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The prevalence of systolic hypertension phenotypes based on simultaneous 24-h brachial (br) and aortic (ao) ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) remains unknown. We sought to describe their prevalence and associations with hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD). Participants with 24-h br and ao ABPM, carotid ultrasound and echocardiography data were categorized into 4 systolic hypertension phenotypes: sustained systolic br and ao normotension (SSN), isolated br systolic hypertension (IbrSH), isolated ao systolic hypertension (IaoSH) and sustained br and ao systolic hypertension (SSH). Different calibrations for peripheral waveforms and cut-offs for 24-h ao systolic pressure were applied. Out of 1024 participants with ABPM, 684 had carotid and 423 echocardiography data. IaoSH ranged from 3.7% to 23.0% of the population, depending on the calibration and the applied cut-off; (SSN: 37.0-56.3%, IbrSH: 0.6-9.5%, SSH: 30.5-39.4%). In adjusted models including diastolic pressure, in comparison with SSN and IbrSH, IaoSH phenotype by 90 th percentile of normalcy for calibration 2 (mean/diastolic pressure) had significantly higher carotid intimal-medial thickness, carotid cross-sectional area and left ventricular mass; the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of IaoSH for carotid hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy was 2.57 (1.01-6.56) and 3.29 (1.13-9.55), respectively. Individuals with 24-h IaoSH and IbrSH constitute a non-neglectable percentage (around 10%) of the population. IaoSH cannot be detected by brachial ABPM due to the per se normal 24-h br systolic pressure and it is associated with increased HMOD, possibly leading to increased cardiovascular risk. Further outcome and mortality studies are needed to verify these results., Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standards. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japanese Society of Hypertension.)

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is recommended for guiding transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, a sizable proportion of TAVR candidates have chronic kidney disease, in whom the use of iodinated contrast media is a limitation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a promising alternative, but randomized data comparing the effectiveness of CMR-guided versus CT-guided TAVR are lacking., Methods: An investigator-initiated, prospective, randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial was conducted at 2 Austrian heart centers. Patients evaluated for TAVR according to the inclusion criteria (severe symptomatic aortic stenosis) and exclusion criteria (contraindication to CMR, CT, or TAVR, a life expectancy <1 year, or chronic kidney disease level 4 or 5) were randomized (1:1) to undergo CMR or CT guiding. The primary outcome was defined according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 definition of implantation success at discharge, including absence of procedural mortality, correct positioning of a single prosthetic valve, and proper prosthetic valve performance. Noninferiority was assessed using a hybrid modified intention-to-treat/per-protocol approach on the basis of an absolute risk difference margin of 9%., Results: Between September 11, 2017, and December 16, 2022, 380 candidates for TAVR were randomized to CMR-guided (191 patients) or CT-guided (189 patients) TAVR planning. Of these, 138 patients (72.3%) in the CMR-guided group and 129 patients (68.3%) in the CT-guided group eventually underwent TAVR (modified intention-to-treat cohort). Of these 267, 19 patients had protocol deviations, resulting in a per-protocol cohort of 248 patients (121 CMR-guided, 127 CT-guided). In the modified intention-to-treat cohort, implantation success was achieved in 129 patients (93.5%) in the CMR group and in 117 patients (90.7%) in the CT group (between-group difference, 2.8% [90% CI, -2.7% to 8.2%]; P <0.01 for noninferiority). In the per-protocol cohort (n=248), the between-group difference was 2.0% (90% CI, -3.8% to 7.8%; P <0.01 for noninferiority)., Conclusions: CMR-guided TAVR was noninferior to CT-guided TAVR in terms of device implantation success. CMR can therefore be considered as an alternative for TAVR planning., Registration: URL: https://www., Clinicaltrials: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03831087., Competing Interests: Disclosures None.

We aimed to ascertain the real-world diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy in combination with free light chain (FLC) assessment for transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis (CA) using the histopathological diagnosis derived from endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) as a reference standard. We retrospectively analyzed 102 patients (22% women) with suspected CA from seven Austrian amyloidosis referral centers. The inclusion criteria comprised the available results of bone scintigraphy, FLC assessment, and EMB with histopathological analysis. ATTR and AL were diagnosed in 60 and 21 patients (59%, 21%), respectively, and concomitant AL and ATTR was identified in one patient. The specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of Perugini score ≥ 2 for ATTR CA were 95% and 96%. AL was diagnosed in three out of 31 patients (10%) who had evidence of monoclonal proteins and a Perugini score ≥ 2. When excluding all patients with detectable monoclonal proteins (n = 62) from analyses, the PPV of Perugini score ≥ 2 for ATTR CA was 100% and the NPV of Perugini score < 2 for ATTR CA was 79%. Conclusively, ATTR CA can be diagnosed non-invasively in the case of a Perugini score ≥ 2 and an unremarkable FLC assessment. However, tissue biopsy is mandatory in suspected CA in any other constellation of non-invasive diagnostic work-up.

Background: Renal denervation (RDN) lowers blood pressure (BP), but BP response is variable in individual patients. We investigated whether measures of pulsatile hemodynamics, obtained during 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, predict BP drop following RDN., Methods: From the randomized, sham-controlled SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal trial, we performed a post hoc analysis of BP waveforms from 111 RDN patients and 111 sham controls, obtained with a brachial cuff-based sphygmomanometer. Waveforms were acquired during ambulatory BP monitoring at diastolic BP level and processed with validated ARCSolver algorithms to derive hemodynamic parameters (augmentation index; augmentation pressure; backward and forward wave amplitude; estimated aortic pulse wave velocity). We investigated the relationship between averaged 24-hour values at baseline and the change in 24-hour BP at 3 months in RDN patients, corrected for observed trends in the sham group., Results: There was a consistent inverse relationship between baseline augmentation index/augmentation pressure/backward wave amplitude/forward wave amplitude/estimated aortic pulse wave velocity and BP response to RDN: the decrease in 24-hour systolic BP/diastolic BP was 7.8/5.9 (augmentation index), 8.0/6.3 (augmentation pressure), 6.7/5.4 (backward wave amplitude), 5.7/4.7 (forward wave amplitude), and 7.8/5.2 (estimated aortic pulse wave velocity) mm Hg greater for patients below versus above the respective median value ( P <0.001 for all comparisons, respectively). Taking augmentation index/augmentation pressure/backward wave amplitude/forward wave amplitude/estimated aortic pulse wave velocity into account, a favorable BP response following RDN, defined as a drop in 24-hour systolic blood pressure of ≥5 mm Hg, could be predicted with an area under the curve of 0.70/0.74/0.70/0.65/0.62 ( P <0.001 for all, respectively)., Conclusions: These results suggest that pulsatile hemodynamics, obtained during 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, may predict BP response to RDN.

Central (aortic) systolic blood pressure (cSBP) is the pressure seen by the heart, the brain, and the kidneys. If properly measured, cSBP is closer associated with hypertension-mediated organ damage and prognosis, as compared with brachial SBP (bSBP). We investigated 24-hour profiles of bSBP and cSBP, measured simultaneously using Mobilograph devices, in 2423 untreated adults (1275 women; age, 18-94 years), free from overt cardiovascular disease, aiming to develop reference values and to analyze daytime-nighttime variability. Central SBP was assessed, using brachial waveforms, calibrated with mean arterial pressure (MAP)/diastolic BP (cSBP MAP/DBPcal ), or bSBP/diastolic blood pressure (cSBP SBP/DBPcal ), and a validated transfer function, resulting in 144 509 valid brachial and 130 804 valid central measurements. Averaged 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime brachial BP across all individuals was 124/79, 126/81, and 116/72 mm Hg, respectively. Averaged 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime values for cSBP MAP/DBPcal were 128, 128, and 125 mm Hg and 115, 117, and 107 mm Hg for cSBP SBP/DBPcal , respectively. We pragmatically propose as upper normal limit for 24-hour cSBP MAP/DBPcal 135 mm Hg and for 24-hour cSBP SBP/DBPcal 120 mm Hg. bSBP dipping (nighttime-daytime/daytime SBP) was -10.6 % in young participants and decreased with increasing age. Central SBP SBP/DBPcal dipping was less pronounced (-8.7% in young participants). In contrast, cSBP MAP/DBPcal dipping was completely absent in the youngest age group and less pronounced in all other participants. These data may serve for comparison in various diseases and have potential implications for refining hypertension diagnosis and management. The different dipping behavior of bSBP versus cSBP requires further investigation.

Background: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been increasing urgency to identify pathophysiological characteristics leading to severe clinical course in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human leukocyte antigen alleles (HLA) have been suggested as potential genetic host factors that affect individual immune response to SARS-CoV-2. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by conducting a multicenter study using HLA sequencing., Methods: We analyzed the association between COVID-19 severity and HLAs in 435 individuals from Germany ( n  = 135), Spain ( n  = 133), Switzerland ( n  = 20) and the United States ( n  = 147), who had been enrolled from March 2020 to August 2020. This study included patients older than 18 years, diagnosed with COVID-19 and representing the full spectrum of the disease. Finally, we tested our results by meta-analysing data from prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS)., Findings: We describe a potential association of HLA-C*04:01 with severe clinical course of COVID-19. Carriers of HLA-C*04:01 had twice the risk of intubation when infected with SARS-CoV-2 (risk ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.1], odds ratio 3.5 [95% CI 1.9-6.6], adjusted p -value = 0.0074). These findings are based on data from four countries and corroborated by independent results from GWAS. Our findings are biologically plausible, as HLA-C*04:01 has fewer predicted bindings sites for relevant SARS-CoV-2 peptides compared to other HLA alleles., Interpretation: HLA-C*04:01 carrier state is associated with severe clinical course in SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest that HLA class I alleles have a relevant role in immune defense against SARS-CoV-2., Funding: Funded by Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc., Competing Interests: Bettina Heidecker, MD reports support from Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc; a project grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation; is an inventor on patents that use RNA for diagnosis of myocarditis. Juerg H. Beer, MD reports grants from the Swiss National Foundation of Science, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Foundation Kardio, Baden; Grant support to the institution from Bayer not related to this study; and lecture fee from Daiichi Sankyo to the institution. Martin Witzenrath, MD reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie, European Respiratory Society, Marie Curie Foundation, Else Kröner Fresenius Stiftung, Capnetz Stiftung, International Max Planck Research School, Quark Pharma, Takeda Pharma, Noxxon, Pantherna, Silence Therapeutics, Vaxxilon, Actelion, Bayer Health Care, Biotest, and Boehringer Ingelheim; consulting fees from Noxxon, Pantherna, Silence Therapeutics, Vaxxilon, Aptarion, Glaxo Smith Kline, Sinoxa, and Biotest; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Astra Zeneca, Berlin Chemie, Chiesi, Novartis, Teva, Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Glaxo Smith Kline, Biotest, and Bayer Health Care; patent EPO 12,181,535.1: IL-27 for modulation of immune response in acute lung injury issued 2012, patent WO/2010/094,491: Means for inhibiting the expression of Ang-2 issued 2010, and patent DE 102,020,116,249.9: Camostat/ Niclosamide cotreatment in SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung cells issued 2020/21. Alexander Rakitko, Valery Ilinsky, and Iaroslav Popov are employees of Genotek Ltd. Melina Müller declares support for the present manuscript from Roche Sequencing Solutions and Swiss National Science Foundation and Berlin Institutes of Health. Joseph Balnis and Ariel Jaitovich declare support from the National Institute of Health (NIH, K01-HL130704). Bernd Hinzmann, Mauricio A Salvo, Anja Blüher, and Sandra Siemann declare support from Roche Sequencing Solutions. Carolyn Calfee reports NIH payment to her institution; payment from Roche/Genentech Payment and Bayer to her institution for observational study in ARDS; payment from Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative to her institution for adaptive platform Phase 2 trial in COVID-19; and consulting fees for novel therapies for ARDS from Vasomune and Quark Pharmaceuticals Payment. David J Erle reports NIH Grants to UCSF. Prescott G Woodruff reports support from Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc., Swiss National Science Foundation, and Berlin Institutes of Health; US National Institutes of Health grant to his institution (U19AI077439) Charles Langelier reports NIH payment to his institution. Federico García reports grants from ViiV, MSD, and Roche; payment from Abbvie, Gilead, ViiV, MSD, and Roche; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Abbvie and Gilead; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Gilead, ViiV, and Thera. Joanna Zyla has been supported by the Silesian University of Technology grant for Support and Development of Research Potential. Terry C. Jones reports a grant from Wellcome Trust, UK, on unrelated research on ancient viral DNA and an NIAID-NIH CEIRS grant (HHSN272201400008C). Leif Erik Sander reports Berlin Institutes of Health support to the PA-COVID-19 study group. Wolfgang Poller reports that this study was partially funded by Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc., which also provided material for exome sequencing. Ulf Landmesser reports consulting fees from Abbott, Amgen, Bayer, Cardiac Dimensions, Novartis, Pfizer, and Omeicos; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Abott, NovoNordisk, Bayer, Amgen, DaiichiSankyo, Pfizer, Sanofi, Boson Scientific, Astra Zeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim. All other authors have nothing to declare., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is directly related to arterial stiffness. Different methods for the determination of PWV coexist. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prognostic value of PWV in high-risk patients with suspected coronary artery disease undergoing invasive angiography and to compare 3 different methods for assessing PWV. In 1040 patients, invasive PWV (iPWV) was measured during catheter pullback. Additionally, PWV was estimated with a model incorporating age, central systolic blood pressure, and pulse waveform characteristics obtained from noninvasive measurements (estimated PWV). As a third method, PWV was calculated with a formula solely based on age and blood pressure (formula-based PWV). Survival analysis was based on continuous PWV as well as using cutoff values. After a median follow-up duration of 1565 days, 24% of the patients reached the combined end point (cardiovascular events or mortality). Cox proportional hazard ratios per 1 SD were 1.35 for iPWV, 1.37 for estimated PWV, and 1.28 for formula-based PWV ( P <0.0001 for all 3 methods) in univariate analysis, remaining statistically significant after comprehensive multivariable adjustments. In a model including a modified risk score for coronary artery disease, iPWV and estimated PWV remained borderline significant. The net reclassification improvement was significant for iPWV (0.173), formula-based PWV (0.181), and estimated PWV (0.230). All 3 methods for the determination of PWV predicted cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. This indicates that iPWV as well as both noninvasive estimation methods are suitable for the assessment of arterial stiffness, bearing in mind their individual characteristics.

Cardiovascular mortality is the leading cause of death in Austria, with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) as a major risk factor. Increased arterial stiffness can indicate high cardiovascular risk. In a screening project, we acquired brachial waveforms with automated oscillometric devices in 45 public pharmacies and at 2 public health events in Upper Austria. Brachial BP was measured, and aortic pulse wave velocity (aoPWV) was estimated, using age, systolic BP, and waveform characteristics, with the validated ARCSolver algorithm. Using age-specific percentiles from a previous population study, we defined healthy (HVA) and early (EVA) vascular aging. In a subgroup, 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring was performed to verify hypertension status. Overall, 10,973 individuals (age 20-94 years) participated. Mean BP was 133/83 mm Hg. In all, 38.1% of participants had elevated BPs (≥140/90 mm Hg), 57.3% out of 3980 participants with known hypertension, and 29.5% out of 6066 participants without known hypertension. In all, 1.0% of participants had aoPWV below 10th reference percentile (HVA), with a negligible proportion above 60 years. In total, 37.3% were above the 90th reference percentile (EVA), with proportions rising from one-quarter in youngest partcipants to one-half in oldest participants. In participants with EVA, BP in the pharmacy was elevated in 79.5%. We were able to motivate a high number of customers at pharmacies to participate in a screening program by combining the measurements of BP and vascular aging. However, awareness and control of arterial hypertension in Austria remains suboptimal, and the high prevalence of EVA is alarming.

Autoinflammatory syndromes (AIS) are characterized by recurring events of inflammation, leading to a variety of organ manifestations and fever attacks. A subgroup of AIS is commonly referred to as hereditary periodic fever syndromes (HPFS). There is substantial evidence that autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The link between AIS and cardiovascular disease is not that clear, even if the concept of continuous inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is widely accepted. Research on the association of AIS and cardiovascular disease is increasing within the last years. In this review, we will discuss the association of several AIS with cardiovascular disease. Based on the rarity of some entities, lack of data, however, led to exclusion of some rare AIS. Especially, for Behcet's disease (BD), adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), and Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), there is an association with a number of cardiovascular abnormalities. BD is the AIS, which is most strongly associated with manifestation in the arterial and venous system. AOSD is strongly associated with cardiac inflammation (peri-/myocarditis). FMF patients are likely to suffer from serositis. Of note, there seems to be a link between variants of AOSD as well as FMF and idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis.

While there is a lot of evidence published on the association of cardiovascular (CV) disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), little is known about urinary albumin excretion (UAE)-a marker of CV risk-in this particular high-risk population. Therefore, we investigated UAE in a large cross-sectional study. We used data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including the years 2007-2012. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) >30 mg/g. A total of 14,648 study participants (representing a population size of 174,663,008) with available ACR were included in the study (14,179 without RA and 469 with RA). In the RA group, the proportion of patients with an ACR >30 mg/g was 10.46 % (95 % CI 7.47-14.45 %) and in the non-RA group this proportion was 13.39 % (95 % CI 12.65-14.16 %; p = 0.09). There was a strong association between RA and DM (OR 5.84; 95 % CI 4.48-7.62). In the RA group, significantly more patients had a former CV event (OR 3.01; 95 % CI 2.28-3.97). Adjustments for DM, smoking status, former CV event, age, systolic blood pressure, and gender did not substantially alter the association between RA and ACR >30 mg/g (OR 0.82; 95 % CI 0.51-1.33). We did not find evidence for a difference in UAE in patients with or without RA, despite the fact that RA was associated with DM and, in addition, RA patients more often had a previous CV event. These findings may support the assumption that despite an increased CV risk, UAE does not play a major role in RA patients.

In rheumatology, sufficient disease control is a central part of the treatment concept. However, modern treatment strategies are associated with a substantial economic burden for health care systems. Ecological studies offer the unique opportunity to analyse differences between groups as well as group level effects. In the present analytical multi-site ecological study, we investigated whether more powerful national economies as measured by the gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) are associated with better disease control in RA patients as measured by the disease activity score 28 (DAS28). We used aggregated data on RA patients from the recently published COMORA study as well as the World Health Organization database. There was a strong negative correlation between DAS28 and GDPpc (r = -0.815; p = 0.0002). Adjustment for sex, smoking status, disease duration or current employment status did not significantly change this association. There was a strong, negative correlation between DAS28 and age (r = -0.870; p < 0.001) and a strong, positive correlation between GDPpc and age (r = 0.737; p = 0.002). Adjustment for age reduced the regression coefficient (DAS28/GDPpc) to -0.000018 (p = 0.054). There was a negative correlation between DAS28 and current employment status (r = -0.642; p = 0.008) and a positive correlation between GDPpc and employment status (r = 0.722; p = 0.002). In conclusion, there is evidence of an association between disease control and GDPpc. This association is alleviated after adjustment for age. Of note, in countries with higher GDPpc, a higher proportion of RA patients are currently employed. This is true despite the fact that RA patients in countries with higher GDPpc are also older.

Objective: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at significantly higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. Traditional CV risk factors cannot explain the total excess of CV morbidity and mortality in RA patients. At present, it is not clear whether treatment with statins might be of benefit in RA patients. The aim of the present systematic literature review is to summarize the published evidence concerning treatment with statins and its impact on CV events in RA patients., Methods: A systematic literature review of studies on RA and statins was carried out in the database PubMed. Search terms were 'simvastatin OR atorvastatin OR fluvastatin OR lovastatin OR pravastatin OR rosuvastatin OR statin AND arthritis'. Papers were included in this review when the reported outcome was on CV events in RA patients. After exclusion of the studies not fulfilling our inclusion criteria four studies were finally analyzed. The total number of RA patients included in these studies was 4896., Results: Statins were associated with reduced CV events and mortality in RA in primary prevention but not in secondary prevention. In secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) there was no statistically significant difference between RA or non-RA patients either receiving atorvastatin 80 mg or simvastatin 20-40 mg daily. Treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg led to a reduction in overall risk of CV disease in both patients with and without inflammatory joint disease compared to patients receiving the conventional/low-dose statin treatment. Statin discontinuation in RA patients was associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction or CV mortality. Myalgia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea may be more frequent in RA patients than in controls., Conclusion: The published evidence shows that in RA patients statin treatment appears to reduce CV risk in primary prevention and that statin discontinuation is associated with an increased risk for CV events. However, the significance of statin treatment in RA patients still remains unclear as only very little evidence has been published. Whether all RA patients would benefit from treatment with statins still needs to be investigated., (© 2014 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

We systematically reviewed the literature on the infectious risk in patients treated with tumour necrosis factor blocking agents (TNF-BA) undergoing surgery: we searched the Medline (PubMed) and the online archive from the Annual European Congress of Rheumatology and the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology. Of total 1259 reports, 14 were finally analysed. With one exception all were retrospective. Four of 6 studies compared patients on TNF-BA with those not receiving TNF-BA, and found an increased risk of infection with the use of TNF-BA. None of the other studies which compared continued with discontinued treatment at surgery found an increased risk of infection, when the medication was continued perioperatively. In conclusion, while in theory there is an increased risk of infections when TNF-BA are administered perioperatively, the available literature does not necessarily support this. It rather appears that patients receiving TNF-BA are a priori at a higher risk of postoperative infections. Scheduling surgery at the end of the drug interval and adding one "safety" week prior to surgery should be an acceptable plan in daily clinical practice.

Objectives: Published data were analysed to determine if the use of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agents in male patients during time of conception is associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities or complications during pregnancy. Moreover, we were interested in the impact of TNFblocking agents on sperm quality characteristics., Methods: We performed a systematic literature review (Medline, online archives of Annual European Congress of Rheumatology and the American College of Rheumatology). One-hundred and thirty-nine Articles of potentially relevant reports were identified and screened for retrieval and nine articles were included in the final analysis., Results: Overall, there were sixty cases, where expectant fathers used TNFblocking agents shortly before conception. The outcomes of the pregnancies are documented in twenty-eight events. We did not find any documentation of miscarriages or physical abnormities associated with TNF blocking treatment and paternity; however, we did find documentation evidence that sperm motility and vitality even may improve under TNF-blocking therapy. This improvement may be caused by a decrease in disease activity., Conclusions: Published data suggest that TNF-blocking therapy in male patients during time of conception does not increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. In addition TNF-blocking therapy does not appear to reduce male fertility.