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This study examines the effects of family involvement on international market entry. Bridging theories of interorganizational imitation with the notion of socioemotional wealth protection, we argue that family-managed firms are more likely to act as “intuitive statisticians,” using the internationalization outcomes of industry peers to determine when to internationalize. An event history analysis of 2427 manufacturing firms supports this position. Family-managed firms’ likelihood to internationalize increases as prior entrants’ performance mean and variance increase. Ultimately, our study demonstrates that this imitation strategy enables family-managed firms to reduce risk and endure longer in broached international markets.

Evidence suggests that firms often do not respond to competitive attacks even when they are aware of an attack and have the capability to counter it. We believe that this is because they engage in a form of nonresponse that we designate as strategic forbearance, a phenomenon that has been mostly neglected by scholars of competitive dynamics. We view such forbearance as a critical component of competitive strategy – an attempt to situate responses to attacks within a more complex and nuanced strategic, organizational and environmental context. Forbearance, we argue, represents managers’ mindful attempts to transcend reflexive responses by expanding the range of considerations a) beyond an attacker to other stakeholders and rivals, b) beyond the immediate attack to its historical setting and long-term relational implications, and c) beyond unitary tactics to those concerning global strategic coherence and adaptation. We define formally and tentatively operationalize strategic forbearance, before deriving propositions concerning its five general transcending drivers. Ultimately, we believe, the study of forbearance can bring scholars of competitive dynamics closer to the heart of the reflective competitive strategy.

To develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the use of exome and genome sequencing (ES/GS) in the care of pediatric patients with one or more congenital anomalies (CA) with onset prior to age 1 year or developmental delay (DD) or intellectual disability (ID) with onset prior to age 18 years. The Pediatric Exome/Genome Sequencing Evidence-Based Guideline Work Group (n = 10) used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence to decision (EtD) framework based on the recent American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) systematic review, and an Ontario Health Technology Assessment to develop and present evidence summaries and health-care recommendations. The document underwent extensive internal and external peer review, and public comment, before approval by the ACMG Board of Directors. The literature supports the clinical utility and desirable effects of ES/GS on active and long-term clinical management of patients with CA/DD/ID, and on family-focused and reproductive outcomes with relatively few harms. Compared with standard genetic testing, ES/GS has a higher diagnostic yield and may be more cost-effective when ordered early in the diagnostic evaluation. We strongly recommend that ES/GS be considered as a first- or second-tier test for patients with CA/DD/ID.

The literature on the interplay between geographic communities and organizations has largely ignored the role of individual residents. In adopting a meso-perspective, we examine a potentially vital relationship between corporate conduct and pro-social behavior demanding sacrifice from individuals. Drawing on Weber (Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1978 (Translation of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, 1922)), we theorize that organizations in a community legitimize personal social conduct in three ways-by serving as role models, imparting norms and values, and routinizing forms of interaction. We study the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) behavior by local firms and the social distancing (SD) of citizens in US counties during the Covid-19 pandemic, a core ethical outcome. We argue and find that the residents of communities in which firms exhibit higher levels of CSR engaged in more SD during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was true when firms were (a) long-established, (b) isomorphic in their CSR, and (c) major employers and vendors. Moreover, CSR relating to the treatment of employees as well as positive and negative extremes in CSR bore especially strong relationships with SD. Implications are drawn for the study of business ethics, as modeled by CSR, as a force for ethical personal behavior and public health in communities.

We theorize that organizations with higher brokerage positions (which we call brokers) benefit from access to capital and distribution that, paradoxically, causes them to implement poorer projects but to survive longer. Whereas prior research proposes that such organizations implement alliance projects because of their superior quality, we argue that they can do so despite project quality, because they have better access to capital and distribution. This access subjects their ventures to fewer implementation hurdles. As a result, there emerge three paradoxes and associated hypotheses: (a) brokers are able to implement more alliance projects, but their projects will perform on average more poorly; (b) brokers will tend to ally with other brokers but will do better when they ally with those having lower brokerage positions; and (c) despite the poorer performance of alliance projects, brokers will experience fewer risks and be less likely to exit the business. Paradoxically, brokerage makes organizations perform worse in each alliance but benefit from longer-term sustainability. In a study of 2,694 movie production companies in the Hollywood film industry from 1994 to 2009, we find considerable support for our hypotheses and develop a novel perspective on brokerage.

This article addresses the consequences of theory in social science. It suggests that theory has become fetishized and contributes to class differentiation as most people are excluded from its increasingly obfuscating form. Fetishism implies that what used to be a means for clarifying and explaining the world has become an end in itself. This article presents an alternative approach to theory as de-fetishized, using as an example a recent attempt to theorize the smartphone. In this approach the processes of abstraction, generalization and de-contextualization that are required to create theory are negated through simultaneous illustration, re-contextualization and forms of highly accessible dissemination. Two examples are provided from our recent theorization of the smartphone, first as the Transportal Home and, second, as Beyond Anthropomorphism.

A l’aide d’une synthese conceptuelle d’un vaste corpus de litterature, les auteurs explorent les facteurs d’alienation chez les enseignants-chercheurs en gestion a travers le prisme d’un modele classique du chemin-objectif (path-goal) de la motivation. Certains enseignants-chercheurs se sont desengages de la recherche en raison du contexte sociopolitique entourant l’exercice de la publication. Bien que leurs plaintes prises individuellement soient irritantes, collectivement, elles peuvent constituer durant une carriere un calvaire rempli de difficultes cumulees aggravantes – « une tempete parfaite » – qui eloignent definitivement les enseignants-chercheurs de la production de recherche universitaire. Pour mieux comprendre ce processus, les auteurs montrent l’interaction pernicieuse de ces defis dans un modele de l’attente des couts, des risques et des recompenses, chacun devoilant plusieurs des facteurs d’alienation repertories dans le livre de Blauner (1964) – l’absence de sens, l’impuissance, l’alienation de soi et l’isolement. Ils concluent en suggerant des conditions attenuantes, des propositions syntheses et des mesures correctives.

Conflicts in the family business literature abound due to the breed’s heterogeneity. However, a key aspect of heterogeneity has been ignored—a tendency for many family firms to gravitate toward unusual and opposite extremes in their behavior toward stakeholders and their strategic initiatives. We attribute these to family emotional bonds, secrecy from scrutiny, and exceptional managerial discretion. These bivalent qualities may combine to cause both salutary and abusive treatment of stakeholders as well as extraordinary success and abysmal failure at strategic initiatives—depending on the temporal and social priorities of family owners. We present moderating conditions and propositions before developing theoretical and methodological implications.

The response to Brexit in Ireland needs to be considered in relation to the long-term and short-term histories of the relationship between Ireland and the UK. Brexit, or at least the farcical debat...

Growth is important for the long-term success of a business. Regrettably, the impact of family influence on firm growth is largely neglected. We examine whether family firms have a higher growth rate than their nonfamily counterparts. Based on a large sample of firms across 43 countries over a 10-year period, we show that family firms on average have higher growth rates than nonfamily firms, and this positive effect is greater for family firms operating in strong national institutional environments which are less corrupt, more democratic, more subject to rule of law, and have effective government policies. We also find that the positive effect of family influence on firm growth varies significantly across different types of family firms and different business cycles. These findings show that family control has an economically significant impact on growth rates and important implications for both family firm theory and practice.

INTRODUCTION It is unclear what factors influence health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in neuromuscular scoliosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate which factors are associated with an improvement in an HRQOL after spinal fusion surgery for nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS A total of 157 patients with nonambulatory CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System IV and V) with a minimum of 2-year follow-up after PSF were identified from a prospective multicenter registry. Radiographs and quality of life were evaluated preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. Quality of life was evaluated using the validated Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD) questionnaire. Patients who had an increase of 10 points or greater from baseline CPCHILD scores were considered to have meaningful improvement at 2 years postoperatively. 10 points was chosen as a threshold for meaningful improvement based on differences between Gross Motor Function Classification System IV and V patients reported during the development of the CPCHILD. Perioperative demographic, clinical, and radiographic variables were analyzed to determine predicators for meaningful improvement by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 36.3% (57/157) of the patients reported meaningful improvement in CPCHILD scores at 2 years postoperatively. Preoperative radiographic parameters, postoperative radiographic parameters, and deformity correction did not differ significantly between groups. Patients who experienced meaningful improvement from surgery had significantly lower preoperative total CHPILD scores (43.8 vs. 55.2, P

Dividends are an important means of paying shareholders. At the same time, dividends can drain resources useful to grow the business. Focusing on privately-owned family firms, we argue that an important and unexplored feature driving dividend payout is the dispersion of equity shares among family members. Due to potential differences in family owners’ priorities, we hypothesize that equity dispersion is positively associated with dividends. This relationship, however, is weaker for firms led by a family member, first-generation firms, and firms in uncertain industry contexts. Our empirical analysis supports these hypotheses.

ObjectiveTo establish the state of the evidence base around psychosocial interventions that support well-being in sex workers in order to inform policy and practice within a resource-rich geographical context.MethodsPublished and unpublished studies were identified through electronic databases (PsychINFO, CINHAL Plus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Open Grey), hand searching and contacting relevant organisations and experts in the field. Studies were included if they were conducted in high-income settings with sex workers or people engaging in exchange or transactional sex, and evaluated the effect of a psychosocial intervention with validated psychological or well-being measures or through qualitative evaluation.ResultsA total of 19 202 studies were identified of which 10 studies met the eligibility criteria. The heterogeneity found dictated a narrative synthesis across studies. Overall, there was very little evidence of good quality to make clear evidence-based recommendations. Despite methodological limitations, the evidence as it stands suggests that peer health initiatives improve well-being in female street-based sex workers. Use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a diary-based method of collecting real-life behavioural data through the use of twice-daily questionnaires via a smartphone, increased self-esteem and behaviour change intentions.ConclusionsWork with sex workers should be based on an evidence-based approach. Limitations to the existing evidence and the constraints of this work with vulnerable groups are recognised and discussed.

Background Facet fractures have been reported in a total of 6 young athletes in 4 previous publications. These injuries were not diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radiographs, and were identified on computed tomography (CT). Our purpose was to report a series of athletes with operatively managed facet fractures. This may be an under-recognized diagnosis. Methods Retrospective review of pediatric patients with operatively managed isolated lumbar or sacral facet fractures from 3 tertiary pediatric hospitals from 2014 to 2019. Clinical records and imaging studies were reviewed. Results Ten patients with symptomatic lumbar or sacral facet fractures met inclusion criteria (mean age at presentation; 13.3±2.1 years, 70% Female). All patients reported competitive participation in sports. On physical examination, 10/10 (100%) of patients had lower back pain that was exacerbated with lumbar spine extension. Limited CT scans demonstrated facet fractures in 10/10 (100%) patients not detected on plain film or MRI. All patients experienced significant relief of pain following excision of the facet fracture fragment. At time of first postoperative visit, 9/10 (90%) patients were pain free while one had generalized back pain thought to be related to fibromyalgia and not facet pathology. At time of last follow-up, 2/10 (20%) of patients reported nonspecific back pain that was not localized in the area of the facet fracture, while 80% (8/10) remained pain free. All patients 100% (10/10) returned to full participation to sports. There were no complications noted in this series. Average follow-up was 27 months (range: 1 to 68 mo). Conclusions Athletes with localized back pain exacerbated by spine extension may have a facet fracture. As facet fractures are usually not identified with radiographs or MRI, a limited CT scan should be considered in the evaluation of pediatric athletes with localized back pain exacerbated by extension. In this series, surgical excision of facet fracture fragments was safe and provided predictable pain relief.

¼: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) or kyphosis is common in patients with neurofibromatosis (NF) and is characterized by rapid progression of deformity. ¼: Traditional growing rods provide good functional and deformity outcomes in patients with NF and EOS; magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) also provide good deformity correction, although high rates of revision have been reported after their use. ¼: Among patients with NF type 1 (NF1), morphologic characteristics of the spinal deformity are different in those with paraspinal neurofibromas than in those without paraspinal tumors. ¼: Patients with NF1 are at low risk for developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors during childhood (

1. Behind Closed Doors Daniel Miller (Professor of Anthropology, University College London) 2. Social Aspirations in North London Alison J. Clarke (Royal College of Art) 3. Organised Disorder: Moving Furniture in Norwegian Homes Pauline Garvey (University College London) 4. The Refurbishment of Memory Jean-Sebastien Marcoux (University College London) 5. The Taste of Home Elia Petridou (University College London) 6. Possessions Daniel Miller (University College London) 7. Home Sweet Home: Tangible Memories of an Uprooted Childhood Anat Hecht (University College London) 8. Building Conjugal Relationships: The Devotion to Houses amongst the Paiwan of Taiwan Chang-Kwo Tan (University College London) 9. A Man Will Get Furnished: Wood and Domesticity in Urban Romania Adam Drazin (University College London) 10. The 'Untidy' House in Japan Inge Daniels (University College London) Index

Using a signaling framework, we argue that ethical behavior as evidenced by charitable donations is viewed more positively by investors when seen not to be based on self-serving motives but rather on authentic generosity that builds moral capital. The affirmed religiosity of CEOs may make their ethical position more credible, while their embeddedness within a family business suggests that CEOs are backed by powerful owners with long-time horizons and a desire to build moral capital with stakeholders. We find in a study of market responses to 1572 corporate donations by S&P 1500 firms that financial markets react more positively to charitable initiatives from firms with religion-declared CEOs, but only if these are family businesses.

We focus on the strategic implications of executive time horizons on a top management team. We argue that time horizon mean and diversity individually and interactively influence organizational ambidexterity, that is, a firm’s joint exploitation of current competencies and exploration of new opportunities. Drawing on the chief executive officer and top management team interface literature, we propose that effective CEO temporal leadership will enhance the joint effects of top management team time horizon mean and diversity on organizational ambidexterity. We tested our hypotheses by conducting multiple runs of surveys on a sample of 146 Chinese small- and medium-sized firms. Our study contributes to upper echelons theory and temporal research on strategy, being the first to examine the strategic consequences of top management team time horizon composition.

This article argues for a more explicit concern with sociality in anthropology, illustrated through a study of one of the oldest English platforms for sociality: the English pub. Using an approach derived from the study of social media, the pub is analysed in terms of the balance between structural (mainly commercial) forces and agency (mainly the desire for particular kinds of sociality). Following an introduction to the English pub, the article considers how pubs exert control over which population they serve. The next section, shows how groups of people colonize pubs, regardless of the pub's intentions. This is followed by a discussion of the various responses by pubs to this colonization. The final section, ‘Scalable sociality’, demonstrates how these processes combine to produce a phenomenon called scalable sociality, which is also a definition of social media: a series of platforms that can be sited along various scales and parameters of sociality. This is important because a similar tension between, on the one hand, commercial or state forces and, on the other hand, the development of new forms of sociality is increasingly common within many topics studied by anthropologists.

Experimenting with the many potentials of anthropological analysis—that shifting interface between the empirical and the conceptual, the space and perhaps the time between ethnography and theory—is at the heart of our journal’s intellectual mission. Our aim is to publish articles that display a spirit of analytical exploration by dealing in fresh ways with their empirical materials and showing in the action of their analytical treatment new paths for anthropological thinking to pursue. Alongside full-length research articles, in this issue we inaugurate Think Pieces in Analytics, a forum devoted to slightly shorter and more speculative texts, in which particular aspects of the scope, process, or aims of anthropological analysis are explored for their own sake. Mirroring the ambiguous and shifting character of both the concept and the practice of analysis, we give free rein to contributors to broach matters of methodology, theoretical approach, research ethics and politics, interdisciplinary interface, and institutional infrastructure, as long as their bearing on questions of analytical practice in anthropology is identified.

Scholarship has frequently struggled with several pairs of dichotomies as it has sought to understand the digital: real vs. virtual, authentic vs. mediated, openness (freedom) vs. closure (control), and community vs. network. In order to make conceptual headway without falling into these traps, we turn in this article to the concept of indexicality. We urge an account of the digital that sees it as a resource for social action, one with the capacity to reduce and abstract as well as to differentiate and proliferate, recognizing both of these as potential projects that social actors may undertake. We offer the operation of money as an instructive analogy for how we may identify both the abstracting and the specifying dimensions of the digital.

We develop a model of ideals-based accountability (IBA) which we have witnessed at work in several long-thriving family businesses. The owners and managers of these firms eschew individualism and materiality in the pursuit of ethical ideals such as supporting democracy and bettering the human condition. Although accountability is to these ideals, not for outcomes such as profitability or even reputation, IBA has resulted in outstanding reputations for some firms. We characterize IBA according to its missions, leadership, culture, and stakeholder relationships. We also contrast it with traditional forms of accountability and differentiate IBA from related stakeholder, stewardship, and CSR perspectives. Finally, we examine its manifestations within five long-lived family enterprises, in the process generating propositions to advance the concept.

The wealthiest family business owners are recognized as economically powerful, but there is little theoretical underpinning to explain how their behavior differs from their counterparts. To increase our understanding of family firm owners we draw on literature to introduce the concept of the rentier which we contrast with the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective of ownership. We test contrasting predictions by examining the strategic behavior of the one percent wealthiest business owning households in the United States using data from Federal Reserve Board’s 2013 Survey of Consumer Finance. Our findings depict an entrepreneurial category of owners who blend aspects of both rentier and SEW modes, but suggest important shortcomings of both perspectives.

Scholars have advocated the importance of a long-term orientation to the sustainable management of organizations, but few have examined its sources. We develop more fully the concept of long-term orientation, and from the perspective of upper echelons theory, argue and demonstrate that a CEO’s human capital and motivation, as signaled by graduation from a top-ranked university, relates positively to three aspects reflecting long-term orientation. These include strategy in the form of profit reinvestment, R&D expenditure, and honest reporting of earnings; greater exclusive personal commitments of CEO time and finances to the firm; and stewardship of stakeholders such as employees and the community. Our findings are derived from a study of the BoardEx database of 1459 CEOs of US corporations from 2003 to 2013, and are robust to endogeneity concerns and to more inclusive rosters of elite universities.

This paper structurally estimates a demand and supply model of Medicare Part D and evaluates counterfactual scenarios that introduce a public option competing alongside private insurers. The result...

To date there has been little systematic organization of the extensive literature on the processes and mechanisms shaping social relationships in and around organizations. In an analysis of 372 studies from this literature, we identified a broad spectrum of assumptions, priorities, and relational issues emerging from multiple disciplines and theoretical lenses. Three dominant perspectives surfaced in our study: economic, organizational, and interactionist. Each manifests distinctive ontologies of social relations, actors, relational processes, and modes of social embedding. The rich variety of relationships and causal patterns discovered characterizes more fully these perspectives, suggesting opportunities for further research within each, and a wider range of conceptual options to target relational paradigms toward different types of organizations, problems, and levels of analysis. It also brings to light the pluralistic nature of social relations in organizational contexts and the processes by which they become embedded.