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ObjectiveTo systematically review the effect of oral intake of bacterial probiotics on 15 variables related to obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, EMBASE and COCHRANE from 1990 to June 2018.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials (≥14 days) excluding hypercholesterolaemia, alcoholic liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome and children ResultsOne hundred and five articles met inclusion criteria, representing 6826 subjects. In overweight but not obese subjects, probiotics induced improvements in: body weight (k=25 trials, d=−0.94 kg mean difference, 95% CI −1.17 to −0.70, I²=0.0%), body mass index (k=32, d=−0.55 kg/m², 95% CI −0.86 to −0.23, I²=91.9%), waist circumference (k=13, d=−1.31 cm, 95% CI −1.79 to −0.83, I²=14.5%), body fat mass (k=11, d=−0.96 kg, 95% CI −1.21 to −0.71, I²=0.0%) and visceral adipose tissue mass (k=5, d=−6.30 cm², 95% CI −9.05 to −3.56, I²=0.0%). In type 2 diabetics, probiotics reduced fasting glucose (k=19, d=−0.66 mmol/L, 95% CI −1.00 to −0.31, I²=27.7%), glycated haemoglobin (k=13, d=−0.28 pp, 95% CI −0.46 to −0.11, I²=54.1%), insulin (k=13, d=−1.66 mU/L, 95% CI −2.70 to −0.61, I²=37.8%) and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (k=10, d=−1.05 pp, 95% CI −1.48 to −0.61, I²=18.2%). In subjects with fatty liver diseases, probiotics reduced alanine (k=12, d=−10.2 U/L, 95% CI −14.3 to −6.0, I²=93.50%) and aspartate aminotransferases (k=10, d=−9.9 U/L, 95% CI −14.1 to -5.8, I²=96.1%). These improvements were mostly observed with bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum), Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii) containing mixtures and influenced by trials conducted in one country.ConclusionsThe intake of probiotics resulted in minor but consistent improvements in several metabolic risk factors in subjects with metabolic diseases.Trial registration numberCRD42016033273.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that crosses the intestinal barrier and disseminates within the host. Here, we report a unique comprehensive analysis of the impact of two Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-3689 and Lactobacillus casei BL23, on L. monocytogenes and orally acquired listeriosis in a gnotobiotic humanized mouse model. We first assessed the effect of treatment with each Lactobacillus on L. monocytogenes counts in host tissues and showed that each decreases L. monocytogenes systemic dissemination in orally inoculated mice. A whole genome intestinal transcriptomic analysis revealed that each Lactobacillus changes expression of a specific subset of genes during infection, with IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) being the most affected by both lactobacilli. We also examined microRNA (miR) expression and showed that three miRs (miR-192, miR-200b, and miR-215) are repressed during L. monocytogenes infection. Treatment with each Lactobacillus increased miR-192 expression, whereas only L. casei association increased miR-200b and miR-215 expression. Finally, we showed that treatment with each Lactobacillus significantly reshaped the L. monocytogenes transcriptome and up-regulated transcription of L. monocytogenes genes encoding enzymes allowing utilization of intestinal carbon and nitrogen sources in particular genes involved in propanediol and ethanolamine catabolism and cobalamin biosynthesis. Altogether, these data reveal that the modulation of L. monocytogenes infection by treatment with lactobacilli correlates with a decrease in host gene expression, in particular ISGs, miR regulation, and a dramatic reshaping of L. monocytogenes transcriptome.

International audience; Background: A carbon footprint is the sum of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) associated with food production, processing, transporting, and retailing. Objective: We examined the relation between the energy and nutrient content of foods and associated GHGEs as expressed as g CO2 equivalents. Design: GHGE values, which were calculated and provided by a French supermarket chain, were merged with the Composition Nutritionnelle des Aliments (French food-composition table) nutrient-composition data for 483 foods and beverages from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety. Foods were aggregated into 34 food categories and 5 major food groups as follows: meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, frozen and processed fruit and vegetables, grains, and sweets. Energy density was expressed as kcal/100 g. Nutrient density was determined by using 2 alternative nutrient-density scores, each based on the sum of the percentage of daily values for 6 or 15 nutrients, respectively. The energy and nutrient densities of foods were linked to log-transformed GHGE values expressed per 100 g or 100 kcal. Results: Grains and sweets had lowest GHGEs (per 100 g and 100 kcal) but had high energy density and a low nutrient content. The more nutrient-dense animal products, including meat and dairy, had higher GHGE values per 100 g but much lower values per 100 kcal. In general, a higher nutrient density of foods was associated with higher GHGEs per 100 kcal, although the slopes of fitted lines varied for meat and dairy compared with fats and sweets. Conclusions: Considerations of the environmental impact of foods need to be linked to concerns about nutrient density and health. The point at which the higher carbon footprint of some nutrient-dense foods is offset by their higher nutritional value is a priority area for additional research.

International audience; Numerous studies have shown that resistance to oxidative stress is crucial to stay healthy and to reduce the adverse effects of aging. Accordingly, nutritional interventions using antioxidant food-grade compounds or food products are currently an interesting option to help improve health and quality of life in the elderly. Live lactic acid bacteria (LAB) administered in food, such as probiotics, may be good antioxidant candidates. Nevertheless, information about LAB-induced oxidative stress protection is scarce. To identify and characterize new potential antioxidant probiotic strains, we have developed a new functional screening method using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as host. C. elegans were fed on different LAB strains (78 in total) and nematode viability was assessed after oxidative stress (3 mM and 5 mM H(2)O(2)). One strain, identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690, protected worms by increasing their viability by 30% and, also, increased average worm lifespan by 20%. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of C. elegans fed with this strain showed that increased lifespan is correlated with differential expression of the DAF-16/insulin-like pathway, which is highly conserved in humans. This strain also had a clear anti-inflammatory profile when co-cultured with HT-29 cells, stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and co-culture systems with HT-29 cells and DC in the presence of LPS. Finally, this Lactobacillus strain reduced inflammation in a murine model of colitis. This work suggests that C. elegans is a fast, predictive and convenient screening tool to identify new potential antioxidant probiotic strains for subsequent use in humans.

Some nonpathogenic bacteria were found to have protective effects in mouse models of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These “probiotics” are thought to interact with dendritic cells during Ag presentation, at the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Many other myeloid cells are the effector cells of immune responses. They are responsible for inflammation that accounts for symptoms in allergic and autoimmune diseases. We investigated in this study whether probiotics might affect allergic and autoimmune inflammation by acting at the effector phase of adaptive immune responses. The effects of one strain of Lactobacillus casei were investigated in vivo on IgE-induced passive systemic anaphylaxis and IgG-induced passive arthritis, two murine models of acute allergic and autoimmune inflammation, respectively, which bypass the induction phase of immune responses, in vitro on IgE- and IgG-induced mouse mast cell activation and ex vivo on IgE-dependent human basophil activation. L. casei protected from anaphylaxis and arthritis, and inhibited mouse mast cell and human basophil activation. Inhibition required contact between mast cells and bacteria, was reversible, and selectively affected the Lyn/Syk/linker for activation of T cells pathway induced on engagement of IgE receptors, leading to decreased MAPK activation, Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. Also, adoptive anaphylaxis induced on Ag challenge in mice injected with IgE-sensitized mast cells was abrogated in mice injected with IgE-sensitized mast cells exposed to bacteria. These results demonstrate that probiotics can influence the effector phase of adaptive immunity in allergic and autoimmune diseases. They might, therefore, prevent inflammation in patients who have already synthesized specific IgE or autoantibodies.

Encouraging healthy eating habit development early in life is a way to prevent the onset of diet-related diseases. This review focuses on the period ranging from the beginning of complementary feeding until the age of 3 years. Its first objective was to review relevant themes in the most recent literature on the development of healthy eating habits in this period. Its second objective was to evaluate to what extent international and national feeding guidelines cover these themes. Analysed guidelines included WHO, European Network for Public Health Nutrition, US and two European national guidelines (UK and France). They were evaluated using a 4-pt scale and compared. Well-covered themes in current literature include the influence of exposure on later acceptance, the role of variety and parental styles. Themes that occur more rarely include the role of texture, the development of autonomy, the optimization of variety, acceptable consumption levels of sweet and salty foods, and the way to cope with food refusal. Guidelines in general cover most of the themes, but some of the national guidelines are incomplete. Finally, guidelines should give more practical tips to parents, especially to help them establish a responsive feeding behaviour.

This study aimed to explore the potential role of plant-based “dairy-like” products (PBDL) in sustainable diets. For each individual from a representative sample of French adults (INCA2 survey 2006–2007; n = 1816), a diet optimized to be more sustainable (nutritionally adequate while having a 30% reduced carbon impact with minimal change from the actual diet and isocaloric content) was modelled. The food content of the optimized diets was compared to actual diets, with a focus on PBDL and dairy products. The presented quantitative results focused on women. Optimized diets contained more plant-based products and less meats than actual diets. PBDL products were present in 7.3% and 55.7% of the subjects’ actual and optimized diets, respectively, increasing significantly from 7 to 48 g/day. Regarding dairy products, cheese decreased (−14 g/day), milk increased (+14 g/day), and yogurt remained constant (87 g/day) between the actual and optimized diets, such that the intake of this food group remained constant (214 g/day). Women for whom PBDL products were introduced as new foods in their optimized diets were found to be those with actual low energy intake (1755 kcal/d on average). As a complement to dairy products, fortified PBDL products may help to achieve more sustainable diets, especially for individuals with low energy intakes.

International audience; Tailored dietary counseling could be specifically efficient during pregnancy, a period accompanied by a rise in nutrition awareness, but little is known about the expectations of pregnant women in this regard. We studied these expectations regarding tailored dietary advice in French women during their pregnancy, as well as their motivations and the perceived barriers and enablers. In French pregnant women, we evaluated the perceptions of tailored dietary advice provided by stepwise dietary counseling based on three types of dietary changes, consisting of: (1) a modification of the amounts consumed, (2) substitutions within the food subgroups, and (3) substitutions between food subgroups. A sequential explanatory mixed-method approach was designed. Using qualitative data from a focus group study (n = 40), we intended to explore in depth the women’s expectations regarding dietary advice and adherence to a tailored approach. These were combined with quantitative and qualitative data from a 6-week online longitudinal study (n = 115), using questionnaires designed to assess the modifications of dietary habits during pregnancy and to evaluate each type of dietary change. Both studies confirmed that most women in our samples did indeed intend to institute changes regarding healthier dietary practices during pregnancy. The principal motivation behind changes to their habits was to ensure the health and well-being of both their babies and themselves. The proposal of dietary advice that is tailored to both the current diet and the specific needs of pregnant women, but that is also positive and credible, was perceived as enabling implementing healthier dietary practices during pregnancy. Regarding the implementation of the dietary changes proposed, the enablers and barriers identified differed between modifications of the amounts consumed and substitutions. The women displayed interest in all types of dietary changes. This gave relevance to combining different types of changes in order to propose dietary counseling during pregnancy. Tailored dietary counseling was identified by French pregnant women in our samples as enabling them to adopt a healthier diet. However, perceived barriers might limit the implementation of dietary changes, especially when they involved marked modifications to their usual diet.

Etiopathogenic factors of physical disability in obesity are numerous, underestimated and not sought in the non-geriatric population. Amongst these factors, depression may favor the development of sarcopenic obesity by reducing strength and physical performance even in the absence of overt muscle loss. Objectives and participants: To study the link between depression status and muscle functional disorders (dynapenia) in a population of adult subjects with severe and morbid obesity.Patients were assessed for body composition, grip strength, the Short Physical Performances Battery test (SPPB), for depression according to the Beck II score as well as for metabolic parameters through biological tests.In 373 obese subjects (mean age 44 ± 13y and BMI 43 ± 6 kg/m²), the prevalence of depression was 53% with 18% having mild depression, 18% moderate depression and 16% severe depression. Depression was significantly related to dynapenia: 62% of dynapenic (D) patients suffered from depression compared to 50% of non-dynapenic (ND) patients (p = 0.036). The Beck questionnaire score for D patients was 20 ± 13 and 15 ± 10 for ND patients (p = 0.001). The depression intensity was significantly correlated with dynapenia with D patients having a higher severe depression degree than ND patients (30% versus 11%; p0.0001). Fat-free to fat mass ratio was also significantly correlated with dynapenia (p = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, the presence of depression was twice as likely to be associated with dynapenia.Depression is associated with a reduction of muscle function in severe obesity in relation to its severity and to changes in fat to fat-free mass, suggesting that screening and prevention of sarcopenic obesity should be considered in adult obese patients with depression.

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are considered as a promising technique to improve animal productivity without affecting animal health or harming the environment. The potential of three bacterial DFM to reduce methane (CH4) emissions, modulate ruminal fermentation, milk production and composition of primiparous dairy cows was examined in this study. As previous reports have shown that DFM respond differently to different diets, two contrasting diets were used in this study. Eight lactating primiparous cows were randomly divided into two groups that were fed a corn silage-based, high-starch diet (HSD) or a grass silage-based, high-fiber diet (HFD). Cows in each dietary group were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The bacterial DFM used were selected for their proven CH4-reducing effect in vitro. Treatments included control (without DFM) and 3 DFM treatments: Propionibacterium freudenreichii 53-W (2.9 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/cow per day), Lactobacillus pentosus D31 (3.6 × 1011 CFU/cow per day) and Lactobacillus bulgaricus D1 (4.6 × 1010 CFU/cow per day). Each experimental period included 4 weeks of treatment and 1 week of wash-out, with measures performed in the fourth week of the treatment period. Enteric CH4 emissions were measured during 3 consecutive days using respiration chambers. Rumen samples were collected for ruminal fermentation parameters and quantitative microbial analyses. Milk samples were collected for composition analysis. Body weight of cows were recorded at the end of each treatment period. Irrespective of diet, no mitigating effect of DFM was observed on CH4 emissions in dairy cows. In contrast, Propionibacterium increased CH4 intensity by 27% (g CH4/kg milk) in cows fed HSD. There was no effect of DFM on other fermentation parameters and on bacterial, archaeal and protozoal numbers. Similarly, the effect of DFM on milk fatty acid composition was negligible. Propionibacterium and L. pentosus DFM tended to increase body weight gain with HSD. We conclude that, contrary to the effect previously observed in vitro, bacterial DFM Propionibacterium freudenreichii 53-W, Lactobacillus pentosus D31 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus D1 did not alter ruminal fermentation and failed to reduce CH4 emissions in lactating primiparous cows fed high-starch or high-fiber diets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0342-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience; Adults consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are at increased risk of becoming overweight/obese and developing lifestyle-related diseases. Furthermore, a low water intake is associated with increased health risks, such as CKD. These issues are especially pressing in Mexico where SSB intake is high. The present research aimed to describe the attitudes of Mexican adults who are considered high sugar-low water drinkers (HS-LWDs). HS-LWDs were defined as adults aged 18–45 years, drinking at least 2 servings (500 mL) of SSB/day and maximum 3 servings (750 mL) of water/day. The study included 2.858 HS-LWD (58% males) living in the urban area of Mexico City. Data were collected using an online, self-administered questionnaire. Bayesian approach was applied to analyze attitudes in life and towards drinking. Results showed that social aspects, such as sharing with friends and family and self-image, were the dominant attitudes in life. The main reason to choose a beverage was to get sensations, resulting in 2 axes, one was pleasure oriented and one was health oriented. Getting sensations was also a main driver to drink linked to a moment, together with self-image. The Bayesian network analysis demonstrated 5 attitude profiles, based on the most important attitudes defining each profile: mood and pleasure, self-image and body image, sharing and restoring, pleasure and energy, and health and success. This study allowed describing HS-LWD attitudes, in life and towards drinking. It constitutes a first step in understanding this target group’s attitudes and behavior, offering potential recommendations for tailored interventions to promote the adoption of healthier drinking habits.

International audience; Maladjusted cubicles for dairy cattle may cause increased skin alterations, lameness, and dirtiness. The International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering has produced several recommendations for cubicle design, but a previous study showed that not all of them seem efficient. Here, we aim to refine and complete these recommendations. We collected data on 76 dairy farms (2,404 cows). We modeled the association between combinations of cubicle properties (e.g., type of bedding litter) and dimensions (e.g., cubicle width) relative to cow size, and prevalence of cow skin alterations, lameness, and dirtiness. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression models to predict the presence of skin alteration on the carpus; the neck, shoulder, and back; the flank, side, and udder; and the tarsus or hindquarters. We also evaluated the presence of lameness as well as the dirtiness of the lower hind legs including hocks; the hindquarters, upper hind legs, and flank; the cow rear including tail; and the udder. The risk factors highlighted led us to recommend (1) position cubicles in a way that leaves more than 1 m of clearance from any obstacle in front of the cubicle; (2) if there is an obstacle on the lateral plane (i.e., where the cubicle partition is) in front ahead of the cow, put the obstacle in front of the fore knees; (3) if there is an obstacle in front of the cow on the median plane (e.g., neck or front rail), the position the obstacle between 1.25 and 1.5 of the cow length from the curb and between 1.0 and 1.25 of its height; (4) use curb height between 0.11 and 0.15 of cow height with no sharp edges on the curb; (5) use round or at least has no sharp edges brisket board; (6) use a stone-free soil instead of concrete or use a. mattress thicker than 1 cm, with microrelief, and a soft fixing area at the curb, (7) litter with straw (rather than nothing or sawdust) and keep it dry. This risk factor analysis should be followed by experiments in controlled environments to further validate these conclusions and used to update the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering recommendations.

This article introduces a new recommendation scenario called coaching. In this scenario, the goal is to help the user modifying his consumption habits lastingly. Each time theuser Uexpresses achoice, thecoach cansuggesta modification in order to guide U towards better habits. We show that the best coaching strategy depends on the user’s characteristics. Six coaching strategies, in which the coach learns the user’s characteristics during interactions, have been compared on an illustrative example., Cet article introduit un nouveau scénario de recommandation : le coaching. Dans ce scénario, l’objectif est de d’aider un utilisateur à modifier durablement ses propres préférences, dans un contexte de choix répétés. À chaque fois que l’utilisateur exprime un choix, le coach peut lui suggérer une modification afin de le guider vers de meilleures habitudes. Nous montrons que la meilleure stratégie du coach dépend des caractéristiques de l’utilisateur. Six stratégies de coaching, dans lesquelles le coach apprend les caractéristiques de l’utilisateur en cours d’interactions ont été comparées.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatorenal index ratio of Supersonic Imagine (B-mode ratio) and the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) of FibroScan for the noninvasive diagnosis and grading of steatosis. Two centers prospectively included patients who underwent liver biopsy, B-mode ratio and CAP evaluation all on the same day between June 2017 and July 2019. MRI and histological morphometry were also performed in center 1. Histology (classic semiquantitative score and morphometry) was used as the reference. Concerning the B-mode ratio, the AUROCs for ≥ S1, ≥ S2 and ≥ S3 were respectively 0.896 ± 0.20, 0.775 ± 0.30 and 0.729 ± 0.39 with the best cut-off values being 1.22 for ≥ S1 (Se = 76.4 %, Sp = 93.2 %), 1.42 for ≥ S2 (Se = 70.2 %, Sp = 71.2 %) and 1.54 for ≥ S3 (Se = 68.4 %, Sp = 69.8 %). The correlation between the B-mode ratio and morphometry was moderate (Rs = 0.575, p 0.001) and the correlation between the B-mode ratio and MRI was good (Rs = 0.613, p 0.001). Concerning the CAP, the AUROCs for ≥ S1, ≥ S2 and ≥ S3 were 0.926 ± 0.18, 0.760 ± 0.30 and 0.701 ± 0.40, respectively, with the best cut-off values being 271 dB/m for ≥ S1 (Se = 84 %, Sp = 88.2 %), 331 dB/m for ≥ S2 (Se = 64.5 %, Sp = 74.7 %) and 355 dB/m for ≥ S3 (Se = 55.3 %, Sp = 75.1 %). The correlation between the CAP and morphometry and between the CAP and MRI was moderate in both cases (Rs = 0.526, p 0.001 and Rs = 0.397, p 0.001, respectively). The B-mode ratio was better at ruling in and the CAP was better at ruling out the disease. B-mode ratio and CAP show similar and good performance for the diagnosis of steatosis (≥ S1). However, both techniques are limited with respect to differentiating mild to moderate (≥ S2) or severe (≥ S3) steatosis.ZIEL: Ziel dieser Studie war die Bewertung der hepatorenalen Index-Ratio von Supersonic Imagine (B-Modus-Ratio) und des „controlled attenuation parameter“ (CAP) von FibroScan für die nichtinvasive Diagnose und Einstufung einer Steatose. Zwei Zentren schlossen prospektiv Patienten ein, bei denen zwischen Juni 2017 und Juli 2019 am selben Tag eine Leberbiopsie, eine B-Modus-Ratio und eine CAP-Evaluierung durchgeführt wurden. In Zentrum 1 wurden auch eine MRT und eine histologische Morphometrie durchgeführt. Die Histologie (klassischer semiquantitativer Score und Morphometrie) diente als Referenz. Hinsichtlich der B-Modus-Ratio lagen die AUROCs für ≥ S1 bei 0,896 ± 0,20, für ≥ S2 bei 0,775 ± 0,30 und ≥ S3 bei 0,729 ± 0,39, wobei die besten Cut-off-Werte 1,22 für ≥ S1 (Se = 76,4 %, Sp = 93,2 %), 1,42 für ≥ S2 (Se = 70,2 %, Sp = 71,2 %) und 1,54 für ≥ S3 (Se = 68,4 %, Sp = 69,8 %) betrugen. Die Korrelation zwischen B-Modus-Ratio und Morphometrie war moderat (Rs = 0,575; p 0,001) und die Korrelation zwischen B-Modus-Ratio und MRT war gut (Rs = 0,613; p 0,001). In Bezug auf den CAP lagen die AUROCs für ≥ S1 bei 0,926 ± 0,18, für ≥ S2 bei 0,760 ± 0,30 und für ≥ S3 bei 0,701 ± 0,40, wobei die besten Cut-off-Werte für ≥ S1 bei 271 dB/m (Se = 84 %, Sp = 88,2 %), für ≥ S2 bei 331 dB/m (Se = 64,5 %, Sp = 74,7 %) und für ≥ S3 bei 355 dB/m (Se = 55,3 %, Sp = 75,1 %) lagen. Die Korrelation zwischen CAP und Morphometrie sowie zwischen CAP und MRT war in beiden Fällen moderat (Rs = 0,526; p 0,001 bzw. Rs = 0,397; p 0,001). Die B-Modus-Ratio war besser in der Lage, die Erkrankung zu erkennen, und der CAP konnte diese besser ausschließen. B-Modus-Ratio und CAP zeigen eine ähnliche und gute Leistung bei der Diagnose von Steatose (≥ S1). Beide Methoden sind jedoch hinsichtlich der Differenzierung zwischen leichter bis mittelschwerer Steatose (≥ S2) und schwerer (≥ S3) Steatose begrenzt.

International audience; Berlyne's theory of hedonic appreciation in experimental esthetics includes complexity as a relevant dimension in the development of preferences. However, the soundness of this theory in the field of food and beverages has been challenged. The work reported here investigates the influence of perceived complexity on consumers' preferences for some dairy desserts. Given the limits on sensory complexity reported in the literature, we (i) controlled for consumers' level of familiarity with the products, (ii) used enough products to be able to test a quadratic model, (iii) evaluated sensory complexity with consumers, and (iv) analyzed data after clustering. Seven gourmet dairy desserts were tested by 145 French consumers, unfamiliar with this type of product, in a quantitative study. Products were also sensory-characterized by a panel using an adaptation of Sequential Profiling. We distinguished four groups of consumers with different perceptions of sensory complexity. For one group, the influence of complexity on preference was in line with Berlyne's theory. Individual differences were also underlined between groups as the self-reported eating style and the level of familiarity with dairy products. Finally, our results confirm the importance of a dynamic evaluation to understand sensory complexity. Indeed, our findings show the influence of the number of sensations and their temporal evolution on sensory complexity. For the first time, we underline the potential effect of texture and flavor sensations on perceived complexity.

The intestinal microbiota modulates host physiology and gene expression via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here we examine whether host epitranscriptomic marks are affected by the gut microbiota. We use methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation and sequencing (MeRIP-seq) to identify N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in mRNA of mice carrying conventional, modified, or no microbiota. We find that variations in the gut microbiota correlate with m6A modifications in the cecum, and to a lesser extent in the liver, affecting pathways related to metabolism, inflammation and antimicrobial responses. We analyze expression levels of several known writer and eraser enzymes, and find that the methyltransferase Mettl16 is downregulated in absence of a microbiota, and one of its target mRNAs, encoding S-adenosylmethionine synthase Mat2a, is less methylated. We furthermore show that Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus plantarum affect specific m6A modifications in mono-associated mice. Our results highlight epitranscriptomic modifications as an additional level of interaction between commensal bacteria and their host., The intestinal microbiota modulates host physiology and gene expression via unclear mechanisms. Here, Jabs et al. show that variations in the gut microbiota correlate with N6-methyladenosine modifications of host mRNAs in the cecum and liver of mice.

International audience; Background: Recent changes in Egyptian dietary habits can be attributed to more urban and sedentary lifestyles and to alterations in the dietary and economic context. The mean BMI of Egyptian women is one of the highest worldwide, and 50% have iron deficiency. Objective: The aim was to quantify food and nutrient intakes of urban Egyptian women and conduct a detailed analysis of micronutrients commonly consumed in inadequate amounts, such as iron, vitamin D, and folate. Methods: Urban Egyptian women aged 19-30 y (n = 130) were recruited during 2016-2017. Energy needs were estimated using the Henry equation, assuming a low physical activity level (1.4). Dietary intakes and iron bioavailability were estimated from a 4-d food diary. Macronutrient intakes were compared with WHO/FAO population goals and micronutrient intakes with Egyptian recommendations. Iron needs were determined for each subject. Results: The mean BMI (kg/m 2) was 27.9 ± 4.9. The mean total energy intake (TEI; 2389 ± 715 kcal/d) was significantly higher than needs (2135 ± 237 kcal/d; P = 0.00018). Total fat (33%TEI) and SFA (11%TEI) intakes were slightly higher than population goals (15-30%TEI and

International audience; The design of self-locking barriers can affect cows’ skin injuries and impair welfare. This study aimed to propose and refine recommendations, expressed relatively to the cows’ dimensions, for self-locking barrier design to reduce risks for skin injuries on the neck/shoulder/back and on carpus of dairy cows. We recorded individual body dimensions and the dimensions of self-locking barriers (e.g. top rail height) and assessed skin injuries on 3801 cows from 131 loose-housing dairy farms. We explored the significant associations between presence/absence of skin injuries and self-locking barrier dimensions using weighted multivariable logistic regression, taking into account the diversity of feeding barriers within each farm. The robustness of the models was assessed by cross-validation. Cows had skin injuries mainly on the neck/shoulder/back (29.0%) and, to a lesser extent, on the carpus (14.0%). The final multivariable logistic regression models comprised 13 factors for skin injuries on the neck/shoulder/back, and 11 factors for skin injuries on the carpus. Skin injuries were significantly reduced when the self-locking barriers were inclined (neck/shoulder/back) and when the cows used a feeding table (i.e. flat) instead of a feeding manger or cribs (i.e. hollow) (carpus). A top rail height >1.05 × cow height (measured at withers) was significantly associated with fewer skin injuries on the neck/shoulder/back and on carpus. Skin injuries on the neck/shoulder/back and carpus were significantly reduced when the bottom rail was on the food side relative to the wall, and at a height 0.4 of cow height (carpus), was thinner than 15 cm (neck/shoulder/back and carpus) and when the height of the feeding step was 0.04 to 0.1 of cow height (neck/shoulder/back) and the length of the feeding step was

Fetal and early postnatal nutritional environments contribute to lifelong health. High-protein (HP) intake in early life can increase obesity risk in response to specific feeding conditions after weaning. This study investigated the effects of a maternal HP diet during pregnancy and/or lactation on the metabolic health of offspring. Three groups of dams received a normal-protein (NP, 20E% proteins) diet during gestation and lactation (Control group), an HP diet (55E% proteins) during gestation (HPgest group), or an HP diet during lactation (HPlact group). From weaning until 10 weeks, female pups were exposed to the NP, the HP or the western (W) diet. HPgest pups had more adipocytes (p = 0.009), more subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.04) and increased expression of genes involved in liver fatty acid synthesis at 10 weeks (p &lt, 0.05). HPgest rats also showed higher food intake and adiposity under the W diet compared to the Control and HPlact rats (p &le, 0.04). The post-weaning HP diet reduced weight (p &lt, 0.0001), food intake (p &lt, 0.0001), adiposity (p &lt, 0.0001) and glucose tolerance (p &lt, 0.0001) compared to the NP and W diets, this effect was enhanced in the HPgest group (p = 0.04). These results show that a maternal HP diet during gestation, but not lactation, leads to a higher susceptibility to obesity and glucose intolerance in female offspring.

IntroductionStress and obesity are two public health issues. The relationship between obesity and stress is biological through the actions of stress on the major hormones that regulate appetite (leptin and ghrelin). Many spa resorts in France specialise in the treatment of obesity, but no thermal spa currently proposes a specific programme to manage stress in obesity. The ObesiStress protocol has been designed to offer a new residential stress management programme. This thermal spa treatment of obesity implements stress management strategies as suggested by international recommendations.Methods and analysis140 overweight or obese participants with a Body Mass Index of >25 kg/m2 and aged over 18 years will be recruited. Participants will be randomised into two groups: a control group of usual practice (restrictive diet, physical activity and thermal spa treatment) and an intervention group with stress management in addition to the usual practice. In the present protocol, parameters will be measured on five occasions (at inclusion, at the beginning of the spa (day 0), at the end of the spa (day 21), and at 6 and 12 months). The study will assess the participants’ heart rate variability, cardiac remodelling and function, electrodermal activity, blood markers, anthropometric profile, body composition, psychology and quality of life via the use of questionnaires and bone parameters.Ethics and disseminationThe ObesiStress protocol complies with the ethics guidelines for Clinical Research and has been approved by the ethics committee (CPP Sud-Est VI, Clermont-Ferrand - ANSM: 2016-A01774-47). This study aimed to highlight the efficacy of a 21-day thermal spa residential programme of stress management in obesity through objective measurements of well-being and cardiovascular morbidity. Results will be disseminated during several research conferences and articles published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03578757.

International audience; The first thousand days of life are a critical time of development in humans during which the risk profile for diseases in later life can be modified. Nevertheless, long-term consequences of early environment on susceptibility to intestinal diseases have not yet been assessed. Using a mouse model of postnatal growth restriction (PNGR), we showed that early life nutrition influences intestinal maturation and gut health in later life. PNGR induced an alteration of the intestinal barrier in pups at weaning, resulting in increased intestinal permeability, and affected gut bacterial colonization. Specifically, pups with PNGR harbored a decreased bacterial diversity, higher Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Escherichia-Shigella spp., and lower Odoribacter spp. and several members of the Lachnospiraceae family. The lack of an efficient intestinal barrier in early life and the dysbiosis induced by PNGR were associated with a higher susceptibility to chronic colitis in adulthood.

Due to the huge number of bacteria constituting the human colon microbiota, alteration in the balance of its constitutive taxa (i.e., dysbiosis) is highly suspected of being involved in colorectal oncogenesis. Indeed, bacterial signatures in association with CRC have been described. These signatures may vary if bacteria are identified in feces or in association with tumor tissues. Here, we show that bacteria colonize human colonic crypts in tissues obtained from patients with CRC and with normal colonoscopy results. Aerobic nonfermentative Proteobacteria previously identified as constitutive of the crypt-specific core microbiota in murine colonic samples are similarly prevalent in human colonic crypts in combination with other anaerobic taxa. We also show that bacterial signatures characterizing the crypts of colonic tumors vary depending whether right-side or left-side tumors are analyzed., We have previously identified a crypt-specific core microbiota (CSCM) in the colons of healthy laboratory mice and related wild rodents. Here, we confirm that a CSCM also exists in the human colon and appears to be altered during colon cancer. The colonic microbiota is suggested to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Because the microbiota identified in fecal samples from CRC patients does not directly reflect the microbiota associated with tumor tissues themselves, we sought to characterize the bacterial communities from the crypts and associated adjacent mucosal surfaces of 58 patients (tumor and normal homologous tissue) and 9 controls with normal colonoscopy results. Here, we confirm that bacteria colonize human colonic crypts in both control and CRC tissues, and using laser-microdissected tissues and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we further show that right and left crypt- and mucosa-associated bacterial communities are significantly different. In addition to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and as with murine proximal colon crypts, environmental nonfermentative Proteobacteria are found in human colonic crypts. Fusobacterium and Bacteroides fragilis are more abundant in right-side tumors, whereas Parvimonas micra is more prevalent in left-side tumors. More precisely, Fusobacterium periodonticum is more abundant in crypts from cancerous samples in the right colon than in associated nontumoral samples from adjacent areas but not in left-side colonic samples. Future analysis of the interaction between these bacteria and the crypt epithelium, particularly intestinal stem cells, will allow deciphering of their possible oncogenic potential.

Hypothesis Prilling process is one of advanced techniques for manufacturing microspheres of controlled and uniform size. In this process, homogenous polymer droplets fall into an extraction medium. The aim of this study was to identify the key parameters influencing the behavior of PLGA polymer-based droplets falling into a complex extraction medium, to select appropriate conditions for prilling. Experiments Polymer solutions and extraction media were characterized by determining their viscosity, density and surface tension. A simple model simulating the prilling process was developed to study droplet behavior. Particle shape and velocity at the air-liquid interface and during sedimentation in the container were analyzed step by step. The correlations between the variables studied were visualized by principal component analysis (PCA). Findings Droplet deformation at the interface greatly affected the recovery and final particle shape. It depended on the viscosity ratio of polymer solution/extraction medium. The particle shape recovery depended on the viscosity and density of extraction media and polymer solutions. The solidification speed is also an important parameter. In media which the solvent diffused slowly, particles were able to relax and recover their shape, however, they can also deform during sedimentation and collision with the bottom of the cuvette.

Introduction L’hemochromatose hereditaire (HH) et l’hepatosiderose dysmetabolique (HSD) sont les pathologies de surcharge martiale les plus frequentes [1] . Bien que de nombreux aliments soient connus pour modifier la biodisponibilite intestinale du fer alimentaire [2] , il n’existe aucune strategie nutritionnelle validee pour reduire l’absorption du fer dans ces pathologies. L’essai POLYFER evalue l’effet d’une supplementation en polyphenols au cours d’un repas sur l’absorption du fer chez des patients avec HH ou HSD. Patients et methodes Essai controle versus placebo, en double aveugle et cross-over. Apres une nuit de jeune, les sujets recevaient un repas calibre a deux reprises tres riche en fer (43 mg par repas), associe a une supplementation en polyphenols (100 mg de procyanidines sous forme d’un complement alimentaire) ou en placebo. L’etude de l’absorption du fer reposait sur l’etude de la sideremie post-prandiale a 30, 60, 120, 180 et 240 minutes, afin d’isoler l’effet du repas sur la sideremie, le fer serique etait mesure un autre jour chez chaque sujet dans des conditions de jeune complet. Le critere de jugement principal etait l’AUC differentielle de fer serique (sideremie post-prandiale–sideremie a jeun). Etaient inclus des sujets presentant une HH de type I (homozygotie C282Y) et des sujets avec HSD definis par une hyperferritinemie ≥ 450 μg/L avec surcharge martiale evaluee par IRM (≥ 50 μmol/g de foie sec) et au moins 1 critere de syndrome metabolique. Resultats Au total, 20 patients ont ete inclus dans chaque pathologie. Il n’y a pas eu de perdu de vue. L’âge moyen etait de 55,4 ans (HH) et 61 ans (HSD). La ferritine mediane a l’inclusion etait significativement plus basse dans le groupe HH (54 μmol/L vs 508 μmol/L) que dans le groupe HSD en raison des traitements par saignees (18/20 patients du groupe HH). Par rapport a l’etat de jeune, la sideremie augmentait significativement a 120–180 et 240 minutes dans les deux groupes (p Discussion Il s’agit de la premiere etude nutritionnelle randomisee controlee de l’effet des polyphenols sur l’absorption du fer alimentaire dans les pathologies de surcharge martiale. Les procyanidines utilises ont montre in vitro des capacites de chelation comparables a la deferoxamine par formation de complexes polyphenols-fer [3] . Cet effet n’est pas retrouve in vivo : dans l’HH, l’absorption accrue du fer pourrait avoir depasse les capacites de chelation des polyphenols. De plus, la presence de fer sous forme heminique dans le repas pourrait avoir limite la formation des complexes polyphenols-fer censes limiter l’absorption intestinale du fer. Cette etude valide par ailleurs un modele original d’etude de l’absorption du fer alimentaire sans isotope comme le montre l’absorption considerable du fer chez les patients avec HH. Conclusion Une supplementation en polyphenols a des doses nutritionnelles ne diminue pas l’absorption du fer alimentaire chez les patients en surcharge martiale d’origine genetique (HH) ou metabolique (HSD).

Poster session 1Poster session 1; We aimed to compare the effects of 8-week eccentric versus concentric exercise training in rats on body composition and energy expenditure, since these parameters have not been fully investigated. Animals were assigned to group 1) control, 2) +15% uphill-running slope (CON), 3) -15% downhill- running slope (ECC15, iso-power output) or 4) -30% downhill-running slope (ECC30, iso-VO2). Total body mass increased in all groups over the 8 weeks. A significant gain in fat mass was only observed for control group (20.71±1.99g) compared to CON (-4.8±6.18g); ECC15 (0.6±3.32g) and ECC30 (2.6±6.01g). A gain in lean mass was mainly seen for ECC15 (88.9±6.85g, p=0.09) and ECC30 (101.6±11.07g, p=0.02). Basal metabolic rate increased for all running groups. Thereby, the impact of training on lean mass is enhanced with ECC30 compared to CON, and adaptations are still observed for lower VO2 (ECC15). Thus low intensity eccentric exercise training could be part of body composition regulation strategies.

IntroductionIntrathoracic shunt quantification is a major factor for appropriate clinical management of heart and pulmonary diseases. Intracardiac shunts quantified by pulmonary to systemic output ratio (Qp/Qs) are generally assessed by Doppler echocardiography, MRI or catheterisation. Recently, some authors have suggested the concomitant use of thoracic bioimpedance (TB) and inert gas rebreathing (IGR) techniques for shunt quantification. The purpose of this study is to validate the use of this approach under conditions where shunt fraction is directly quantified such as in patients with isolated atrial septal defect (ASD).Methods and analysisThis trial is a prospective, observational single-centre, non-blinded study of adults seen for percutaneous closure of ASD. Qp/Qs ratio will be directly measured by Doppler echocardiography and direct Fick. IGR and TB will be used simultaneously to measure the cardiac output before and after closure: the ratio of outputs measured by IGR and TB reflecting the shunt fraction. The primary outcome will be the comparison of shunt values measured by TB-IGR and Doppler echocardiography.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by an independent Research Ethics Committee (2017-A03149-44 Fr) and registered as an official clinical trial. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03437148; Pre-results.

Rare Earth Element (REE) distributions in the ocean bear the fingerprints of several key environmental processes, including vertical particle/organic carbon fluxes, water column/pore-water oxygenation and ocean transports. The use of ‘fossil’ REE analyses in the service of palaeoceanography as redox, water transport or nutrient cycling ‘proxies’ has long been a tantalizing possibility. Here we demonstrate the application of a novel laser-ablation microanalysis approach for the rapid and accurate measurement of the REE composition of early diagenetic ‘coatings’ on fossil foraminifera. By applying this new method to a range of core-top and multi-core samples, we show that ‘authigenic’ REE enrichments on planktonic foraminifer surfaces (REEfs) reflect a primary seawater signature that becomes overprinted during sediment burial due to early diagenetic processes that control the flux of REEs to pore-fluids. Thus ‘light’ REEs (LREEs), and eventually ‘middle’ REEs (MREEs) are generally enriched in foraminifer 'coatings' relative to seawater, while Ce-anomalies (Ce/Ce*) recorded in surface sediments are typically more positive than local seawater values and are further ‘eroded’ during burial with the onset of anoxic conditions in the sediment. Similar patterns have previously been observed in pore-fluid measurements. Indeed, we show that Mn and Fe concentrations measured in foraminifer ‘coatings’ track the availability of these elements in pore-water, indicating that they are not associated with a secondary oxide phase. We propose that these elements, along with REEs are instead adsorbed directly from pore-fluids. In contrast, U in authigenic coatings tracks the removal of this element from solution under sub-oxic conditions, supporting the use of U/Ca in foraminifer coatings as a redox proxy. Although our results confirm a significant early diagenetic influence on REEfs, we also demonstrate the potential utility of ‘Ce-enrichment’ relative to expected seawater values as a palaeo-oxygenation proxy. We support this proposal with down-core measurements of U/Ca and Ce-enrichment spanning the last deglaciation in the sub-Antarctic Atlantic, as well as a global array of LGM measurements, which are found to co-vary with parallel estimates of radiocarbon ventilation age, consistent with a widespread drop in oxygen suggesting an increase in the efficiency of the biological pump. Our results suggest that laser-ablation REEfs measurements may hold some promise for palaeoceanographic reconstruction, in particular through a shift in emphasis away from the reconstruction of primary seawater signals to the analysis of diagenetic impacts that are sensitive to changing hydrographic conditions.

The study is integrally funded by the Region Auvergne Rhone-Alpes by the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, Fonds Europeen de Developpement Economique et Regional) and by the spa resort of Neris-les-Bains. The funding source had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study. The authors wish to thank Ms Frederique BRIAT for her commitment to setting up and monitoring the program. The authors wish also to thank Mr Bertrand BLOYER for promoting a short residential thermal spa program to prevent work-related stress/burnout.; Effects of a short residential thermal spa program to prevent work-related stress/burnout on stress biomarkers: a proof of concept study

This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology; Risk of a fall is increased in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is usually evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), but this is difficult to perform in everyday clinical practice. We aimed to prospectively predict short-term fall recurrence in COPD patients using a predetermined cut-off value of the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). In stable COPD patients, we collected self-reported records of the number of falls in the previous year, and measured TUG and BBS scores for each individual. Records of fall recurrence were obtained prospectively at 6-months after the initial evaluation. Among the 50 patients recruited, 23 (46%) had at least one fall during the past year. The optimal diagnosis value for the TUG to detect a fall was 10.9 s with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%. A cut-off of 11 s predicted fall recurrence with high sensitivity and specificity (93% and 74%, respectively). The TUG as well as the BBS score detected fallers, and a cut-off value of 11 s predicted fall recurrence. TUG could be easily incorporated into the scheduled functional evaluations of COPD patients, could predict the risk of a fall and when appropriate, could guide specific balance training exercises to prevent fall.

International audience; The increased cardiovascular risk in RA (rheumatoid arthritis) cannot be explained by common quantitative circulating lipid parameters. The objective of the study was to characterize the modifications in HDL phosphosphingolipidome in patients with RA to identify qualitative modifications which could better predict the risk for CVD. Nineteen patients with RA were compared to control subjects paired for age, sex, BMI, and criteria of metabolic syndrome. The characterization of total HDL phosphosphingolipidome was performed by LC-MS/MS. RA was associated with an increased HDL content of lysophosphatidylcholine and a decreased content of PC (phosphatidylcholine), respectively, positively and negatively associated with cardiovascular risk. A discriminant molecular signature composed of 18 lipids was obtained in the HDL from RA patients. The detailed analysis of phospholipid species showed that molecules carrying omega-3 FA (fatty acids), notably docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3), were depleted in HDL isolated from RA patients. By contrast, two PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) species carrying arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were increased in HDL from RA patients. Furthermore, disease activity and severity indexes were associated with altered HDL content of 4 PE and 2 PC species. In conclusion, the composition of HDL phosphosphingolipidome is altered during RA. Identification of a lipidomic signature could therefore represent a promising biomarker for CVD risk. Although a causal link remains to be demonstrated, pharmacological and nutritional interventions targeting the normalization of the FA composition of altered phospholipids could help to fight against RA-related inflammation and CVD risk.

The effect of exercise on sleep remains controversial in athletes especially in junior athletes. This study tested the acute effect of additional intense rugby training on sleep, next-day dietary intake, and physical performances in adolescent rugby players compared to a day with regular exercise. 17 male rugby players in the national under-17 category (age: 15.7 +/- 1.1 years, height: 1.78 +/- 0.1 m, weight: 84.4 +/- 13.6 kg, BMI: 26.6 +/- 3.8 kg/m(2), fat mass: 14.5 +/- 3.4%, VO2max Yo-Yo test: 52.1 +/- 4.4 mL/min/kg, evening chronotype) took part in this study. The athletes completed two 36-h experimental sessions in random order: a regular exercise program (REP) vs. an intensified exercise program (IEP) at a 1-week interval. Physical activity and sleep data were collected using accelerometers. Performance tests were conducted the next morning after an ad libitum breakfast. Sleep improved during intensive training (TST: + 26 min, SL: - 4%, WASO: - 39%, SE: + 8.5%) with moderate effect size. There was no next-day difference in calorie intake from breakfast, but macronutrient composition shifted toward proteins (regular: 15.4 +/- 6.1% vs. intensive: 18.9 +/- 7.4%, ES = - 0.650 [- 1.13; - 0.18]). There were no significant differences in Wingate test performance or spatial awareness task time. However, performance in submaximal tests improved. Acute intensified training results in increased sleep duration and quality without disturbing next-day performance or dietary intake in young rugby players.

International audience; Understanding the determinants of consumers' preferences is crucial for successful product development. Although it is rarely considered, perceived complexity is believed to be one important intrinsic product factor that may influence preference development (Levy, MacRae, & Koster, 2006). Studies on perceived complexity are mostly based on the Theory of Arousal (Berlyne, 1971) that asserts that the influence of complexity on consumers' preferences can be represented as an inverted U-curve. This article reviews the scientific literature on complexity in the field of food and beverages. A literature search was carried out on online catalogues using the search terms 'complexity' and 'preference' or 'hedonic' or 'liking'. Fifty five relevant articles have been selected and analysed for the ways authors define, manage and measure complexity. Fourteen of these articles addressed the link between complexity and hedonic response. One major result is that there is no consensus regarding the definition of complexity. In addition to physical complexity of products, definitions of perceived complexity can be divided into three categories: sensory, cognitive and emotional. A direct consequence of the diversity of the definitions is that there are many different ways to measure complexity, including sensory or instrumental methods. In order to generate different levels of complexity, authors play with the number of food components (ingredients, chunks, flavour notes). Besides, complexity is always studied for one sensory modality only (e.g. either aspect or texture or smell or taste). Overall, very little attention is paid to the temporal dimension of sensory complexity. Eventually, only one paper out of 14 found an inverted U-curve relationship between complexity and hedonic response as suggested by Berlyne's theory.

Epub ahead of print; INTRODUCTION: Anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients remains an issue and safer therapies, such as direct oral anticoagulants could overcome the limitations of conventional anticoagulant treatments in this population. Edoxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, is used for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Due to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, edoxaban is a promising candidate molecule for children. This study compared edoxaban in vitro effect in children and adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were prospectively collected from 87 adults and 97 children (n=12

Epub ahead of printOral Presentation: World Institute of Pain (WIP) congress, Dublin, 2018; BACKGROUND:The specific impact of neuropathic pain and recommended neuropathic pain treatments on the hormonal and immune status of patients has been so far poorly explored. This study aimed at studying, in real life, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the cytokine profile of patients with neuropathic pain. It also explored their links with cognition, emotion, quality of life, and drug treatment.METHODS:This prospective study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01543425) included 60 patients with neuropathic pain and 60 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers after obtaining signatures of informed consent. A number of parameters were measured: adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, cortisol awakening response, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone, 17-β-estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vitamin D. Psychological parameters were assessed by questionnaires.RESULTS:Patients with neuropathic pain had lower levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (P = 0.009) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (P < 0.001) than controls, and the cortisol awakening response was impaired. Patients were more depressed and anxious (P < 0.001) and had a diminished quality of life (P < 0.001), which was influenced by cytokines (P = 0.0067) and testosterone (P = 0.028). Antidepressants and antiepileptics appeared to interfere with testosterone and cognitivo-emotional domains.CONCLUSION:An impairment of the hormonal status and of the immune system was observed in patients. It identified testosterone as a potential pivotal mediator between antidepressants/antiepileptics and quality of life. Further studies must address the exact impact of different types of drugs on central effects, of gender differences, and of the immune system of neuropathic pain.

Epub ahead of print; BACKGROUND: Although multidisciplinary weight management interventions have been shown effective in improving body composition and cardio-respiratory fitness, their effects on HRQOL and perceived health status remain uncertain in adolescents with obesity. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a 10-month multidisciplinary weight management intervention on HRQOL and health perception in adolescents with obesity, exploring whether these changes were associated with changes in body weight and body composition. METHODS: Thirty-six adolescents with obesity (28 girls and 8 boys; mean age: 13+/-1.32years) enrolled in a multidisciplinary weight management intervention composed of nutritional counseling, physical activity and health-related therapeutic education. Validated self-report questionnaires were used to assess HRQOL (SF-36) and health perception (HP questionnaire) at baseline (T0) after5 months (T1) and after 10month of intervention (T2). In addition, anthropometric parameters and body composition (DXA) were measuredat T0, T1 and T2. RESULTS: Items of the SF-36 significantly improved at T1 and T2, such as physical functioning(P

International audience; The benefits of eccentric (ECC) training on fat mass (FM) remain underexplored. We hypothesized that in obese adolescents, ECC cycling training is more efficient for decreasing whole-body FM percentage compared to concentric (CON) performed at the same oxygen consumption (VO2). Twenty-four adolescents aged 13.4 +/- 1.3 years (BMI > 90th percentile) were randomized to ECC or CON. They performed three cyclo-ergometer sessions per week (30 min per session) for 12 weeks: two habituation, 5 at 50% VO2peak, and 5 at 70% VO2peak. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, maximal incremental CON tests, strength tests, and blood samples were assessed pre- and post-training. Whole-body FM percentage decreased significantly after compared to pretraining in both groups, though to a larger extent in the ECC group (ECC: -10% vs CON: -4.2%, P < 0.05). Whole-body lean mass (LM) percentage increased significantly in both groups after compared to pretraining, with a greater increase in the ECC group (ECC: 3.8% vs CON: 1.5%, P

International audience

Microfold (M) cell host-pathogen interaction studies would benefit from the visual analysis of dynamic cellular and microbial interplays. We adapted a human in vitro M cell model to physiological bacterial infections, expression of fluorescent localization reporters and long-term three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy. This approach allows following key steps of M cell infection dynamics at subcellular resolution, from the apical onset to basolateral epithelial dissemination. We focused on the intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri, classically reported to transcytose through M cells to initiate bacillary dysentery in humans, while eliciting poorly protective immune responses. Our workflow was critical to reveal that S. flexneri develops a bimodal lifestyle within M cells leading to rapid transcytosis or delayed vacuolar rupture, followed by direct actin motility-based propagation to neighboring enterocytes. Moreover, we show that Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen sharing a tropism for M cells, disseminates in a similar manner and evades M cell transcytosis completely. We established that actin-based M cell-to-enterocyte spread is the major dissemination pathway for both pathogens and avoids their exposure to basolateral compartments in our system. Our results challenge the notion that intracellular pathogens are readily transcytosed by M cells to inductive immune compartments in vivo, providing a potential mechanism for their ability to evade adaptive immunity., Author summary Microfold (M) epithelial cells are important for the onset of infections and induction of immune responses in many mucosal diseases. We extended a human in vitro M cell model to apical infections, expression of fluorescent host and microbial reporters and real-time fluorescence microscopy. Focusing on the human intracellular pathogen S. flexneri, responsible for bacillary dysentery, this workflow allowed us to uncover that the bacterium can subvert the immunological sampling function of M cells by promoting a cytosolic lifestyle and spreading directly to neighboring enterocytes. This mechanism was shared with the etiologic agent of listeriosis, the intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes and allowed both pathogens to avoid exposure to underlying immune compartments. These results may provide a mechanism for the ability of intracellular pathogens to evade adaptive immunity in vivo, emphasizing the importance of advanced studies of M cell host-pathogen interactions to understand early steps of mucosal invasion and their consequences on immunity.

The specific contribution of each bacterial species within a complex microbiota to the regulation of host lipid metabolism remains largely unknown. Using two model commensal microorganisms, L. paracasei and E. coli, we demonstrated that both bacterial species impacted host lipid metabolism in a diet-dependent manner and, notably, that L. paracasei-colonized mice but not E. coli-colonized mice resisted high-fat-diet-induced body weight gain. In addition, we set up cellular models of fatty acid absorption and secretion by enterocytes cocultured with bacteria and showed that, in vitro, both L. paracasei and E. coli inhibited lipid secretion, through increased intracellular fat storage and enhanced lipid catabolism, respectively., The gut microbiota contributes to nutrients absorption and metabolism by enterocytes, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood, and most conclusions are inferred from studies comparing germfree and conventional animals colonized with diverse bacterial species. We selected two model commensal microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus paracasei, to assess the role of the small-intestinal microbiota in modulating lipid absorption and metabolism by the epithelium. Using an integrated approach encompassing cellular and murine models and combining metabolic parameters measurement, lipid droplet imaging, and gene expression analysis, we demonstrated that under homeostatic conditions, L. paracasei promotes fat storage in enterocytes, whereas E. coli enhances lipid catabolism and reduces chylomicron circulating levels. The Akt/mammalian target of sirolimus (mTOR) pathway is inhibited by both bacterial species in vitro, indicating that several regulatory pathways are involved in the distinct intracellular lipid outcomes associated with each bacterial species. Moreover, soluble bacterial factors partially reproduce the effects observed with live microorganisms. However, reduction of chylomicron circulating levels in E. coli-colonized animals is lost under high-fat-diet conditions, whereas it is potentiated by L. paracasei colonization accompanied by resistance to hypercholesterolemia and excess body weight gain.

International audience; BACKGROUND:Basophil activation contributes to inflammatory reactions, especially in allergy. It is controlled, both positively and negatively, by several mechanisms. High-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) generate a mixture of activation and inhibition signals when aggregated, the ratio of which depends on the concentration of allergen recognized by receptor-bound IgE. Low-affinity IgG receptors (FcγRIIA/B) generate inhibition signals when coengaged with FcεRI by allergen-antibody immune complexes. Commensal and probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus paracasei, generate inhibition signals through still unclear mechanisms.OBJECTIVE:We sought to investigate whether mechanisms that control, both positively and negatively, basophil activation, which were unraveled and studied in basophils from healthy donors, are functional in allergic patients.METHODS:FcεRI and FcγRIIA/B expression, FcεRI-dependent activation, FcεRI-dependent inhibition, and FcγRIIB-dependent inhibition were examined in blood basophils incubated overnight with or without L paracasei and challenged under 10 experimental conditions. Basophils from healthy donors were compared with basophils from patients who consulted an allergology outpatient clinic over a period of 3 months with respiratory allergy, anaphylaxis antecedents, chronic urticaria, and/or atopic dermatitis.RESULTS:Patients' basophils expressed neither more FcεRI nor less FcγRIIB than basophils from healthy donors. They were neither hyperreactive to positive regulation nor hyporeactive to negative regulation, irrespective of the receptors or mechanisms involved and the allergic manifestations of the patients.CONCLUSION:Regulatory mechanisms that control basophil activation are fully functional in allergic patients. Intrinsic defects in these mechanisms do not explain allergic manifestations. Based on these mechanisms, immune checkpoint modifiers can be developed as novel therapeutic tools for allergy.

International audience; Food based dietary guidelines are not fully adopted by consumers. One of the principal explanations for this failure is that they are too general and do not take into account eating habits. Experts in nutrition believe that providing personalized dietary recommendations via nutrition recommender system can help people improve their eating behaviours. Understanding eating habits is a keystone in order to build a context aware recommender system that delivers personalized dietary recommendations. As a step towards this goal, we propose a method for representing food consumptions based on Doc2Vec for discovering clusters of eating behaviours. We compare our method to the state of the art methods used in the nutrition community.

International audience; Moray eels form a speciose lineage that belongs to Elopomorpha, a super-order with a worldwide distribution.As is the case for many anguilliform fish, moray eels are characterized by distinctive life history traits, notably aprolonged larval dispersal phase that determines settlement to distant reef habitats, thus influencing the spatialstructuring of their populations. They can be very abundant in coral reef ecosystems and represent major mesopredators,playing a crucial role in food webs. Yet, due to their elusive nature (i.e. cryptic behaviour, nocturnalactivity), these organisms are generally difficult to study and collect. To our knowledge, only a few studies performedover large geographical and phylogenetic scales have been conducted. We used a unique and cost-efficientsampling approach, involving forced regurgitation from sea snake predators, to collect large numbers of a widespreadmoray eel species (Gymnothorax chilospilus). When combined with the development of 11 new microsatellitemarkers, this efficient sampling technique allowed us to examine the genetic structure of Gymnothoraxpopulations occurring in the South Lagoon of New Caledonia. Analyses revealed a lack of genetic differentiationamong populations. This result echoes the strong genetic homogeneity of populations of their main predator, thesea snake. This convergence might result from a distinctive trait involved in population functioning of both morayeels and sea snakes, where immature individuals emerge from common breeding grounds and disperse over longdistances before settlement.

International audience

International audience; Quelle place occupe le goûter dans les habitudes des jeunes Fran ̧cais ? Une enquête qualitative, réalisée en 2012, à travers des entretiens avec des familles (n = 35) et des focus groups avec des enfants (n = 19) a fourni des données sur les représentations et les pratiques relatives à ce moment alimentaire. Cette étude montre qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une prise alimentaire anarchique et déstructurée, mais bien d’un « petit repas », socialement régulé, encadré par des normes en termes notamment de contenu et d’horaires. De plus, si les adultes sont prescripteurs de cette prise perçue comme indispensable sur le plan nourricier et encouragée depuis plusieurs années par les nutritionnistes eux-mêmes, l’enfant « garde la main » sur sa composition. En effet, face aux injonctions nutritionnelles à consommer les fruits et laitages, le goûter reste, dans les pratiques, un temps de pause, résolument associé à l’univers du sucré, au plaisir de manger et de partager et au monde de l’enfance.

Background The use of probiotics to improve anti-microbial defence, such as for influenza infections, is increasingly recommended. However, no data are available on the effect of probiotics on flu-associated secondary bacterial infections. There is strong evidence of a spatiotemporal association between influenza virus infection and invasive Neisseria meningitidis. We thus investigated the effect of feeding mice Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 in a mouse model of sequential influenza-meningococcal infection. Methods We intranasally infected BALB/c mice with a strain of influenza A virus (IAV) H3N2 that was first adapted to mice. Seven days later, a secondary bacterial infection was induced by intranasal administration of bioluminescent N. meningitidis. During the experiment, mice orally received either L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 or PBS as a control. The effect of L. paracasei administration on secondary bacterial infection by N. meningitidis was evaluated. Results Oral consumption of L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 reduced the weight loss of infected mice and lowered the bioluminescent signal of infecting meningococci. This improvement was associated with higher recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells, such as interstitial monocytes and dendritic cells, to the lungs. Conclusions Our data highlight the role of the gut-lung axis. L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 may boost the defence against IAV infection and secondary bacterial infection, which should be further studied and validated in clinical trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3086-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience; Background Ageing is a highly complex process marked by a temporal cascade of events, which promote alterations in the normal functioning of an individual organism. The triggers of normal brain ageing are not well understood, even less so the factors which initiate and steer the neuronal degeneration, which underpin disorders such as dementia. A wealth of data on how nutrients and diets may support cognitive function and preserve brain health are available, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological action in both normal ageing, age-related cognitive decline, and in the development of neurodegenerative disorders have not been clearly elucidated. Objectives This review aims to summarise the current state of knowledge of vulnerabilities that predispose towards dysfunctional brain ageing, highlight potential protective mechanisms, and discuss dietary interventions that may be used as therapies. A special focus of this paper is on the impact of nutrition on neuroprotection and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and this focus reflects the discussions held during the 2nd workshop ‘Nutrition for the Ageing Brain: Functional Aspects and Mechanisms’ in Copenhagen in June 2016. The present review is the most recent in a series produced by the Nutrition and Mental Performance Task Force under the auspice of the International Life Sciences Institute Europe (ILSI Europe). Conclusion Coupling studies of cognitive ageing with studies investigating the effect of nutrition and dietary interventions as strategies targeting specific mechanisms, such as neurogenesis, protein clearance, inflammation, and non-coding and microRNAs is of high value. Future research on the impact of nutrition on cognitive ageing will need to adopt a longitudinal approach and multimodal nutritional interventions will likely need to be imposed in early-life to observe significant impact in older age.

International audience; External information can modify the subjective value of a tasted stimulus, but little is known about neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral modifications. This study used flavored drinks to produce variable degrees of discrepancy between expected and received flavor. During a learning session, 43 healthy young men learned 4 symbol-flavor associations. In a separate session, associations were presented again during an fMRI scan, but half of the trials introduced discrepancy with previously learned associations. Liking ratings of drinks were collected and were analyzed using a linear model to define the degree to which discrepant symbols affected liking ratings of the subjects during the fMRI session. Based on these results, a GLM analysis of fMRI data was conducted to determine neural correlates of observed behavior. Groups of subjects were composed based on their behavior in response to discrepant symbols, and comparison of brain activity between groups showed that activation in the PCC and the caudate nucleus was more potent in those subjects in which liking was not affected by discrepant symbols. These activations were not found in subjects who assimilated unexpected flavors to flavors preceeded by discrepant symbols. Instead, these subjects showed differences in the activity in the parietal operculum. The activity of reward network appears to be related to assimilation of received flavor to expected flavor in response to symbol-flavor discrepancy.