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Este estudio se enfoca en comprender la urgencia de abordar el ecocidio en México, un delito planetario emergente. Empleando el método analítico-sintético y la técnica de investigación documental, se examina la tipificación del ecocidio en la legislación mexicana. El objetivo primordial es evaluar la eficacia de las medidas existentes y revelar las complejidades de la regulación a nivel federal. El análisis insta a la reflexión crítica y propone vías para abordar el ecocidio, destacando la necesidad apremiante de preservar el patrimonio natural de México.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El cambio climático y la evolución de la sociedad exigen una optimización de las prácticas agrícolas y/o nuevas tendencias para lograr una agricultura sostenible. La ciencia de los materiales se erige como una excelente alternativa para coayudar a la agricultura desde la germinación y cultivo hasta la cosecha, incluyendo la distribución-almacenamiento de bienes agrícolas. En el presente trabajo, se revisaron y discutieron estudios recientes novedosos y sustentables que utilizan nanomateriales, para destacar los desafíos y oportunidades de las nanociencias y nanotecnología en una nueva era de la agricultura, generando procesos de sustentabilidad. Los nanomateriales ofrecen una plataforma para el suministro controlado de fertilizantes, la mediación de contaminantes en el agua y el aire, así como para el control de algunos microrganismos fitopatógenos que colonizan cultivos en la agricultura actual. La síntesis de nanomateriales factibles, junto con su evaluación estandarizada a nivel mundial, es importante para obtener una nueva generación de técnicos y científicos en el desarrollo de técnicas emergentes y cambios en la agricultura. La correcta legislación puede obtenerse si se tienen protocolos internacionales para trabajar, es decir, protocolos de síntesis y caracterización de nanomateriales reproducibles a nivel mundial y desarrollados in-situ para obtener resultados reales.

Este estudio explora la categoría criminológica verde de la victimización medioambiental en relación con el enfoque del “daño del medio ambiente” con el fin de ofrecer una visión de su complejidad subyacente. Comprender esta complejidad resulta clave para arrojar luz sobre los fenómenos de victimización oculta y adaptar las medidas correctivas a las necesidades de las víctimas. El objetivoprincipal del enfoque del daño del medio ambiente es asumir la responsabilidad; sin embargo, no tiene en cuenta las relaciones, a veces complejas, de las víctimas con los factores que les causan daño. Este estudio pone de relieve estos límites al analizar el caso de Coca-Cola en San Cristóbal de las Casas desde una perspectiva de criminología verde, haciendo hincapié en la necesidad decomprender de manera holística el proceso de victimización. A continuación señala que el enfoque del daño debería abarcar tanto la condición de víctima como el ámbito de los recursos, a fin de proporcionar los mecanismos de reparación adecuados. En este sentido la justicia restaurativa podría ser una vía a tener en cuenta.

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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecuador necesita un cambio cultural, económico, social y ambiental; en gestión de residuos y políticas de producción. El objetivo investigativo es que el Estado debe adherirse a normas y principios de Economía Circular. Ante lo negativo del daño ambiental causado por actividades productivas en general y en particular en Áreas Protegidas, ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres del país. Con 19,1 millones de hectáreas de Áreas Protegidas (AP); esto quiere decir que cerca del 20% del territorio corresponde a 59 zonas; donde el Ministerio del Ambiente (2019) se enfoca en casos considerados ejemplos de minería, teniendo como objetivo garantizar y proteger la biodiversidad y el bienestar de todos los seres vivos, realizando la gestión, regulación y distribución de recursos económicos según la Constitución de 2008. La metodología investigativa es sistémica de causalidad y efectos del daño ambiental, por intervención que corresponde a la actividad productiva, cualquiera que sea el sector económico que intervenga; con la minería moderna se considera que el hombre siempre ha utilizado los recursos naturales, buscando mejorar su existencia. Los resultados están en prevenir y mitigar el daño e impacto destructivo de actividades humanas sobre los recursos naturales; la naturaleza no puede ser restaurada o reemplazada en un futuro cercano y conduce al agotamiento, en violación a las leyes del medio natural. También se consideran dos casos de explotación extractiva de recursos como Yasuní y LLurimagua. En conclusión, se necesita considerar y aplicar la normativa y mecanismos ambientales que minimicen los impactos y permitan su regeneración.

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper approaches the relationship between the State and the environment, aiming to evaluate the inquiries opened by the Public Ministry of the State of São Paulo (MPSP) and by the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) of Jales, of the 24th and 37th Federal Judiciary Subsection, the coercion and the sanction of environmental crimes of acts and/or omissions of municipal public agents (mayors) in the face of the administrative improbity law, arising from environmental damage. The study was carried out by collecting data from the MPSP and MPF from 48 municipalities in the northwest region of São Paulo, in procedures opened from January 2008 to August 2021 whose defendants were mayors and municipalities. After data collection, there was a tabulation and correlation with the bibliography, the legislation and the found jurisprudence. It has been identified that 120 proceedings were initiated, and the majority of these investigations lead to public civil actions by the MPSP, with most of them being civil inquiries, while the remaining ones were police inquiries. Additionally, the MPF in Jales opened a total of 606 proceedings, and the majority of them evolved into public civil actions. It is concluded that the MPSP of the districts and MPF of Jales have been fulfilling the constitutional duty in environmental protection; however, it was identified that the mayors end up not suffering sanctions from the Administrative Impropriety Law for environmental crimes. It was observed that the main objective of the MPSP and the MPF is the restoration of the damage and not the coercion of the agent who carries out or omits actions that lead to environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Via Inveniendi et Iudicandi is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Por meio do método indutivo e de pesquisa bibliográfica, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor a emergência de uma assim denominada transformação ecológica do Direito de danos, compreendendo-a como parte de uma abordagem ecológica sobre os direitos, que, no Direito brasileiro, considera-se viabilizada pela jurisprudência dos tribunais superiores. Sustenta-se que o cenário de aceleração de perda de biodiversidade em escala global – mesmo diante da proliferação de instrumentos normativos – sugere que as normas jurídicas ainda podem colaborar para o enfrentamento das ameaças existenciais, se os limites do planeta puderem ser adequadamente respeitados pelo Direito. Desse modo, argumenta-se que a confirmação da tese da imprescritibilidade dos danos ambientais, afirmada pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, e mais recentemente pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, sugere um caminho de progressiva redução das hipóteses de exclusão de responsabilização dos danos ambientais, aliado a um caminho de facilitação da relação de imputação de danos. Para além dessa compreensão, a consideração do princípio in dubio pro natura pelas tribunais superiores tem viabilizado propor que, no domínio da reparação dos danos ambientais, as particularidades de seus efeitos oportuniza uma interpretação das normas que favoreça a proteção da natureza, em conjunto com a necessidade de se oferecer maior proteção às vítimas.

The terrestrial systems have been suffering heavily from natural and anthropic environmental impacts in the course of civilizations and, in this sense, understanding the effects of different agents on the soil becomes increasingly important in view of the need to draw strategies for the mitigation of possible environmental impacts. In this way, the present study carried out a bibliographical review of the most diverse agents and processes capable of causing alterations to the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics, surveying the effects of such agents on different ecosystems. Thus, through the study it was found that changes in rainfall, chemical, nutritional and soil available volume have contributed to the increased formation of semi-arid regions around the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A semejanza de la Constitución de Ecuador, han surgido en el derecho chileno distintas propuestas en favor de la consagración de derechos de la naturaleza, siendo una de sus principales facultades aquella referida a su restauración. Pese a la novedad que este mecanismo ha supuesto, el derecho chileno consagra diferentes técnicas que permiten observar su proximidad con las soluciones aplicables en dicho país. Debido a que esta proximidad no se produce por el reconocimiento de derechos de la naturaleza, sino de cargas y obligaciones que inciden positivamente en su conservación, puede apreciarse la vigencia de un modelo diferente, construido sobre la base de imperativos jurídicos distintos, que permiten alcanzar una eficacia comparativa.

La protección penal del medio ambiente es uno de los campos de mayor evolución del derecho penal en las décadas recientes en el contexto internacional y en especial en España y en Colombia. El enfoque del derecho penal ambiental ya no es exclusivamente antropocéntrico, sino que el reconocimiento constitucional y la actividad judicial vienen fortaleciendo la perspectiva ecocéntrica, que parte de la naturaleza como sujeto de derechos y que los ecosistemas naturales y los animales per se, independientemente de su utilidad social o económica directa, merecen ser considerados como bienes jurídico-penales autónomos. Esta evolución se complementa con la propuesta de la academia y organizaciones de la sociedad civil del reconocimiento del ecocidio como crimen internacional y su inclusión como el quinto delito de conocimiento de la Corte Penal Internacional.

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O artigo analisa os critérios decisórios utilizados pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça quanto ao problema da causalidade no âmbito da responsabilidade civil ambiental. A estratégia metodológica traçada é o estudo de caso e o recorte analítico dá-se a partir da limitação da responsabilidade civil diante do dano ambiental ocasionado pela explosão do navio Vicuña (Recursos Especiais nº 1.602.106/PR e nº 1.596.081/PR). Ao final, conclui-se que os critérios adotados no julgado não representam soluções que dizem respeito ao nexo de causalidade e o enfoque na teoria da causalidade adequada prejudicou a fundamentação da decisão.

This paper aims to analyze the viability of applying the punitive damages institute to brazilian environmental law. To this end, he discussed civil liability for environmental damage in Brazil; conceptualized the punitive damages and their functions; identified the forms of application of the institute by Brazilian Courts, evaluating the viability of applying the institute to Brazilian law; discussed the obstacles to be faced in order to internalize the institute to Brazilian Environmental Law. The compatibility of punitive damages with Brazilian environmental law emerges as a hypothesis. It is concluded by the legal viability of applying punitive damages to Brazilian environmental law, due to the legal nature of the environment and the need to discourage the practice of harmful conduct to the environment, evidencing criteria that must be observed for the applicability of that institute. The hypothetical-deductive methodology was applied, with a bibliographic research technique, using scientific articles referring to the problem-theme and judgments of the Brazilian Courts relevant to the development of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo aborda los avances que se han logrado en la ciencia jurídica en materia de tutela del medio ambiente. Resalta las diferentes declinaciones existentes en relación con la interpretación del artículo 9.º de la Constitución italiana, los cambios en el alcance de los principios de responsabilidad y de precaución, y las categorías de los bienes. Y finalmente el artículo concluye con una mención sobre el abandono de la concepción antropológica del derecho.

El objetivo de este texto es abordar la conveniencia de aplicar el sistema de responsabilidad subjetiva (responsabilidad con culpa) en los casos de responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado colombiano por daño ambiental. Condenar al Estado con responsabilidad subjetiva posibilita, posteriormente, el uso de la acción de repetición contra el servidor, exservidor público o al particular que ejerce funciones públicas, para obtener el reintegro de las sumas objeto de condena.

El uso de técnicas empleadas por el Estado colombiano, el Fracking y la Aspersión con Glifosato, la una para promover el llamado desarrollo económico y la otra para disminuir el cultivo de plantas de uso ilícito, generan graves impactos sobre el ecosistema, la vida del planeta incluyendo la humana. Es en este contexto que se abre una discusión sobre el lugar que ocupan la psicología, la política y la espiritualidad para comprender y hacer frente a ésta realidad en la consecución del bienestar ecológico y, por ende, humano.

The Supreme Court Judgment of October 27, 2021 resolves an appeal filed by the Junta de Castilla y León against a previous sentence. The court addresses two main issues related to the inclusion of a species in the list of huntable species and popular action in cases of environmental damage. It concludes that it is not necessary to provide specific justification for including a species in the list of huntable species and that those authorized to file a popular action cannot request economic compensation for environmental damages. The judgment sides with the Junta de Castilla y León and dismisses the association's appeal. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Opara: Ciências Contemporâneas Aplicadas is the property of Revista OPARA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Law Studies Journal / Revista Novos Estudos Juridicos is the property of Novos Estudos Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Esta Sentencia resuelve el recurso de casación interpuesto por la Junta de Castilla y León contra la Sentencia de 12 de diciembre de 2019, dictada por la Sala de lo ContenciosoAdministrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Castilla y León (Valladolid). La sentencia que ahora es objeto de casación estima el recurso contencioso-administrativo interpuesto por la Asociación para la Conservación y Estudio del Lobo Ibérico contra la Resolución de 29 de julio de 2016, de la Dirección General del Medio Natural (Consejería de Fomento y Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Castilla y León), por la que se aprueba el Plan de aprovechamientos comarcales de lobo en los terrenos cinegéticos situados al norte del río Duero en Castilla y León para las temporadas 2016/2017, 2017/2018 y 2018/2019, por su disconformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teniendo en cuenta las referencias que faltan a la responsabilidad corporativa por daños ambientales en la nueva definición propuesta de ecocidio, ¿tiene esta última el potencial de detener efectivamente la destrucción ambiental y el cambio climático, y promover la justicia ambiental y climática? De no ser así, ¿cómo puede llenarse la brecha en la responsabilidad corporativa por causar daños ambientales y climáticos dentro y fuera del mandato de la CPI?

Copyright of Law Studies Journal / Revista Novos Estudos Juridicos is the property of Novos Estudos Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo del artículo es predeterminar los costos de prevención y restauración del daño ambiental en el ecosistema Montañas de Guamuhaya, Cienfuegos ante el riesgo de desastres naturales. Es llevada a cabo a partir de la necesidad de contribuir a la gestión del costo en este ecosistema, así como proveer a la Unidad Empresarial de Base Agroindustrial Cumanayagua del costo unitario y el gasto total predeterminado por cada una de las acciones adoptadas para prevenir y restaurar el daño ambiental, en función de las normas establecidas para el consumo de materiales y el aprovechamiento de los recursos humanos y tecnológicos dispuesto por el Ministerio de la Agricultura cubano para esta actividad. Para su desarrollo se emplearon métodos de carácter teórico y empíricos, tales como el histórico – lógico, el analítico – sintético, el análisis de documental, la observación directa, discusión grupal, la entrevista, y el procesamiento de la información, a partir de los que se lograron calcular los costos estimados, bajo condiciones normales, de las principales acciones que se realizan por esta entidad, información con la que la dirección puede profundizar en sus procesos de planificación, control y toma de decisiones sobre bases más objetivas y contribuir a la gestión del costo.

El pronunciamiento que traemos a colación resuelve la impugnación del Acuerdo de la Xunta Superior de Fazenda, de 2 de mayo de 2017, sobre la liquidación derivada del acta de disconformidad sobre el Impuesto sobre el daño ambiental causado por determinados usos o aprovechamientos del agua embalsada, en este caso, del embalse de Peñarrubia, durante los ejercicios 2009 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent Chilean jurisprudence has classified environmental liability in terms of the restoration of damage, ruling out monetary compensation. Although this interpretation has the purpose of favoring environmental protection, granting the Environmental Courts powers in different areas, various substantial and procedural limitations make such protection difficult to achieve. These limitations can be overcome based on an alternative reading, which distinguishes a multiplicity of responsibilities in environmental matters and seeks unity in its repair, imposed by whatever applicable law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass interest in environmental issues emerged at the end of the 1960s. It was then that the problems of environmental degradation began to be clearly perceived, which at first focused mainly on pollution. At that time, the concept of environment had two very clear meanings, depending on whether it was applied in industrialized or developing countries. In the first case, environmental issues focused almost exclusively on aspects of pollution, in which case it was correct to consider that environmental problems were of a technological nature, whereas in developing countries the concept was much broader and of a socioeconomic and economic nature. More political than technological, since priority environmental problems were considered, precisely those derived from underdevelopment: health problems, conditions of human settlements, lack of housing and schools, nutritional deficiencies, destruction of forests and loss of soil, destruction or poor exploitation of natural or other resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El problema polisémico de los cultivos de uso ilícito, particularmente el relacionado con la hoja de coca, es abordado desde el estudio de algunas de las externalidades negativas derivadas de la producción de hoja de coca respecto al medio ambiente y la economía de las comunidades que se dedican a su producción, las cuales han tendido a agudizarse en el posacuerdo. En este sentido, se presenta un análisis que articula las narrativas económicas y jurídicas a través del análisis económico del derecho, para tener una aproximación teórica y empírica a los eventuales efectos que puede producir determinada política, decisión o regulación jurídica sobre este tipo de economías ilícitas.

El trabajo aborda inicialmente la caracterización del sistema de responsabilidad civil, tal como ha sido concebido desde el Derecho decimonónico en la etapa de la codificación, trascendiendo al abordaje de las dificultades que enfrenta la responsabilidad civil por daño ambiental desde los postulados de las ciencias jurídicas. A través del derecho comparado se analizan y resumen distintas posturas de cuerpos legales internacionales en aras de acercamos a un razonamiento legal que contribuya a continuar perfeccionando esta importante materia, de la cual depende la protección del medio ambiente y por ende la mantención de la vida humana.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although dystopia has been an enduring trope in literature, it is now, however, that dystopian and apocalyptic fiction has become especially popular all over the world. The main aim of this article is to discuss how contemporary Indian fiction denounces the barbarity of contemporary Indian nationalism, in particular the policies enforced by a repressive Indian state where tradition and purity are valued above multiculturality, dialogue and equality. In order to do this, I focus on two internationally acclaimed novels, namely, Nayantara Sahgal's When the Moon Shines by Day (2017) and Prayaag Akbar's Leila (2018). In different but complementary ways, both dystopias draw a telling portrait of precarious times in contemporary India. Both novels also warn against the dangers of the fundamentalist version of Hindu nationalism and cultural censorship, at the same time as they bring to our attention the damage that a dominant minority can inflict on those situated at the bottom of the social ladder, who are thus condemned to live in inhuman conditions, as if they were less than nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)