiculata from a breeding population in the Atlantic Plateau forests of the state of São Paulo. This new record allowed the gathering of novel ecological, acoustic and morphological data for this species. Most of the novel data agreed with the variation historically reported for the species, but we found subtle divergences that we interpret as intraspecific variation. Moreover, this record also allowed a reassessment of geographic distribution of the species, and the first inference of its phylogenetic relationships based on molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA). The resulting phylogeny corroborated the generic placement and evolutionary distinctiveness of P. appendiculata, evidencing the species as sister to the clade P. marginata + P. dryade. Based on novel and historical data, we discuss some putative factors influencing the rarity of P. appendiculata and its congeners, and provide conservation perspectives. We expect that the novel data can support further assessments of threat status for this rare species, as well as initiatives aiming its conservation.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 A large proportion of the biodiversity of Amazonia, one of the most diverse rainforest areas in the world, is yet to be formally described. One such case is the Neotropical frog genus Adenomera. We here evaluate the species richness and historical biogeography of the Adenomera heyeri clade by integrating molecular phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses with morphological and acoustic data. Our results uncovered ten new candidate species with interfluve-associated distributions across Amazonia. In this study, six of these are formally named and described. The new species partly correspond to previously identified candidate lineages 'sp. F' and 'sp. G' and also to previously unreported lineages. Because of their rarity and unequal sampling effort of the A. heyeri clade across Amazonia, conservation assessments for the six newly described species are still premature. Regarding the biogeography of the A. heyeri clade, our data support a northern Amazonian origin with two independent dispersals into the South American Dry Diagonal. Although riverine barriers have a relevant role as environmental filters by isolating lineages in interfluves, dispersal rather than vicariance must have played a central role in the diversification of this frog clade. Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific (UOP) Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Ecosfera Consultoria e Pesquisa em Meio Ambiente Ltda. Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense (UENF) Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

The Amazon basin region, which harbors the largest river system in the world, and which is drained by the Amazon River, has experienced several geomorphological and climatic changes over time. These shifts, as we know, led to distinct signatures in the abiotic variables and the diversification patterns of its native biota. One excellent and yet still understudied model system for biogeographic studies relating biotic diversification to landscape evolution in this region is the Tapajos River basin. Located in an ecotonal zone marked by the presence of geomorphological, climatic and biotic gradients, the basin is crossed by the geographical barrier determined by the Tapajos River, one of the large southern tributaries of the Amazon River. The basin is also marked by high diversity of amphibians and reptiles, with distinct assemblages across its extent and riverbanks. We compare the landscape dynamics within the middle Tapajos River region and the whole basin with a comparison of molecular diversification patterns across 16 taxa of amphibians and lizards. For that, we analyze spatial and temporal congruence in diversification through Bayesian gene trees, inter-bank genetic p-distances, and molecular dating based on novel mtDNA data. We find that most groups present spatial diversification patterns concordant with the current position of the Tapajos River, showing high genetic distance between banks. We recovered a continuous range of riverine-associated divergence times, which we group in three main time periods for discussion purposes: (1) ancient divergences, dating from the middle Miocene (ca. 10 Ma); (2) divergences in the late Miocene-Pliocene (ca. 5–3.5 Ma), and (3) more recent divergences, dating to Pleistocene (ca. 2–1 Ma). These results are consistent with a hypothesis of high landscape dynamism in the Tapajos River basin over time, leading to multiple vicariance or colonization events, but cannot be used to discard alternative hypotheses, such as that the river or basin represent areas of secondary contact only. Based on literature and new molecular data, we discuss the evolution of the landscape of the Tapajos River basin and its impact on the diversification of different taxonomic and functional groups.

The small nurse frogs of the genus Allobates (Anura, Aromobatidae) represent one of the most challenging taxonomic issues of the Neotropics. During several amphibian surveys in the Middle Tapajós River region, state of Pará, Brazil, we collected phenotypic, ecological, and molecular data on species of this genus, leading to the identification of a new species included in the Allobates masniger-nidicola complex. The new species is characterized by a large body size (snout-vent length 19.2–21.7 mm in males and 19.3–22.0 mm in females), finger III not swollen in adult males; cryptic external coloration, with dorsum uniformly ochre; a dark brown lateral stripe and a pale cream ventrolateral stripe; limbs ranging from ochre to orange; throat and chest violaceous in males and yellowish in females. The advertisement call is usually arranged in bouts of four closely spaced notes, which we term 4-pulsed units of repetition (UR), 0.317 s long on average, followed by silent intervals, and an average dominant frequency of 4.163 kHz. The new species also has exotrophic tadpoles with a unique fin morphology, which begins after the body-tail insertion and is deeper posteriorly to half of the caudal length. Sequencing of the 16S and COI regions of the mitochondrial DNA show a genetic p-distance of approximately 6–10% compared to closely related congeners. We discuss the biogeography of the new species based on phylogenetic relationships of the species within the Allobates masniger-nidicola complex and the allopatric geographic distribution in relation to sister taxa. Functional characteristics and geographic restrictions make this species particularly sensitive to the increasing human impact in eastern Amazonia.

Aim Our aim was to investigate how the distance to water (flooding gradients) and riverine barriers (Tapajos and Jamanxim rivers) influence the distributional patterns of amphibian and squamate assemblages in the middle Tapajos River region, south-eastern Amazonia. We also considered the planned hydroelectric dams on both rivers in reviewing the possible impacts of these factors on the amphibian and squamate assemblages. Location Middle Tapajos River system, south-eastern Amazonia. Methods We conducted diurnal and nocturnal surveys combining pitfall traps and active searches along both banks of the Tapajos and Jamanxim rivers. We identified specimens using an integrative morphological, acoustic, ecological and molecular approach and evaluated the influence of riverine barriers and distance to water using uni- and multivariate ordinations, regressions and ANOVA. Results We found changes in species composition for both groups along the flooding gradient and differential riverine barrier effects. The rivers restricted the distribution of 33% of the amphibian species and 8% of the squamates. For amphibians, the main distributional barrier was the Tapajos River, while for squamates both rivers were of similar importance. The assemblages most affected by riverine barriers were non-riparian amphibians and squamates, as well as riparian amphibians associated with small streams. The functional groups most affected were small, diurnal terrestrial amphibians and small–medium, diurnal partly tree-dwelling squamates. Main conclusions The Tapajos River is a distributional boundary for lineages centred in western and eastern Amazonia. The fact that many taxa occur on both banks suggests that the Tapajos is a recent or semi-permeable barrier, while the Jamanxim is an even more recent or weaker barrier. Anthropogenic activities that affect water level, flooding cycles and river flow may influence these natural patterns and cause changes to the equilibrium of the riverine barrier effect. Studies seeking to identify these influences should focus on the most affected functional groups.

We report new occurrence of Cruziohyla craspedopus (Funkhouser, 1957) in the eastern Amazon Rainforest. This is only the second record from the state of Pará, Brazil and represents the easternmost known point of this species’ range. © 2017 Check List and Authors.

The study objectives were to characterize the morphology of the parasitic forms and describe the prevalence and intensity of Haemogregarina spp. in a population of the turtle Podocnemis unifilis as well as to examine the relationships between parasitism and turtle variables such as gender, size, and weight. Samples were taken in the Tapajos and Jamanxim rivers, Itaituba, Para state, Brazil. Blood was collected from the tail vein of 72 P. unifilis specimens, including 35 males, 36 females, and one unsexed juvenile. The prevalence of Haemogregarina spp. was 98 % (n = 71). The mean parasite intensity of Haemogregarina spp. was 118 (1–582) parasites/2000 blood cells (6 %). There was no significant difference in the mean parasite intensity between male (137.68 ± 121.8, n = 35) and female turtles (101.42 ± 123.59, n = 35). There was no relationship between parasite intensity and carapace length. Although the relationship between parasite intensity and host body weight was significant, the relationship was weak. This is the first study on Haemogregarina parasitism with a relatively high number of turtles in Brazil.

This paper presents a review of the geographical distribution of Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885), based on data from literature, scientific collections, and field notes. Our reviewing significantly enlarges the distribution of the species within the Brazilian territory, with new records for the states of Bahia, Maranhão, and Tocantins. Among all species of the genus, C. albopunctata can be considered the one with the widest latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, as well as greater environmental plasticity.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) IBAMA A new genus and species of microteiid lizard is described based on a series of specimens obtained at Parque Nacional do Caparao (20 degrees 28'S, 41 degrees 49'W), southeastern Brazil, along the division line between the States of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo. The new lizard occurs in isolated high-altitude, open, rocky habitats above the altitudinal lit-nits of the Atlantic forest. It is characterized by the presence of prefrontals, frontoparietals, parietals, interparietal, and occipital scales; ear opening and eyelid distinct; three pairs of genials; absence of collar; lanceolate and mucronate dorsal scales; six regular transverse and longitudinal series of smooth ventrals that are longer than wide, with the lateral ones narrower. Maximum parsimony (MP) and partitioned Bayesian (PBA) phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular characters with all known genera of Gymnophthalminae (except for Scriptosaura) Plus Rhachisaurus recovered this new lizard in a clade having Colobodactylus and Heterodactylus as its closest relatives. Both analyses recovered the monophyly of Gymnophthalminae and Gymnophthalmini. The monophyly of the Heterodactylini received moderate support in MP analyses but was not recovered in PBA. To eliminate classification controversy between these results, the present concept of Heterodactylini is restricted to accommodate the new genus, Colobodactylus and Heterodactylus, and a new tribe Iphisiini is proposed to allocate Alexandresaurus, Iphisa, Colobosaura, Acratosaura, and Stenolepis. Current phylogenetic knowledge of Gymnophthalminae suggests that fossoriality and increase of body elongation arose as adaptive responses to avoid extreme surface temperatures, either cold or hot, depending on circumstances. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Vertebrate Zool Herpetol, New York, NY 10024 USA Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-05422970 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, Diadema, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, Diadema, SP, Brazil IBAMA: 094/2004 IBAMA: 185/2005 IBAMA: 238/2006 Web of Science

Brachycephalus hermogenesi is an endemic leaf litter inhabitant of the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil, whose original distribution included a restricted area near the boundaries of the States of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. We were surprised to find out, while conducting herpetofaunal surveys at Estacao Biologica de Boraceia (EBB), that the background forest insect–like sound we have been searching for corresponded to calling individuals of the species. Males call during the day at high densities, hidden under the leaf litter. Individuals do not answer playback, seem to move very infrequently, and seem to ignore nearby calling activity. We gathered data on annual and daily vocal activity of the species at EBB, observing a total of 1,549 calls given by 31 focal individuals in November 2003 and 2005. The call varies from short single note calls to calls composed of groups of two to seven similar notes emitted at regular intervals. We also extend the known distribution of the species southw...

Two new species of Bachia of the bresslaui group are described from the central Brazilian Cerrados, state of Tocantins. The two species are most similar to Bachia bresslaui and Bachia cacerensis from which they differ in limb morphology and head scalation. In both, the snout is more prominent than that of previously known species, suggesting more pronounced adaptations to fossoriality. One of the new species has stiliform forelimbs and four clawed short toes in the hind limb, an opposite pattern to the condition observed in the genus where limb reduction is more pronounced in hind limbs. The two new species were obtained in relictual sandy soil areas covered by semidecidual or open dry forest vegetation. Considering the relictual condition of these sandy areas, the possible endemism to those areas, and the high level of disturbance of the Cerrados, we strongly suggest that these areas should be the target of special conservation efforts.

A herpetofauna do Cerrado foi investigada ao longo de extensa área da bacia do rio Tocantins de três formas distintas e complementares. Primeiro, uma amostragem rápida realizada em 11 áreas situadas entre o Planalto Central em Goiás e o norte da depressão do Tocantins na divisa dos estados de Tocantins e Maranhão obteve dados menos completos, porém em toda a extensão estudada. Segundo, na parte central da área a UHE LEM, foi intensamente amostrada, obtendo-se uma lista completa de espécies para a área e dados sobre sua distribuição na paisagem. As informações reunidas também permitiram identificar alguns dos impactos causados pelo empreendimento. Terceiro, nesta área, seis pontos foram amostrados bimestralmente ao longo de três anos, permitindo obter informações mais finas sobre o efeito do habitat, da sazonalidade e do deslocamento da fauna pelo enchimento do reservatório nas assembléias de anuros e lagartos. Os dendrogramas construídos com índices de similaridade de Jaccard entre áreas do Cerrado e de outras paisagens neotropicais adjacentes relativamente bem amostradas indica que a fauna de serpentes, lagartos e anuros do Cerrado forma um grupo em relação outras paisagens, subdivido em dois grupos. Um deles está asssociado às depressões de baixa altitude, o outro aos planaltos centrais ou meridionais. No norte do Cerrado a riqueza de espécies é maior, ocorrendo espécies compartilhadas com a Amazônia ou com a Caatinga. No sul, ocorrem espécies com distribuição meridional. O número de espécies geralmente aumenta das áreas meridionais mais áridas para as áreas mais chuvosas próximas ao Equador. Os grupos aquáticos, fossoriais e arborícolas são especialmente mais diversos nas áreas equatoriais. O Cerrado da Depressão do Tocantins é, após as áreas Amazônicas, geralmente a área mais rica em espécies. Lagartos de alta temperatura corporal são mais freqüentes nos cerrados abertos situados nos interflúvios; espécies mais sensíveis a desidratação e de menor temperatura corporal ocorrem nas florestas de fundo de vale. No baixo curso dos rios, nas planícies aluviais e terraços registraram-se abundâncias elevadas de anuros de reprodução aquática, que usam habitats abertos ou florestados. Nas áreas de relevo mais encaixado das cabeceiras estes espécies são menos freqüentes. Os lagartos são menos afetados pelas sazonalidade climática que os anuros. Na estação chuvosa, especialmente em dezembro, ocorreram picos de freqüência de ocorrência, de atividade e maior riqueza de anuros. A reprodução e os nascimentos ocorrem concentrados na estação chuvosa na maioria das espécies, mas esta é especialmente mais concentrada nesta época nos anuros. A diferenciação filogenética dos nichos termo-hídricos das espécies de anuros e lagartos nas assembléias permite a partilha de recursos no tempo e no espaço. Os nichos termo-hídricos das espécies variam entre espécies com maior temperatura corporal e resistência elevada à desidratação e espécies com menor temperatura corporal e baixa resistência a desidratação. A organização espaço temporal das assembléias é fortemente influenciada pela distribuição dos recursos termo-hídricos (microhabitats e microclimas) e pelos fatores que determinam esta distribuição: as interações entre perfis topográficos, o embasamento geológico e a sazonalidade climática. A temperatura e a pluviosidade determinam a organização das assembléias e a distribuição geográfica das espécies. As variações históricas da temperatura podem influenciar a diferenciação das espécies tanto quanto as variações de pluviosidade. O enchimento do reservatório causou a perda de populações de muitas espécies, mas os efeitos foram especialmente graves sobre as espécies de distribuição restrita ou que ocorriam em densidades elevadas em ambientes exclusivos da área inundada. Também houve fragmentação de habitats e alteração dos regimes fluviais a jusante, afetando os habitats inundáveis a jusante. O represamento também impede o transporte de animais em balsas de vegetação pelo rio, interrompendo o provável fluxo gênico entre as margens e rio abaixo. Nas comunidades da margem do reservatório o efeito principal do enchimento foi um aumento extraordinário da freqüência de Chaunus gr. granulosus e Physalaemus centralis nos meses de dezembro. No cerrado, o aumento das freqüências de várias espécies de anuros, principalmente Chaunus gr. granulosus ocorreu logo após o inicio do enchimento. Na floresta o grande aumento de freqüência de Physalaemus centralis ocorreu na próxima estação chuvosa, quando houve também uma redução dos lagartos. Nos estudos de impacto ambiental realizados em 1998 uma parcela pequena da diversidade foi registrada. Um esforço muito maior é necessário para diagnosticar os impactos de um empreendimento do porte da UHE LEM. O estudo dos impactos ambientais é fundamental para permitir desenvolver procedimentos menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, mas também é uma estratégia para investigar como as condições ambientais influenciam a organização das comunidades biológicas. The Cerrado herpetofauna was studied along the basin of the Tocantins river using three distinct and complementary approaches. First, a fast sampling scheme, covering all the studied area, was conducted in 11 sites between the Central Plateau, in the state of Goiás, and the northern portion of the Tocantins depression, at the border of the states of Tocantins and Maranhão. Second, the central portion of the studied area, the UHE LEM, was intensively sampled, resulting in a complete list of species for this area and data about their distribution in the landscape in a way that allowed the identification of some of the impacts caused by the construction of the dam. Third, six sites were sampled in two months intervals during three years, providing accurate information about the effects of habitat, seasonality, and of the movement of the fauna in response to the filling of the lake on the anuran and lizard assemblages. The comparisons among Cerrado sites and sites in other adjacent Neotropical landscapes that have been relatively well sampled, based on Jaccard similarity indices, indicate that the Cerrado snakes, lizards and anurans constitute a distinct group relative to the other landscapes. The Cerrado group can be further subdivided in two groups: one associated to the depressions in low altitude, and the other associated to the central or southern plateaus. In northern Cerrado, species richness is greater, and some species are shared with Amazonia or with Caatinga. The number of species generally increases from the more arid, southern areas to the more humid areas close to the Equator. The aquatic, fossorial, and arboreal groups are specially more diverse in the Equatorial areas. The Cerrado of the Tocantins Depression is, after the Amazonian areas, the area with larger species richness. Lizards with high body temperature are more common in the open cerrados located in the interfluvia; species that are more susceptible to dehydration and with lower body temperature occur in the forests at the bottom of the valleys. In the lower portion of the rivers, at the alluvial plains and terraces, there was a high abundance of anurans with aquatic reproduction, occurring in open or forested habitats. In the headwater regions, were the relief is more steep, these species are less common. Lizards are less affected by climatic seasonality than anurans. In the rainy season, specially in December, there were peaks in the frequency of occurrence, activity and richness of anurans. Reproduction is concentrated in the rainy season for most species, but specially for the anurans. The phylogenetic differentiation of the thermo-hydric 329 niches of the anuran and lizard species in the assemblages allows for the partitioning of the resources in time and space. The thermo-hydric niches vary between species with larger body temperature and less susceptibility to dehydration, and species with smaller body temperature, and more prone to dehydration. The spatial and temporal organization of the assemblages is highly influenced by the distribution of the thermohydric resources (microhabitats and microclimates) and by the factors that determine this distribution: the interactions among topography, geology, and seasonality. Temperature and pluviosity determine the organization of the assemblages and the geographic distribution of the species. Historical variations in both temperature and pluviosity may influence the differentiation of species. The filling of the lake caused the loss of populations of many species, but the effects were specially important on species with restricted distributions or that occurred in high densities in habitats that were exclusive of the flooded area. There was also fragmentation of habitats and alterations in the fluvial regimen upriver, affecting the seasonally flooded habitats in this region. The lake also restricts the movement of animals on top of vegetation fragments that are carried by the river, interrupting a possible gene flow between the opposite margins and to the regions downriver. In the communities at the margins of the lake, the main effect of the lake formation was a high increase in the frequency of Chaunus gr. granulosus and Physalaemus centralis in the month of December. In the cerrado, the increase in frequency of several anuran species, mainly Chaunus gr. granulosus, occurred closely after the formation of the lake. In the forest, the high increase in frequency of Physalaemus centralis happened in the next rainy season, when a reduction in the frequency of lizards was also observed. In the Environmental Impact studies conducted in 1998, a small portion of the diversity was recorded. A larger effort is necessary to diagnose the impacts of such a large dam as was UHE LEM. The study of environmental impacts is of fundamental importance to allow the development of techniques that cause less harm to the environment, but is also a strategy to investigate how the environmental conditions influence the organization of biological communities.

A new genus and species of microteiid lizard is described from a series of specimens obtained in the leaf litter at Una (15u109S, 39u039W) in the Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. It is characterized by the presence of prefrontals, frontoparietals, parietals, and interparietal; parietals longer than wide; distinct ear openings and eyelids; two pairs of genials, absence of collar and occipital scales; dorsal scales anteriorly smooth and becoming gradually lanceolate and mucronate posterior to the forelimb; and four regular transverse series of smooth ventrals that are longer than wide, identical in size. A phylogenetic analysis based on external morphology, osteology, and molecular data confirms this new lizard as a member of the Heterodactylini radiation of Gymnophthalminae. The topology recovered by maximum parsimony (MP) analyses reveals that its closest relatives are the sister taxa Colobosaura modesta and Iphisa elegans (BS 5, 50%

Among a series of eight specimens of Anolis phyllorhinus obtained in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, one was determined to be the first female known for the species and the first so far reported for proboscid anoles. The female lacks the characteristic male proboscis and, excepting a few consistent differences, is morphologically similar to females of Anolis punctatus, a species closely related and broadly sympatric with A. phyllorhinus. Males and females of the new series are described and new data on their ecology and behavior presented. The new data are consistent with the hypotheses that the male proboscis probably evolved as a sexual signal and that visual signals for intra and interspecific recognition are redundant in anoles.Em uma série de 8 exemplares de Anolis phyllorhinus coletados em Aripuanã, no norte do estado de Mato Grosso encontra-se a primeira fêmea da espécie, que também vem a ser a primeira fêmea conhecida para os anolis dotados de apêndice nasal. A fêmea não apresenta a probóscide característica dos machos e, exceto por pequenas diferenças, embora consistentes, é morfologicamente muito semelhante às fêmeas de Anolis punctatus, espécie relacionada e amplamente simpátrica com Anolis phyllorhinus. Descrevem-se os machos e a fêmea da nova série, acrescidos de informações obtidas no campo sobre sua ecologia e comportamento. Os novos dados, concordam com hipóteses anteriores sugerindo que a probóscide do macho possívelmente evoluiu como um sinal sexual e que os sinais visuais para reconhecimento intra e interespecífico são redundantes no gênero Anolis.