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Aiming at the two limitations of the biocompatibility of MOFs and the low utilization of lignin biomass, herein, we review the interaction between lignin macromolecules and MOFs to promote their high-end applications and sustainability.

Recently, carbon materials have attracted much attention in activating persulfate (PS) for the removal of organic pollutants. Seeking a greener, lower-cost, and higher-performance carbon material has become an important aspect of research. In this study, candle soot was innovatively used as a nanocarbon material, and its performance for PS activation was improved by simple ammonium ferric citrate modification. The optimal catalytic performance was achieved using 0.15 g/L modified candle soot (AS) and only 0.1 mM PS, with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal efficiency up to 95.5% within 120 min. Quenching tests, together with electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, showed that O

Unevenly distributed polypyrrole (PPy) films/coatings with extensive "dead volumes" via electrodeposition have emerged as a main challenge for high energy density flexible supercapacitor. In this work, we have fabricated a phytic acid-guided graphite carbon felt/polypyrrole (GF@PA@PPy) 3D porous composite with less "dead volumes" via electrodeposition. After the activation of phytic acid (PA), the quantity and content of defects and oxygen-containing groups on the surface of carbon felt (GF) have increased. First, these functional groups improve the hydrophilicity of the surface of GF, resulting in the preferential uniform distribution of pyrrole monomer (Py). While significantly, the synergistic effects between the defects and oxygen-containing groups boost the attraction of pyrrole ring, and thus promotes the formation of perfect PPy films with less "dead volume" on GF. Finally, the supercapacitor assembled from the GF@PA@PPy-40 displays a high areal energy density of 0.0732 mWh cm

Structurally complementary MOF-derived binary metal oxide modified layered g-C3N4 is synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and co-pyrolysis. This article focuses on exploring the synergy of photocatalysis and PMS activation mediated by Co3O4.

Among the most abundant biopolymers in the biosphere, lignin is a renewable aromatic compound that represents an untapped opportunity to create new biological products. However, the complex interlacing structures of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as well as the unique properties of lignin, limit the utilization of value-added lignin. Lignin-based nanomaterials open the door for lignin applications in environmental pollutant remediation, biofuel production, biomedicine, and other fields. Herein, we present various factors influencing the formation of micro-nanospheres by self-assembly techniques through a review of previous literature, and emphasize the simple and green synthesis of lignin micro/nanospheres (LMNPs) under non-modified conditions. More importantly, we discuss the mechanism of the formation of nanospheres. Considering the heterogeneity of lignin and the polarity of different solvents, we propose that self-assembly techniques should focus more on the influence brought by lignin itself or the solvent, so that the external conditions can be controlled to prepare LMNPs, which can be used in specific fields. A brief overview of the contribution of lignin-based nanomaterials in various fields is also presented. This review could provide insight for the development of lignin-based nanomaterials.

A facile visual strategy is presented for specific identification of mercury ions (Hg2+) in an aqueous environment based on the competitive interactions of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Hg2+. This approach depends on the unique optical performance of AuNPs and the sulfophile affinity of AuNPs and Hg2+. With the addition of TBA, AuNPs aggregate because of the ligand exchange between surface-loaded citrate ions of AuNPs and the thiol group of TBA, which induces a red shift in the absorption spectrum, and the color changes to blue from wine red. However, the added Hg2+ in advance can restrain the agglomeration of AuNPs induced by TBA since the mercaptan group is more likely to react with Hg2+ than AuNPs through the formation of Hg2+ sulfur. Based on the competitive interactions of TBA with AuNPs and Hg2+, the method can specifically detect Hg2+ in the absence of masking reagents without reacting with the major interfering metal ions including Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ compared to previous studies. Moreover, the detection limit of this original method can be as low as 2.4 nM, and it can be effectively used for Hg2+ detection in environmental aqueous samples.

Currently, microplastic pollution is more serious and complicates the toxic effects of other co-existing pollutants in the environment. However, the effect and mechanism of biodegradable plastics on the growth and metabolism of probiotic remain unclear. This work selected Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as model bacterium for a three-day exposure experiment to probe the issues. The results showed that 100 mg/L polylactic acid microplastics (PLA MPs) (3-4 mm, flake shape) caused oxidative damage to cell membranes, disrupted cell wall composition and inhibited cell growth by 21.2-27.5 %. The toxicity was not simply additive or synergistic effects when PLA MPs (100 mg/L) and copper ions (10 mg/L) coexisted. PLA MPs did not significantly increase the toxicity of copper to bacteria, instead triggered some mechanisms to resist the toxicity of copper. The bacteria formed spores to resist PLA MPs, while the copper ions toxicity was weaken by chelation and efflux. It is worth noting that copper ions instead increased the expression of genes related fengycin and iturin then improving the bacteriostatic activity of the probiotic. This paper deeply analyzes the toxicity mechanism of combined pollution on Bacillus amyloliquefacien, and also provides new perspective for helping to inhibit pathogenic bacteria under biodegradable microplastics and metal stress.

As one of the tactics to produce reactive oxygen radicals, the Fenton-like process has been widely developed to solve the increasingly severe problem of environmental pollution. However, establishing advanced mediators with sufficient stability and activity for practical application is still a long-term objective. Herein, we proposed a facile strategy through polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) in-situ growth single cobalt atom for efficient degradation of antibiotics by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy prove the single cobalt atoms are successfully anchored on pCN. Moreover, extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis shows that the embedded cobalt atoms are constructed by covalently forming the Co-N bond and Co-O bond, which endow the single-atom cobalt catalyst with high stability. Experiment results indicate that the prepared single-atom cobalt catalyst can be used for efficient PMS activation catalytic degradation of tetracycline with a high degradation rate of 98.7 % in 60 min. And the CoN/O sites with single cobalt atoms serve as the active site for generating active radical species (singlet oxygen) from PMS activation. This work may expand the strategy for constructing single-atom catalysts and extend its application for the advanced oxidation process.

Exploring active and ecological materials for the restoration of complex pollution system is highly desired. This study presents a facile defect-tailoring strategy for combined pollutants purification with BiVO4 photocatalysis in which the jointed synchronous reaction of oxidation and reduction is integrated instead of the sequential reaction in two individual systems. XPS and EPR reveal that BiVO4 with a suitable oxygen vacancies (OVs) concentration and distribution exhibits superior photocatalytic activity under the coexistence of TC-HCl and Cr(VI) with Cr(VI) reduction efficiency increased by 71 times compared with the individual Cr(VI) system along with TC-HCl removal efficiency comparable to a single TC-HCl system. The mechanism of synchronous redox reactions mediated by surface OVs is revealed by comprehensive characterization together with reaction kinetic analysis, and the electronic band structure adjustment induced by the OVs variation is confirmed. Active species identification tests and intermediate product analysis confirm that singlet oxygen (1O2) accounts for the selective oxidation of TC-HCl, while electrons dominate the reduction of Cr(VI), under a coexistent environment. The influence of water quality parameters (e.g., pH, cations, anions, and organic substances) on the photocatalytic activity is investigated considering the complexity of the real aquatic environment. Importantly, toxicity assessment with Gram-negative strain E. coli as a model bacterium validates that the toxicity of the intermediates can be reduced to low or even ultralow levels. This work is dedicated to the mechanistic study of defect photocatalysis over BiVO4 and provides a jointed synchronous reaction system for combined pollutant purification.

Electrolytic manganese residue poses potentially threats to the environment and therefore needs eco-friendly treatment. Composting has been reported to effectively passivate heavy metals and alleviate their ecotoxicity. Observation of the Mn concentration during composting indicated that the mobility of Mn was significantly reduced, with the easily extraction fraction (acid extractable and easily reduction fraction) of Mn in the control pile (pile 1 without Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculation) and treat pile (pile 2 with Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculation) decreasing by 17% and 29%, respectively. The inoculation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium prompted the passivation of manganese, prolonged the thermophilic period, and enriched the microbial community structure, which was attributed to the rapid growth and reproduction of thermophilic bacteria. Moreover, Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculation promoted the effect of pH on the stabilization of Mn, but the opposite contribution of organic matter. This study would provide a new perspective for remediating EMR contaminated soil via composting.

In the past few decades, countless organic and inorganic pollutants caused serious environmental problems all over the world. One way to remove or degrade pollutants in the environment is to use oxidizing agents. Photocatalytic technology uses unlimited solar energy to efficiently oxidize and remove organic pollutants. Recently, perylene diimide (PDI)-based nanomaterials have been widely used in photocatalytic degradation. However, there are no reviews on the use of PDI-based composites to remove organic pollutants from contaminated water. Therefore, a review paper is needed to fully understand the current status and prospects of this field. The main purpose of this work is to highlight the recent progress of PDI-based photocatalysts in the removal of organic pollutants. In this review, the basic molecular design and properties of PDI molecules are first described. Then, strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of PDI are summarized. The system factor and water chemistry affecting the photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant removal are also discussed. Lastly, the stability and future challenges of PDI-based composites are briefly discussed.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with a high surface-to-volume ratio and unique electronic structure have now become one of the hottest topics in photocatalytic research. In parallel with the discovery of emerging photocatalytic materials, strenuous efforts are devoted to maneuvering these surface-related parameters in a predictable manner or to endowing materials with an engineered surface/interface to meet the requirements of photocatalytic reactions. This review endeavors to reveal the inherent functionality of the surface and interface in photocatalysis, with 2D Bi-based photocatalysts as the platform. Herein, we start with various parameters at the surface/interface molecular level, such as defects, surface terminations, facets, pore structures, band bending etc., to gain insight into the structural sensitivity of the surface/interface to the reactivity and selectivity of photocatalytic reactions. As a bridging section, advanced characterization techniques that can visualize the fine structure of the surface/interface at the atomic level are discussed. Special attention is placed on engineering protocols to design and tune 2D Bi-based photocatalysts to ameliorate the performance: surface engineering via heteroatom doping, defect tailoring, and surface state/facet/lateral size and thickness regulation, together with an equal focus on interface engineering including the basal interface and lateral interface. Moreover, the advancements of diversiform photocatalytic applications of 2D Bi-based photocatalysts in ambient molecule activation, including but not limited to CO2 reduction, O2 activation, H2O dissociation, N2 fixation and activation of other molecules, are discussed, with an emphasis on the surface/interface–activity relationship. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field are featured based on its current development. The critical thinking on surface/interface chemistry facilitates consolidating and advancing the fundamental theory of heterogeneous photocatalysis and also broadening insights into the rational design of high-performance photocatalysts.

Herein, a brief structural design strategy is proposed to fabricate amorphous CoMo bimetallic oxyfluoride on graphite felt (CoMoOF/GF) for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Porous and defective CoMoO/GF is employed as a structure-induced template to induce the formation of CoMoOF/GF with more rich defects and a larger pore structure via proper anodic treatment. Theoretical calculations reveal a synergistic catalytic effect stemming from the CoMo bimetallic components, endowing CoMoOF/GF with more favorable HER performance. The amorphous construction endows the catalyst with remarkable mass transfer ability and sufficient exposed atoms, enhancing the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). CoMoOF/GF with structural advantages and the synergistic effect of bimetallic components displays a considerably low overpotential of 79 mV at η10 and a Tafel slope of 43.3 mV dec−1 for the HER in alkaline medium. Furthermore, excellent activity with an overpotential of 94 mV at η10 and a Tafel slope of 60.2 mV dec−1 is observed in acidic medium as well. Besides, long-term stability is achieved within CoMoOF/GF when operating at −200 mV for 100 h.

The carbon-catalyzed persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (PS-AOP) has recently received much focus owing to the green, economical, and sustainable nature of carbon catalysts. In this study, sulfur-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (S-OMCs) were utilized to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. A synthesis temperature gradient was set to regulate the defect level of S-OMCs, since the thermal decomposition of oxygen- and sulfur-containing groups at different temperatures could release S and O and then create defects. In all S-OMCs/PDS systems

As a member of the transition metal sulfide family, cobalt sulfides (CoSx) are considered as highly-activity, cost-effectively, as well as stable electrocatalysts with huge potential for the application of water splitting. Combining experiments and theoretical calculations, we demonstrated that F dopants could activate the Co and S sites of CoS2 in CoS2@NF composites prepared via one-step hydrothermal method and contribute to enhance the intrinsic electrical conductivity, achieving a significantly improved activity of water splitting. The improved surface wettability in F-doped CoS2@NF composites ensures rapid electrolyte penetration and accelerates migration of hydroxyl as well as oxygen release. Furthermore, the F-doped CoS2@NF composites exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity and excellent long-term operational stability for overall water splitting in alkaline and neutral media. Predominantly, our work could be explored to enhance and understand the catalytic properties of other transition metal sulfides, and be also expected for further progress achieved with other nonmetal element dopants.

Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy source. Natural photosynthesis has existed for millions of years, which can convert solar energy into chemical energy needed by living things. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, scientists have developed a series of artificial photosynthetic systems that can use solar energy efficiently for humans. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a new class of materials that can be used in artificial photosynthetic systems. This review illustrates the light-harvesting capability and the energy transfer phenomena within the supramolecular structure of CMPs to provide guidelines for the rational design of these polymers with excellent photocatalytic properties and systematically discusses the applications of these materials in the field of photocatalysis including photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, organic conversion, environmental remediation, and medical health. Finally, this review points out the major challenges in this topic and suggests the next feasible development direction.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted special attention owing to the high removal efficiency of recalcitrant organic contaminants. Recently, the use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or LDH composites as catalysts for AOPs (photocatalysis, Fenton reaction methods, and sulfate radical (SO4˙−)-mediated oxidations) has received increasing attention and has become a new research hotspot. This is due to their layered structure, flexible tunability, electronic properties, and high physicochemical stability. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the development and progress in the synthesis of pristine LDH and modified LDH catalysts for AOPs. Special attention has been paid to the design strategies of high-performance LDHs, including (1) rational design of pristine LDHs, such as binary and ternary LDHs, (2) calcination of LDHs at an appropriate temperature, (3) modification of LDHs with a semiconductor or metal as a cocatalyst, (4) changing the compensating anions, and (5) controlling the LDH morphology. Finally, some valuable perspectives on the challenges and future research directions in LDH-based AOPs are discussed.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses promising prospects of application in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. However, the MoS2 prepared by traditional hydrothermal method is usually 2H (hexagonal) semiconducting state with limited active sites and unsatisfied conductivity, hindering the improvement of hydrogen evolution efficiency. Herein, the MoS2 nanoflowers are in-situ grown successfully on graphite felt (GF) by hydrothermal method, and a simple and effective electrochemical activation is proposed to enhance the hydrogen evolution activity of the composite. The electrical activation in acidic medium guides the intercalation of protons between MoS2 and GF, and the increased interlayer spacing between MoS2 is conducive to the adsorption and release of hydrogen. The synergistic effect between MoS2 and GF is enhanced, resulting in accelerated electron transfer through S sites in MoS2 and oxygen-containing functional group in GF. The experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) computations demonstrate that the electrical activated catalyst possesses excellent electrocatalytic activity and long-term operation stability (Tafel slope is 48 mV dec-1, the overpotential is 82 mV at current density of −10 mA cm−2). Our research confirms the electrochemical activation is a simple technique for enhancing the hydrogen evolution efficiency of MoS2/GF composite as well as other transition metal chalcogenides and carbon materials.

Global warming and energy shortage are two major stumbling blocks on the road of human social progress, and have gradually aroused a sense of crisis. Artificial photosynthesis is a two-pronged solution to both problems. However, due to the harsh reaction conditions and low efficiency, traditional semiconductors cannot achieve this. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with larger specific surface areas, lower carrier migration distances, more active surface atoms, and higher elastic strain tolerance play a critical role in the solar to chemical energy conversion scheme, and provide a novel methodology for the synthesis of fine chemicals. This review details the principles of photocatalytic reduction of CO2, and highlights the reduction pathways and product selectivity via experimental methods and theoretical calculations. The state-of-the-art achievements of 2D materials in the field of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 are summarized, mainly including material structure, characteristics, and modification strategies to improve the performance of CO2 reduction. And the research on the combination of 2D materials and single atoms is emphasized. Moreover, bottlenecks and challenges in the design and application of 2D materials, as well as prospects of the future development direction, will be highlighted in order to seek new breakthroughs by exploring new materials design solutions.

The status of photocatalytic (PC)/photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting as a promising approach to solar-to-chemical energy conversion has increased significantly over the past several decades for addressing the energy shortage. However, the overall energy conversion efficiency is still relatively poor due to the severe photocorrosion in photosensitive semiconductors. Herein, the review begins with the discussion of the photocorrosion mechanism with several typical semiconductors as examples. Then the feasible characterization methods used to evaluate the stability of semiconductors are summarized. Notably, most studies regarding water splitting focus on achieving high efficiency by improving the charge separation and transfer efficiency within the semiconductors. This review focuses on the recent advances in effective strategies for photocorrosion inhibition of semiconductor-based composites with respect to their intrinsic properties and interface charge transfer kinetics, including morphology/size control, heteroatom doping, heterojunction construction, surface modification, and reaction environment regulation. Furthermore, an in-depth investigation of photocorrosion pathways and mechanisms is critical to accurately and effectively address the photocorrosion of semiconductor-based composites to improve PC/PEC water splitting performance in the future.

It is highly desirable and challenging to develop active, inexpensive and available catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we proposed a simple strategy to anchor MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) on the Mo facet in Mo2C@foam nickel to craft an atomic-level heterostructure (MoS2 QDs@Mo2C@NF). The MoS2 QDs confined in Mo2C established a significant link between the electronic manipulation and activities of Mo2C by combining experiments and first-principles calculations. The Mo facet in Mo2C acting as an electron catcher could accelerate the vertical transmission of electrons from MoS2 QDs to Mo2C and enrich electrons onto the Mo facet. Meanwhile, electrons on Mo2C by electro-excitation could quickly migrate to MoS2 QDs through the intimate Mo (Mo2C)–S bond interfaces, resulting in a highly effective interface with low edge contact resistance. The as-synthesized MoS2 QDs@Mo2C@NF exhibited considerable catalytic activity for the OER in 1 M KOH solution with an overpotential of 1.34 V at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 57 mV dec−1 in comparison to RuO2@NF (1.35 V and 41 mV dec−1) owing to optimal adsorption energies of the OER intermediates on the MoS2 QDs@Mo2C@NF, which originated from a strong electronic coupling effect at the heterointerfaces. These results herald the interface modulation of the electrocatalysts in the presence of a support carrier providing a promising strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess large surface area, adjustable pore size and synthetic adaptability which make them promising candidates for diverse applications. However, the low stability and selectivity of pure MOFs are not the optimal configuration for practical applications. Studies have confirmed that the controllable integration of MOFs with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) not only improves the stability and conductivity of pure MOFs, but also unexpectedly yields new functionalities. These advantages allow the synthesized g-C3N4/MOF-based materials to be applicable to fields other than pure MOFs and have attracted widespread attention in recent years. Herein, the review aims to specifically group together the important reports focused on g-C3N4/MOF-based materials till now. The synthetic methods and applications of composite materials are studied and classified. Furthermore, the review also highlights the functionalities produced by the synergy of two interesting materials, and finally paints a picture of the future.

Microplastics, as emerging contaminants, have attracted widespread attention for their increasing detection frequency in aquatic environment. It has been reported that microplastics may co-presence with heavy metals in water, which might have impact on heavy metals removal in water. Furthermore, the effects of microplastics on the co-remediation efficiency of plants with engineered nanomaterials are ambiguous. To this end, this study was dedicated to unveil the intrinsic effects of polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) on the cadmium (Cd) removal efficiency by co-remediation of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and three engineered nanomaterials, respectively were nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI), carboxymethylcellulose-modified-nZVI (C-nZVI) and sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI). Significant changes were observed in Cd content, plant biomass, chlorophyll b and antioxidant enzymes. It was surprising to find that with the treatment of nZVI or C-nZVI, polystyrene microplastics would enter plants roots, and these plants were found to contain more Cd among all series. Accordingly, four possible mechanisms were proposed to explain why plants that observed the internalization of PSMPs contained more Cd. This work reveals the impact of coexisting microplastics in water on Cd remediation efficiency and provides new insights into the entry of polystyrene microplastics into plant roots.

Monoclinic scheelite bismuth vanadate (mBiVO4) has gradually been in the limelight in recent years because of its great potential in energy conversion and environmental remediation. However, the ra...

The importance of highly efficient wastewater treatment is evident from aggravated water crises. With the development of green technology, wastewater treatment is required in an eco-friendly manner. Biotechnology is a promising solution to address this problem, including treatment and monitoring processes. The main directions and differences in biotreatment process are related to the surrounding environmental conditions, biological processes, and the type of microorganisms. It is significant to find suitable biotreatment methods to meet the specific requirements for practical situations. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive overview of optimized biotreatment processes for treating wastewater during different conditions. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these biotechnologies are discussed at length, along with their application scope. Then, we elaborated on recent developments of advanced biosensors (i.e. optical, electrochemical, and other biosensors) for monitoring processes. Finally, we discuss the limitations and perspectives of biological methods and biosensors applied in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to project a rapid developmental path showing a broad vision of recent biotechnologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities for scholars in biotechnological fields for "green" wastewater treatment.

At present, environmental pollution caused by refractory organic pollutants becomes more serious. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis technology, an idea and continuable technology by solar-light-driven, is widely employed to address this situation. Here, oxygen-vacancy rich WO3 decorated monolayer Bi2WO6 nanosheet composite as an atomic scale heterojunction with high active species and ultrafast charge carrier transfer was rationally constructed. The atomic scale Vo-WO3/Bi2WO6 composite displayed remarkable photoactivity comparing with pristine Vo-WO3 and Bi2WO6 ultrathin nanosheet, and about 79.5% of Ciprofloxacin can be degraded within 120 min under visible light irradiation when 40 mg of photocatalyst was added into CIP solution (10 mg/L). The promoted photoactivity can be ascribed to the following points: (1) the composite possesses enormous surface pit, thereby expanding the species surface area and exposing more active site to promote antibiotic absorption; (2) the presence of abundant oxygen vacancy can facilitate the formation of more electrons, which can be consumed by adsorbed molecular oxygen to produce superoxide radical, thereby accelerating degradation organic pollutant; (3) ultrathin Vo-WO3 nanosheet decorated monolayer Bi2WO6 can shorten the charge carrier transfer distance and enlarge interface contact area, then ensuring remarkable photodegradation efficiency. The reasons for promoted photodegradation efficiency were elaborated based on experiments results and ESR analysis and the degradation pathways of CIP were recorded via [(LC-MS)/MS]. After 5 run for the degradation of CIP, Vo-WO3/Bi2WO6 composite also exhibited great photodegradation efficiency, thereby demonstrating its excellent stability and reusability.

In today's society, wastewater sludge has become solid waste, and the preparation of wastewater sludge into sludge biochar nanomaterials (SBCs) for resource utilization has become a promising method. SBCs have advantages over other biomasses, including their complex composition, wide range of raw materials, and especially the presence of various transition metals with catalytic properties. Heterogeneous Fenton processes using SBCs as catalyst carriers have shown great potential in the removal of pollutants. In this review, the synthesis methods of SBCs are reviewed and the effects of different synthesis methods on their physicochemical properties are discussed. Furthermore, the successful applications of raw SBCs, metal-modified SBCs, and Fenton sludge-SBCs in organic pollutant degradation, sediment remediation, and sludge dewatering are reviewed. The mechanisms occurring with different metals as active sites are explored, and the review shows that the degradation efficiency and stability of SBCs are very satisfactory. We also provide an outlook on the future development of SBCs. We hope that this review will help readers gain a clearer and deeper understanding of SBCs and promote the development of SBCs.