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Résumé : Cet article nous permet de montrer que le discours commercial en pratique est indissociable de la culture. Qu’en est-il alors du cas de la Côte d’Ivoire où ce discours s’adresse à une population caractérisée par une hétérogénéité socio-culturelle, sociolinguistique et socio-économique ? Cette recherche est basée sur l’analyse des discours des vendeurs de médicaments recueillis dans le transport en Côte d’Ivoire puis transcrits selon la méthode phonétique de Marion Sandre, plus particulièrement la transcription orthographique qui est le fait de transformer un document oral en un document écrit. Elle utilise les codes orthographiques de l’écriture pour la transcription et ne tient pas compte des particularités de l’oral. Elle « porte sur le dire et non sur la manière de dire ». Cette forme de transcription est recommandée dans le cadre linguistique puisque les ratés de la parole sont éliminés, les erreurs sont corrigées pour donner aux propos une tournure normative. L’intonation, la syntaxe nous ont permis de ponctuer les phrases. Seuls quelques rares aménagements ont été faits lors de la transcription. Ceci lui confère un caractère descriptif plutôt que normatif. C’est une description fidèle car elle prend en compte toutes les spécificités de l’oral à savoir les hésitations, les répétitions. Quoique long et méticuleux, ce type de transcription « réduit l’écart entre les données primaires et la transcription ». Les résultats montrent que le »nouchi » permet de véhiculer facilement les messages dans le discours commercial en Côte d’Ivoire. Mots-clés : Argot, Linguistique, Discours

Introduction Service delivery networks, also called healthcare providers networks (HCPNs) have been used to address health inequities and promote universal healthcare (UHC). This study described the effect of instituting a mixed HCPN (partnership of public health facilities with a private pharmacy) on the provision of medications in the rural primary care pilot site of the Philippine Primary Care Studies (PPCS).Methods This is a case study of the mixed HCPN in the PPCS rural site. A mixed HCPN involving one private pharmacy was instituted to increase the supply of drugs. The total number of medications prescribed per month from April 2019 to October 2021, and the number of medications dispensed from the public sector (rural health unit or RHU) and from the partner private pharmacy in the same time period were obtained.Results Of the 101 031 medications prescribed in the first year (April 2019 to March 2020), 21.7% were dispensed at the RHU and 66.7% were dispensed in the partner private pharmacy. The remaining 11.5% were unrendered or dispensed in other private pharmacies. Of the 35 408 medications prescribed in the second year (April 2020 to March 2021), 5.6% were dispensed at the RHU and 32.2% were dispensed at the partner private pharmacy. Majority (62.1%) were unrendered or dispensed in other private pharmacies. From April to October 2021, of the 6448 medications prescribed, 2.3% were dispensed at the RHU, and 47.3% were dispensed at the partner private pharmacy. Majority (50.3%) were unrendered or dispensed in other private pharmacies.Conclusion Creation of a mixed HCPN in a rural primary care site augmented access to essential medications. The mixed HCPN model in the study showed potential in strengthening access to consultations and medications in a rural community. Improving essential primary care services can facilitate implementation of UHC in the Philippines.

Objectives This study explored attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control of participants across urban, rural and remote settings and examined intention-to-use telemedicine (defined in this study as remote patient–clinician consultations) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods This is a cross-sectional study. 12 focus group discussions were conducted with 60 diverse telemedicine user and non-user participants across 3 study settings. Analysis of responses was done to understand the attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control of participants. This explored the relationship between the aforementioned factors and intention to use.Results Both users and non-users of telemedicine relayed that the benefits of telemedicine include protection from COVID-19 exposure, decreased out-of-pocket expenses and better work–life balance. Both groups also relayed perceived barriers to telemedicine. Users from the urban site relayed that the lack of preferred physicians discouraged use. Users from the rural and remote sites were concerned about spending on resources (ie, compatible smartphones) to access telemedicine. Non-users from all three sites mentioned that they would not try telemedicine if they felt overwhelmed prior to access.Discussion First-hand experiences, peer promotions, and maximising resource support instil hope that telemedicine can help people gain more access to healthcare. However, utilisation will remain low if patients feel overwhelmed by the behavioural modifications and material resources needed to access telemedicine. Boosting infrastructure must come with improving confidence and trust among people.Conclusion Sustainable access beyond the pandemic requires an understanding of factors that prevent usage. Sufficient investment in infrastructure and other related resources is needed if telemedicine will be used to address inequities in healthcare access, especially in rural and remote areas.

Introduction: Clinical practice education is an important curriculum in developing physiotherapy students to professionals. This curriculum is largely dependent on clinical educators. Although traits of effective clinical educators had been studied in Western population, it was unclear if the Asian population would yield similar traits. Hence, we studied perspectives of students and academic educators to identify top five core traits of an effective clinical educator. The findings will then help guide policy development for clinical educator training and development. Methods: A survey was circulated to physiotherapy students and academic educators through convenience sampling. We studied 16 traits – enthusiasm, availability, clarity, clinical competence / knowledge, feedback skills, organisational skills, professionalism, well prepared, scholarly activity, non-judgemental, respect students’ autonomy / independence, sincerity, listening skills, evidence-based practice, role model, and awareness of students’ learning needs. Results: The top five traits identified by students and academic educators were similar in four traits – clinical competency / knowledge, clarity, feedback skills, and enthusiasm, and differed in the choice of “non-judgemental” by students and “awareness of students’ learning needs” by academic educators. Interestingly, when the top six traits were considered instead of five, students and academic educators identified the same traits but in different ranked orders. Conclusion: The study found six common core traits of an effective clinical educator from the perspectives of students and academic educators. Continuing education development for clinical educators should focus on these six traits prior to other 10 sub-traits.

Abstract With resistance to most antimalarials increasing, it is imperative that new drugs are developed. We previously identified an aryl acetamide compound, MMV006833 (M-833), that inhibited the ring-stage development of newly invaded merozoites. Here, we select parasites resistant to M-833 and identify mutations in the START lipid transfer protein (PF3D7_0104200, PfSTART1). Introducing PfSTART1 mutations into wildtype parasites reproduces resistance to M-833 as well as to more potent analogues. PfSTART1 binding to the analogues is validated using organic solvent-based Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (Solvent PISA) assays. Imaging of invading merozoites shows the inhibitors prevent the development of ring-stage parasites potentially by inhibiting the expansion of the encasing parasitophorous vacuole membrane. The PfSTART1-targeting compounds also block transmission to mosquitoes and with multiple stages of the parasite’s lifecycle being affected, PfSTART1 represents a drug target with a new mechanism of action.

Changes in wildfire regimes are of growing concern and raise issues about how well we can model risks in a changing climate. Process-based coupled fire-vegetation models, used to project future wildfire regimes, capture many aspects of wildfire regimes poorly. However, there is now a wealth of information from empirical studies on the climate, vegetation, topography and human activity controls on wildfire regimes. The measures used to quantify these controls vary among studies, but certain variables consistently emerge as the most important: gross primary production as a measure of fuel availability, vegetation cover as a measure of fuel continuity, and atmospheric humidity as a measure of fuel drying. Contrary to popular perception, ignitions are generally not a limiting factor for wildfires. In this review, we describe how empirical fire models implement wildfire processes, synthesise current understanding of the controls on wildfire extent and severity, and suggest ways in which fire modelling could be improved.

Introduction: Integrating genetic data into conservation management decisions is a challenging task that requires strong partnerships between researchers and managers. Conservation in Latin America is of crucial relevance worldwide given the high biodiversity levels and the presence of hotspots in this region.Methods: We conducted a survey across Latin America to identify gaps and opportunities between genetic researchers and conservation managers. We aimed to better understand conservation managers’ points of view and how genetic research could help conservation practitioners to achieve their goals, by implementing genetic assessments that could effectively inform conservation practices. We distributed an online survey via four regional collaborating organizations and 32 focal points based in 20 Latin American countries. The target respondents were conservation managers of species or areas in Latin America.Results: We collected a total of 468 answered questionnaires from 21 Latin American countries. Most respondents (44%) were from an academic or research institution while non-academics were mainly from non-governmental institutions (30%) and government agencies (25%). Most respondents (65%) have performed or used genetic assessments in their managed area or species, either alone, in partnership, contracting someone else or using published results. For the majority of this group, the genetic results were relevant to their conservation management goals, helping to inform management decisions. Respondents that had not performed genetic assessments (35%) were mainly from the non-academic group, and their main barriers were limited access to funds, genetic lab facilities, and trained personnel to design studies and conduct lab work.Discussion: From the findings, we describe the current situation and provide a general diagnosis of the conservation-genetics gap in Latin America. We describe the gender gap, academic-practitioner co-development of conservation questions and projects, and the nationality and residency of Latin American conservation managers in relation to the countries where they work. We discuss opportunities to co-create research questions and co-develop studies based on conservation practitioners’ needs. We offer recommendations for overcoming barriers to integrate genetic information into conservation actions, and advance agendas that fit the needs and realities of the highly heterogeneous, biodiverse and challenging Latin American region.

Summary: Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to impart a large burden on the global population, especially in lower income countries where affordability limits the use of cardiovascular medicines. A fixed dose combination strategy of at least 2 blood pressure lowering medications and a statin with aspirin in a single pill has been shown to reduce the risk of incident CVD by 38% in primary prevention in a recent meta-analysis. We report the in-trial (median follow-up: 5 years) cost-effectiveness of a fixed dose combination (FDC) pill in different income groups based on data from that meta-analysis. Methods: Countries were categorized using World Bank economic groups: Lower Middle Income Countries (LMIC), Upper Middle Income Countries (UMIC) and High Income Countries (HIC). Country specific costs were obtained for hospitalized events, procedures, and non-study medications (2020 USD). FDC price was based on the cheapest equivalent substitute (CES) for each component. Findings: For the CES-FDC pill versus control the difference in cost was $346 (95% CI: $294–$398) per participant in Lower Middle Income Countries, $838 (95% CI: $781–$895) in Upper Middle Income Countries and $42 (95% CI: −$155 to $239) (cost-neutral) in High Income Countries. During the study period the CES-FDC pill was associated with incremental gain in quality-adjusted life years of 0.06 (95% CI: 0.04–0.08) resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $5767 (95% CI: 5735–$5799), $13,937 (95% CI: $13,893–$14,041) and $700 (95% CI: $662–$738) respectively. In subgroups analyses, the highest 10 years CVD risk subgroup had ICERs of $2033, $7322 and −$6000/QALY. Interpretation: A FDC pill produced at CES costs is cost-neutral in HIC. Governments of LMI and UMI countries should assess these results based on the ICER threshold accepted in their own country and own specific health care priorities but should consider prioritizing this strategy for patients with high 10 years CVD risk as a first step. Funding: Population Health Research Institute.

Background The Philippines has a shortage and uneven distribution of healthcare workers (HCWs). Job satisfaction is an important element to HCW retention and attracting new HCWs into the health system.Objective This study measured HCWs’ intent to stay and HCWs’ satisfaction after implementation of multiple interventions intended to strengthen the primary care system, and determine factors significantly associated with HCWs’ intent to stay.Methodology This is a serial cross-sectional study in urban, rural and remote primary care sites in the Philippines. All physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists, community health workers and support staff were invited to participate. Baseline HCWs’ intent to stay and satisfaction were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire prior to implementation of interventions. The same survey was again conducted in the years 2021 and 2022, corresponding to 5 and 6 years after initial implementation for the urban site, and 2 and 3 years for the rural and remote sites. We used multiple logistic regression to determine factors associated with intent to stay.Results There were 430 survey respondents (89.4% response rate) for year 2021, and 417 survey respondents (97.4% response rate) for year 2022. The urban and rural sites had significant increase in several HCW satisfaction domains, while the remote site had significant decrease in several HCW satisfaction domains. There was no significant difference in the intent to stay in the three sites. Factors that decreased intent to stay included length of employment, job involvement and employment as a nurse, while factors that increased intent to stay included job satisfaction, enjoyment and working in the urban site.Conclusion HCW satisfaction improved in the urban site and rural site, while HCW satisfaction declined in the remote site. Intention to stay of primary care HCWs did not significantly change.

Objectives A thorough understanding of user needs and behavioural intent-to-use underpins the development of a responsive health information system. This study aimed to examine health workers’ intent-to-use an electronic health record (EHR) system in an urban, rural and remote setting in the Philippines.Methods Following the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology framework, user acceptance and the factors influencing intent-to-use the EHR were examined through a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 128 EHR users, comprising physicians, nurses, midwives, barangay health workers and administrative staff, were surveyed. Median scores for each domain were compared across the sites using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Ridge regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with behavioural intent-to-use.Results Over 94% of users across all sites reported their intent-to-use the EHR in the near future. Of the seven predictor variables examined, only self-efficacy was found to be significantly associated with behavioural intent-to-use. Intent-to-use the EHR increased by 31% (p=0.007) for each unit increase in self-efficacy score among participants.Discussion Acceptance was high across the three sites, with self-efficacy being a predictor of intent-to-use the technology. This suggests that users are more likely to adopt an EHR if they believe they have the capacity to successfully navigate the technology and perform their designated tasks with it.Conclusion Co-producing interventions with primary care providers is crucial in sustaining EHR systems. Rather than developing a technology based on the surveillance needs of policymakers, an EHR developed from the grassroots was shown to be well-received by end-users.

The development of new antimalarials is required because of the threat of resistance to current antimalarial therapies. To discover new antimalarial chemotypes, we screened the Janssen Jumpstarter library against the P. falciparum asexual parasite and identified the 7-N-substituted-3-oxadiazole quinolone hit class. We established the structure-activity relationship and optimized the antimalarial potency. The optimized analog WJM228 (17) showed robust metabolic stability in vitro, although the aqueous solubility was limited. Forward genetic resistance studies uncovered that WJM228 targets the Qo site of cytochrome b (cyt b), an important component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) that is essential for pyrimidine biosynthesis and an established antimalarial target. Profiling against drug-resistant parasites confirmed that WJM228 confers resistance to the Qo site but not Qi site mutations, and in a biosensor assay, it was shown to impact the ETC via inhibition of cyt b. Consistent with other cyt b targeted antimalarials, WJM228 prevented pre-erythrocytic parasite and male gamete development and reduced asexual parasitemia in a P. berghei mouse model of malaria. Correcting the limited aqueous solubility and the high susceptibility to cyt b Qo site resistant parasites found in the clinic will be major obstacles in the future development of the 3-oxadiazole quinolone antimalarial class.

Sustainable rice production in upland habitats depends on achieving higher yields. This study employs correlation and path coefficient analyses to identify essential trait criteria for enhancing rice yield in upland genotypes. The study included two growing seasons using 40 genotypes. Genotypic correlation analysis reveals a robust positive correlation of effective tillering with panicle number and yield. Notably, it shows significant negative correlations with 1000-grain weight and leaf width across diverse locations and cropping seasons. Additionally, the phenotypic estimates underscore a substantial positive correlation between yield and panicle number. Furthermore, the path analysis reveals that panicle number maintains a significantly positive association with yield at the 5% level of significance. Moreover, the analysis of the direct and indirect genotypic effects underscores the significance of culm number, effective tillering, and panicle number, all of which show remarkable and positive correlations with yield, achieving statistical significance at both the 5% and 1% levels. To enhance rice grain yield, a genotype must have an elevated count of pivotal traits per plant, including heightened panicle number, increased panicle length, greater culm number, elongated culm length, a greater number of effective tillers, early flowering initiation, expedited maturation, and augmented leaf length. These characteristics are pivotal determinants contributing significantly to the overall grain yield in rice cultivation and they are instrumental for sustainable rice improvement in the agro-ecology.

Surface net radiation (SNR) is a vital input for many land surface and hydrological models. However, most of the current remote sensing datasets of SNR come mostly at coarse resolutions or have large gaps due to cloud cover that hinder their use as input in models. Here, we present a downscaled and continuous daily SNR product across Europe for 2018–2019. Long-wave outgoing radiation is computed from a merged land surface temperature (LST) product in combination with Meteosat Second Generation emissivity data. The merged LST product is based on all-sky LST retrievals from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite and clear-sky LST retrievals from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) onboard the polar-orbiting Sentinel-3A satellite. This approach makes use of the medium spatial (approx. 5–7 km) but high temporal (30 min) resolution, gap-free data from MSG along with the low temporal (2–3 d) but high spatial (1 km) resolution of the Sentinel-3 LST retrievals. The resulting 1 km and daily LST dataset is based on an hourly merging of both datasets through bias correction and Kalman filter assimilation. Short-wave outgoing radiation is computed from the incoming short-wave radiation from MSG and the downscaled albedo using 1 km PROBA-V data. MSG incoming short-wave and long-wave radiation and the outgoing radiation components at 1 km spatial resolution are used together to compute the final daily SNR dataset in a consistent manner. Validation results indicate an improvement of the mean squared error by ca. 7 % with an increase in spatial detail compared to the original MSG product. The resulting pan-European SNR dataset, as well as the merged LST product, can be used for hydrological modelling and as input to models dedicated to estimating evaporation and surface turbulent heat fluxes and will be regularly updated in the future. The datasets can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8332222 (Rains, 2023a) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8332128 (Rains, 2023b).

AbstractThe Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean near the Saharan coast. The extensive intricacy and multitude of variables inherent in the Canary Islands winemaking tradition have posed a substantial challenge, preventing comprehensive research on the main factors contributing to the character of local wine, thus, far. This challenge arises from a convergence of factors including the presence of 14 different grape varieties, and radically different climatic, soil and geographic conditions. This investigation sought to start unraveling this complexity by discerning the impacts of various geographical (specifically, island-related) and management factors (namely, organic vs. conventional practices) on soils and wines within the Canary Islands. Additional variables, such as wine type (red and white) and island of origin, were explored and correlated with the chosen management system. Pairs of organic and conventional wine and soil samples, possessing similar characteristics, were systematically collected from each of the seven wine-producing islands in the Canary archipelago. An examination of elemental composition, oenological attributes and fertility parameters was conducted, followed by comprehensive statistical analysis. Among the variables examined, only the island of origin emerged as statistically significant within the sample. Concerning soil fertility, organic samples exhibited elevated levels of organic matter compared to their conventional counterparts. No notable disparities were observed between the two production methods in terms of soil metal composition and other fertility parameters. However, it is noteworthy that four soil samples surpassed the legally permissible limits for Nickel (Ni) and Mercury (Hg), with three of these instances originating from Lanzarote.

ABSTRACT To combat the global burden of malaria, development of new drugs to replace or complement current therapies is urgently required. Here, we show that the compound MMV1557817 is a selective, nanomolar inhibitor of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax aminopeptidases M1 and M17, leading to inhibition of end-stage hemoglobin digestion in asexual parasites. MMV1557817 can kill sexual-stage P. falciparum, is active against murine malaria, and does not show any shift in activity against a panel of parasites resistant to other antimalarials. MMV1557817-resistant P. falciparum exhibited a slow growth rate that was quickly outcompeted by wild-type parasites and were sensitized to the current clinical drug, artemisinin. Overall, these results confirm MMV1557817 as a lead compound for further drug development and highlights the potential of dual inhibition of M1 and M17 as an effective multi-species drug-targeting strategy.IMPORTANCEEach year, malaria infects approximately 240 million people and causes over 600,000 deaths, mostly in children under 5 years of age. For the past decade, artemisinin-based combination therapies have been recommended by the World Health Organization as the standard malaria treatment worldwide. Their widespread use has led to the development of artemisinin resistance in the form of delayed parasite clearance, alongside the rise of partner drug resistance. There is an urgent need to develop and deploy new antimalarial agents with novel targets and mechanisms of action. Here, we report a new and potent antimalarial compound, known as MMV1557817, and show that it targets multiple stages of the malaria parasite lifecycle, is active in a preliminary mouse malaria model, and has a novel mechanism of action. Excitingly, resistance to MMV15578117 appears to be self-limiting, suggesting that development of the compound may provide a new class of antimalarial.

Objectives This study measured changes in patient satisfaction levels before and after the introduction of primary care system strengthening interventions in urban, rural, and remote sites in the Philippines.Methods A previously validated 16-item questionnaire was distributed to 200 patients per site before implementation of interventions and to a different set of 200 patients 1 year after implementation. We compared the percentage change in highly satisfied patients per site before and after implementing interventions using a two-proportion Z-test.Results The urban site had a significant increase in patient satisfaction in 13 survey items, which corresponded to the domains of healthcare availability, service efficiency, technical competency and health communication. The rural site had a significant increase in six survey items, which corresponded to the domains of service efficiency, environment, location, health communication and handling. The remote site had a decrease in patient satisfaction in 10 survey items, with a significant increase in only 4 items under the domains of healthcare availability and handling.Conclusion Our findings support the ‘inverse equity hypothesis’, where well-resourced urban communities quickly adopt complex health interventions while rural and remote settings experience delays in effectively meeting patient needs and system demands. Extended intervention periods and targeted strategies may be necessary to impact patient satisfaction in underserved areas considerably.

Introduction Strengthening primary care helps address health inequities that continue to persist in the Philippines. The Philippine Primary Care Studies pilot-tested interventions to improve the primary care system. One intervention was the provision of a free subscription to an electronic decision support application called UpToDate (UTD) for primary care providers (PCPs), including doctors, nurses, midwives and community health workers (CHWs). This study aimed to (1) assess the feasibility of using UTD as information source for PCPs in urban, rural and remote settings, (2) determine the acceptability of UTD as an information source for PCPs and (3) examine the impact of UTD access on PCP clinical decision-making.Methods Four focus group discussions (FGDs) and two key informant interviews (KII) were conducted to gather insights from 30 PCPs. Thematic analysis through coding in NVivo V.12 was done using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a guiding framework.Results All PCPs had positive feedback regarding UTD use because of its comprehensiveness, accessibility, mobility and general design. The participants relayed UTD’s benefit for point-of-contact use, capacity-building and continuing professional development. PCPs across the three sites, including CHWs with no formal medical education, were able to provide evidence-based medical advice to patients through UTD. However, external factors in these settings impeded the full integration of UTD in the PCPs’ workflow, including poor internet access, unstable sources of electricity, lack of compatible mobile devices and the need for translation to the local language.Conclusion UTD was a feasible and acceptable clinical decision support tool for the PCPs. Factors affecting the feasibility of using UTD include technological and environmental factors (ie, internet access and the lack of translation to the local language), as well as the organisational structure of the primary care facility which determines the roles of the PCPs. Despite the difference in roles and responsibilities of the PCPs, UTD positively impacted decision-making and patient education for all PCPs through its use as a point-of-contact tool and a tool for capacity-building.

Abstract Background Variation in immune response to COVID-19 vaccines is observed among different ethnicities. We aimed to describe the reinfection rates, change in antibody titers, and adverse events among Filipinos. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a cohort study of 307 participants within one year of having COVID-19 infection. We measured COVID-19 antibody levels at pre-determined timepoints (Days 21, 90, 180, 270, and 360 from initial infection). We monitored for COVID-19 symptoms and obtained details on COVID-19 vaccination. An adjudication committee classified the participants as probable, possible, or unlikely COVID-19 reinfection. We determined the probable reinfection rate, adverse events, and the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratio of pre- and post-vaccination antibody levels according to type and brand of COVID-19 vaccine. Results At the end of the follow-up period, 287 (93.5%) out of 307 study participants were fully vaccinated, 1 was partially vaccinated (0.3%), and 19 were unvaccinated (6.2%). Among the fully vaccinated participants, those given mRNA vaccines had the lowest reinfection rate (19.2 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 9.6, 38.4), followed by viral vector vaccines (29.8 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 16.9, 52.4). We observed the highest reinfection rate among those given inactivated virus vaccines (32.7 cases/100 person-years, 95% CI 23.6, 45.3). The reinfection rate was 8.6 cases/100 person-years (95% CI 4.1, 17.9) for unvaccinated participants and 3.6 cases/100 person-years (95% CI 0.5, 25.3) for partially vaccinated participants. We observed the largest rise in antibody titers among those given mRNA vaccines (GMT ratio 288.5), and the smallest rise among those given inactivated virus vaccines (GMT ratio 16.7). We observed the highest percentage of adverse events following immunization with viral vector vaccines (63.8%), followed by mRNA vaccines (62.7%), and the lowest for inactivated virus vaccines (34.7%). No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion Vaccinees given the mRNA vaccines had the lowest reinfection rate and the highest rise in antibody titers. Vaccinees given inactivated virus vaccines had the highest reinfection rate, smallest rise in antibody titers, and lowest percentage of adverse events. The small sample size and imbalanced distribution of the type of vaccines received limits the external generalizability of our results. Study Registration The cohort study was registered at the Philippine Health Research Registry on December 14, 2020 (PHRR201214-003199).