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Visual scores are assigned with no basis on an absolute reference. In this case, evaluation references are different for each group, depending only on the structure of the group. Thus, factors that change the structure of evaluation groups, such as group size, can affect visual score assignment, as well as estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values, respectively. The objective of this study to determine the consequences of assigning scores based on a relative reference on the estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values considering different evaluation group sizes. A simulation study was conducted considering 6 scenarios formed by the combination of two populations (selected and unselected) and 3 group sizes (10, 40, and 100 animals) for evaluation. Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated using two threshold models that differed in their correction for environmental effects. Heritability estimates for the two populations were close when the model corrected for environmental effects (0.407 – 0.418). However, heritability levels fell over generations when the model did not consider environmental effects (0.172 - 0.247). The size of the evaluation group mainly affected the accuracy of breeding values prediction, since higher accuracy was related to larger evaluation group sizes (0.576 - 0.715). We concluded that the way in which visual scores are assigned does not affect the estimation of genetic parameters and values. However, evaluation groups of more than 40 animals should be used to obtain greater accuracy and genetic progress.

Abstract Novel methods for sampling and characterizing biodiversity hold great promise for re-evaluating patterns of life across the planet. The sampling of airborne spores with a cyclone sampler, and the sequencing of their DNA, have been suggested as an efficient and well-calibrated tool for surveying fungal diversity across various environments. Here we present data originating from the Global Spore Sampling Project, comprising 2,768 samples collected during two years at 47 outdoor locations across the world. Each sample represents fungal DNA extracted from 24 m3 of air. We applied a conservative bioinformatics pipeline that filtered out sequences that did not show strong evidence of representing a fungal species. The pipeline yielded 27,954 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Each OTU is accompanied by a probabilistic taxonomic classification, validated through comparison with expert evaluations. To examine the potential of the data for ecological analyses, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into spatial and seasonal components, showing a strong effect of the annual mean temperature on community composition.

Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca) is an important fungal pathogen causing crown rust that impacts oat production worldwide. Genetic resistance for crop protection against Pca is often overcome by the rapid virulence evolution of the pathogen. This study investigated the factors shaping adaptive evolution of Pca using pathogen populations from distinct geographic regions within the United States and South Africa. Phenotypic and genome-wide sequencing data of these diverse Pca collections, including 217 isolates, uncovered phylogenetic relationships and established distinct genetic composition between populations from northern and southern regions from the United States and South Africa. The population dynamics of Pca involve a bidirectional movement of inoculum between northern and southern regions of the United States and contributions from clonality and sexuality. The population from South Africa is solely clonal. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) employing a haplotype-resolved Pca reference genome was used to define 11 virulence-associated loci corresponding to 25 oat differential lines. These regions were screened to determine candidate Avr effector genes. Overall, the GWAS results allowed us to identify the underlying genetic factors controlling pathogen recognition in an oat differential set used in the United States to assign pathogen races (pathotypes). Key GWAS findings support complex genetic interactions in several oat lines, suggesting allelism among resistance genes or redundancy of genes included in the differential set, multiple resistance genes recognizing genetically linked Avr effector genes, or potentially epistatic relationships. A careful evaluation of the composition of the oat differential set accompanied by the development or implementation of molecular markers is recommended. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Abstract Nondestructive tests that assess the constitution or degradation of structures are of great interest in Civil Engineering. Among the non-destructive testing techniques, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test stands out; however, although its use is widespread, there are still no applications that employ this method to determine the constitution of concrete in situ. Therefore, this article addresses the identification of the coarse aggregate content in concrete specimens by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with a database of numerical tests that simulated UPV. In this paper, the coarse aggregate content will be described as a percentage of the total area of a two-dimensional concrete model. Three artificial neural network architectures were evaluated. The first two, trained with 13 or 22 paths, solved a classification problem for five aggregate contents, and the third, trained with 22 paths, solved a regression problem. Its performance was compared with those of other regression solutions, namely XGB Regressor, Random Forest, and OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), and showed superior, with -2.55% to +2.17% average deviations. Thus, this paper demonstrated that the use of ANN in combination with UPV test has the potential to identify the coarse aggregate content in concretes. The positive results suggest that this approach is promising and highlights the need for further experimental validation in future research.

Apresentação de Dossiê: Decolonizar a epistemologia: para um gozo sem paternidade (Org.) Prof. Dr. Alexandre de Oliveira Fernandes (IFBA/PPGL-UESC) Prof. Dr. Rafael Haddock-Lobo (UFRJ) Prof. Me. Danilo Pereira da Silva (UESB)

The impacts of climate-related disasters can be estimated by climate models. However, climate models are frequently downscaled to specific settings to facilitate Disaster Risk Management (DRM) to better understand local impacts and avoid overlooking uncertainties. Several studies have registered the increasing importance of recognizing traditional knowledge, co-design, and collaboration with local communities in developing DRM strategies. The objective of this research was co-design local-scale observations with traditional and local communities to characterize their local context regarding the impacts of climate-related disasters. The citizen science approach coupled with participatory action research was conducted with two traditional communities in the Southeast of the Brazilian coast: Quilombo do Campinho da Independência in Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, and the Caiçara (artisanal fishing) community of Ubatumirim in Ubatuba, São Paulo. Working groups were organized with leaders to become community researchers, conducting interviews and actively mobilizing their communities. A structured questionnaire was developed, adapting 22 variables taken from the Protocol for the Collection of Cross-Cultural Comparative Data on Local Indicators of Climate Change Impacts—LICCI Protocol. A total of 366 impacts were analyzed, after combining the georeferencing form data collected—Survey123 (280 impacts) and the interviews with community leaders (86 impacts). The results showed a significant level of cohesion (α = 0.01) between the Caiçara (artisanal fishers) and Quilombola (Afro-descendants) perceptions of climate-related events associated with their subsistence practices and climate variability. These findings highlighting the importance of DRM proposals that recognize traditional peoples and local communities as frontline vulnerable populations while acknowledging their role as key actors in identifying impacts, collecting data on land use and territory, subsistence-oriented activities, and cosmovision. However, it is still necessary to address climate change challenges at different scales. To do this, it is crucial to promote cognitive justice though the recognition of the values of the memories, perceptions and local knowledge, by scaling up locally-driven observations that empower local communities to lead their own climate adaptation efforts.

Abstract Background Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a lysosomal disorder caused by deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) leading to the accumulation of sphingomyelin (SM) in a variety of cell types. Lysosphingomyelin (LysoSM) is the de-acetylated form of SM and it has been shown as a biomarker for ASMD in tissues, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS) and lysosphingomyelin-509 (LysoSM509) is the carboxylated analogue of LysoSM. High levels of Lysosphingomyelin 509 (LysoSM509) have also been shown in ASMD patients. In this study, we report the utility of the quantification of LysoSM and LysoSM509 in DBS of patients from Latin America with ASMD by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results DBS samples from 14 ASMD patients were compared with 15 controls, and 44 general newborns. All patients had their diagnosis confirmed by the quantification of ASM and the measurement of the activity of chitotriosidase. All patients had significantly higher levels of lysoSM and lysoSM509 compared to controls and general newborns. Conclusions The quantification of lysosphingolipids in DBS is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of ASMD patients and lysoSM can be useful in the differential diagnosis with NPC. This method is also valuable in the ASMD newborn screening process.

Estratégias de buscas mal formuladas podem apresentar grandes influências nos resultados de uma metanálise, uma vez que impacta diretamente na quantidade e aderência ao tema dos trabalhos utilizados para estudo, portanto, a formulação de uma estratégia de busca consistente e funcional é fundamental para que a revisão sistemática atinja seus objetivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o impacto de diferentes estratégias de busca em uma revisão sistemática por meio da realização de uma metanálise para estimação de herdabilidade para a característica mastite em gado de leite. Uma vez definidas as estratégias de busca, as pesquisas realizadas nas bases de dados Web of science, Scopus, Scielo e Pubmed retornaram 921 estudos dos quais, após passarem pelos processos de identificação, seleção, elegibilidade e inclusão, 25 estudos foram selecionados. Retiradas dos artigos selecionados, 26 estimativas de herdabilidades foram utilizadas na realização da metanálise. Utilizou-se um modelo de efeito aleatório, sendo todas as análises realizadas pelo programa R, por meio do pacote Metafor. As estimativas obtidas através da estatística combinada de estudos para mastite, apresentou valores de baixa magnitude (0,05 e 0,06). Os efeitos das estratégias de busca têm impacto significativo nas estimativas de metanálise produzidas. Palavras Chaves: Bovinos de leite; Herdabilidade; Melhoramento genético

Capillary dried blood spot (DBS) samples facilitate field-based collection without venipuncture. This pilot study aims to evaluate the viability of creatine (Cr) and creatinine (Crt) quantification using fresh capillary serum (CrS/CrtS) and DBS samples (CrDBS/CrtDBS), using Flow Injection Analysis Mass Spectrometry (FIA – MS). Nine Olympic Athletes provided a capillary blood sample to assess CrS/CrtS and CrDBS/CrtDBS quantified by FIA – MS. No difference between CrtS (mean ± SD: 813.6 ± 102.4 µmol/L) and CrtDBS (812.4 ± 108.1 µmol/L) was observed with acceptable variance [SEM 88.7; CV 10.7%; ICC 0.57 (CI 95% 0.06 – 0.84)] and agreement [very strong (Spearman: r = 0.77; p < 0.01) or strong (Pearson: r = 0.56; p = 0.04); Bland Altman: lower (-193) and upper (+196) limits of agreement]. CrS (mean ± SD: 691.8 ± 165.2 µmol/L) was significantly different to CrDBS (2911 ± 571.4 µmol/L) with unacceptable variance [SEM 171.6; CV 27%; ICC 0.002 (CI 95% -0.02 – 0.07)] and ‘weak’ agreement [Spearman: r = 0.21, p = 0.47 and Pearson: r = 0.06, p = 0.84; Bland Altman lower (-3367) and upper (-1072) limits of agreement]. Crt quantification is viable using both CrtS and CrtDBS (but not for Cr and CrS/CrDBS), with the DBS tissue handling technique offering several methodological and practice facing advantages. Future work should expand upon the sample size, explore sport/discipline relevant analytes across a full competitive season, including key training, recovery and performance blocks of their periodized performance plan.

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, EC 4.1.1.28) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, oculogyric crises, autonomic dysfunction and other problems, caused by biallelic mutations in the DDC gene leading to deficient activity of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the formation of important neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin. A clinical development program of gene therapy for AADC deficiency is ongoing. An important step for the success of this therapy is the early and precise identification of the affected individuals, but it has been estimated that around 90% of the cases remain undiagnosed. The availability measurement of the AADC activity is mandatory for an accurate biochemical diagnosis. Based on these statements, our objectives were to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method suitable for the determination of the AADC activity, and to evaluate its capacity to confirm the deficiency of AADC in potential patients in Brazil. The AADC activities were measured in plasma samples of seven AADC deficient patients and 35 healthy controls, after enzymatic reaction and LC-MS/MS analysis of dopamine, the main reaction product. The results obtained showed clear discrimination between confirmed AADC deficient patients and healthy controls. The method presented here could be incorporated in the IEM laboratories for confirmation of the diagnosis of when a suspicion of AADC deficiency is present due to clinical signs and/or abnormal biomarkers, including when an increased level of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) is found in dried blood spots (DBS) samples from high-risk patients or from newborn screening programs.

Este trabalho analisa o impacto da corrosão na estabilidade global de colunas em concreto armado, avaliando a eficácia dos critérios de redução de rigidez propostos pela ABNT NBR 6118:2014. A partir das análises, utilizando-se modelos em elementos finitos que reproduziram o comportamento dos materiais, definiu-se que a corrosão causa a intensificação dos esforços globais de segunda ordem na estrutura. Entretanto, em situações críticas, a perda de equilíbrio na seção transversal conduziu à falha estrutural antes mesmo da perda de estabilidade. O estudo foi realizado tanto por meio de uma análise não-linear geométrica, quanto pela aplicação do coeficiente γz, onde concluiu-se que a posterior adição de efeitos reológicos pode conduzir a uma configuração que ultrapasse os limites propostos pela norma brasileira.

Este artigo apresenta um modelo baseado em ML (Machine Learning) aplicado a Imagens NDVI para estimar a produtividade na cultura da Cana de Açúcar. O uso de técnicas humanas baseadas em experiências de produtividade cognitivas e históricas são predominantes. As imagens utilizadas foram o NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), fornecido pelo satélite Sentinel-2 com resolução espacial multiespectral de 10m. O conjunto de dados foi obtido a partir dos pontos de georreferenciamento dos talhões (espaço geográfico das áreas de plantio), onde as imagens são extraídas e processadas. Os modelos dos algoritmos preditivos foram usados: (i) CNN (Convolution Neural Network), (ii) KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), (iii) RF (Random Forest), (iv) SVM (Support Vector Machie), (v) AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting). O algoritmo de RF apresentou ser mais eficiente, de modo que os resultados para o DP (Desvio Padrão) a fórmula para o MSE obteve 30,71 toneladas (t) e o MAE obteve 3,73 (t). Nas estimativas empíricas, o DP para o MSE obteve 34,71 (t) e o MAE 3,97 (t). O EM (Erro Médio) para estimativa empírica foi -8,80% e o algoritmo de 0,012%. De modo que este trabalho mostra resultados consistentes e pode ser utilizado para estimar a produtividade na cultura da Cana de Açúcar.

The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum uses proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors (NEs) to induce tissue necrosis on wheat leaves during infection, leading to the symptoms of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). The NEs Tox1 and Tox3 induce necrosis on wheat possessing the dominant susceptibility genes Snn1 and Snn3B1/Snn3D1, respectively. We previously observed that Tox1 is epistatic to the expression of Tox3 and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 2A that contributes to SNB resistance/susceptibility. The expression of Tox1 is significantly higher in the Australian strain SN15 compared to the American strain SN4. Inspection of the Tox1 promoter region revealed a 401 bp promoter genetic element in SN4 positioned 267 bp upstream of the start codon that is absent in SN15, called PE401. Analysis of the world-wide P. nodorum population revealed that a high proportion of Northern Hemisphere isolates possess PE401 whereas the opposite was observed in representative P. nodorum isolates from Australia and South Africa. The presence of PE401 removed the epistatic effect of Tox1 on the contribution of the SNB 2A QTL but not Tox3. PE401 was introduced into the Tox1 promoter regulatory region in SN15 to test for direct regulatory roles. Tox1 expression was markedly reduced in the presence of PE401. This suggests a repressor molecule(s) binds PE401 and inhibits Tox1 transcription. Infection assays also demonstrated that P. nodorum which lacks PE401 is more pathogenic on Snn1 wheat varieties than P. nodorum carrying PE401. An infection competition assay between P. nodorum isogenic strains with and without PE401 indicated that the higher Tox1-expressing strain rescued the reduced virulence of the lower Tox1-expressing strain on Snn1 wheat. Our study demonstrated that Tox1 exhibits both 'selfish' and 'altruistic' characteristics. This offers an insight into a complex NE-NE interaction that is occurring within the P. nodorum population. The importance of PE401 in breeding for SNB resistance in wheat is discussed.

ABSTRACT The proper handling soil allows the reduction of contaminants, maximize agricultural productivity, and is directly related the knowledge spatial variability of soil attributes. This spatial variability can express isotropic and anisotropic form. The latter being neglected in research related to management zones delineation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the geometric anisotropy correction on the management zone delineation. The methodology was applied under database of soybean productivity and apparent electrical conductivity (CEa) of a rural property in Ponta Porã - MS. By means of this georeferenced database, maps was interpolated with ordinary kriging. For each combination, attribute (productivity and CEa) and number of classes, were produced two maps management zones, one without and one with anisotropy correction, the same were compared through the kappa index, with significance tested by the Z-test. The management zones number was also evaluated by Fuzziness Performance Index (FPI) and the Modified Partition Entropy (MPE). The area subdivision in two management zones, without and with anisotropy correction, presented higher Kappa index, with values of 0.89 and 0.91 respectively, but not presented significant differences with each other.

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lysosomal disorder caused by impaired cholesterol metabolism. Levels of lysosphingomyelin 509 (LysoSM509) have been shown elevated in dried blood spots (DBS) of NPC and acid sphingomyelinase deficiency patients. In this study, we report our experience using a two-tier approach (1st tier is the quantification of lysoSM509 by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry followed by the 2nd tier with next-generation sequencing of the NPC1 and NPC2 genes). DBS samples from 450 suspected patients were received by the NPC Brazil network. Of these, 33 samples had elevated levels of lysoSM509, and in 25 of them, variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or of unknown significance were identified in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes by next-generation sequencing. The quantification of lysoSM509 in DBS as a first-tier test for the diagnosis of NPC followed by molecular analysis of the NPC1 and NPC2 genes almost doubled the detection rate when compared to the performance of chitotriosidase activity as a first-tier biomarker, and it could likely be increased with the addition of a third tier with MLPA of the two genes involved. This strategy seems suitable for the neonatal screening (NBS) of NPC if this disease is eventually adopted by NBS programs.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate five nonparametric selection indices for the selection of hybrid citrus rootstocks grafted with 'Valência' sweet orange, using horticultural traits relevant for the juice processing industry. Forty-six rootstocks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates and five trees in the plot, in the period from 2009-2015, in a rainfed cultivation. The means of the variables plant height, accumulated fruit yield, fruit yield efficiency, total soluble solids concentration, juice yield, and drought-tolerance were used to calculate the following indices: multiplicative index (IEi), sum of classification (IMMi), genotype-ideotype distance (DiI), and ranking indices (IRKi, based on simple means; and IRKii, based on linear normalization). The indices were efficient to classify the hybrids in relation to general performance. Spearman’s correlation showed a high similarity between most nonparametric indices, notably between IRKi and IRKii. The ranking indices, mainly IRKii, provide a more coherent classification of the hybrids, which allows of the selection of more productive and drought-tolerant rootstocks to produce high-quality fruit for processing.

Aim: To investigate final-year dental students’ assessment of their achievement of professional profile, competencies and skills as set out in the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG) and its association with demographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the dental school of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil. The study population (N= 205) was composed of all undergraduate students finishing their courses under the new curricula over a five-year period. They were asked to score their achievement of the professional profile, competencies and skills proposed by the NCG using a 3-point scale. Frequency distribution of the data was described and scores for competencies and skills were calculated. The total score was the sum of those obtained in each single item. For group comparisons regarding to the students’ demographic characteristics, Mann-Whitney test was performed with statistical significance of 5%. Results: The sample was composed by 204 final year students (response rate= 99.5%). Only one student considered that she did not have the profile proposed in the NCG. 52% of them reported they had fully achieved the professional profile, while the remaining reported they had partially achieved it. High percentages of responses indicating partial or total achievement of general and specific competencies and skills were also found. The total score ranged from 36 to 72 (mean= 60.2; SD= 7.68; median= 62.0). Women reported higher levels of competencies and skills relating teamwork and the social context of the profession. Men reported higher levels of skills related to decision-making and activities aimed at diasease diagnosis and interventions. Younger students, compared to older ones, had higher scores on five items of specific competencies and skills. Conclusion: Most of the students considered to have achieved the professional profile, competencies and skills proposed in the NCG, and their perceptions were associated with demographic characteristics (age and sex).

As in several fruit crops, citrus trees with decreased size allow for a higher planting density, which may lead to higher productivity and facilitate operations such as harvesting and spraying. The use of dwarfing rootstocks is one of the most feasible methods for tree size control, but few commercial varieties are available to date. In this work, the long-term performance of Valencia sweet orange grafted onto 51 hybrid citrus rootstocks was evaluated in rainfed cultivation at 6.0 m × 2.5 m tree spacing in Northern São Paulo State, Brazil. About a third of the evaluated hybrids were classified as dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstocks, that is, respectively inducing a relative canopy volume of −1·year−1 if tree spacing was adjusted to the smaller tree size. Although the HTR-208 citrandarin and the LCR × CTSW-009 citrumelimonia were as vigorous as the Santa Cruz Rangpur lime, they induced an outstanding fruit yield due to their highest tolerance to drought and, hence, can be considered for rainfed cultivation at wider tree spacing.

O trabalho procura atacar os efeitos do Estado patrimonialista sobre a sociedade civil, ao destacar os prejuízos que este modelo de dominação tradicional causa numa sociedade democrática. É um modelo que não consegue distinguir muito bem a esfera pública da esfera privada, comprometendo o funcionamento de uma República, já que os negócios privados se apoiam excessivamente em “parcerias” com Estado. Enfrentar o patrimonialismo é fazer com que o liberalismo brasileiro tenha outro caráter, mais coerente com a democracia, com o constitucionalismo e com o livre desenvolvimento da sociedade civil. Estas questões serão abordadas neste artigo, com o intuito de realizar uma reflexão sobre o funcionamento do Estado brasileiro; a recepção que este fez do liberalismo; e as possibilidades de se instituir um regime republicano em terras brasileiras.

Newborn screening enables the diagnosis of treatable disorders at the early stages, and because of its countless benefits, conditions have been continuously added to screening panels, allowing early intervention, aiming for the prevention of irreversible manifestations and even premature death. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders than can benefit from an early diagnosis, and thus are being recommended for newborn screening. They are multisystemic progressive disorders, with treatment options already available for several MPS types. MPS I was the first MPS disorder enrolled in the newborn screening (NBS) panel in the USA and a few other countries, and other MPS types are expected to be added. Very few studies about NBS for MPS in Latin America have been published so far. In this review, we report the results of pilot studies performed in Mexico and Brazil using different methodologies: tandem mass spectrometry, molecular analysis, digital microfluidics, and fluorimetry. These experiences are important to report and discuss, as we expect to have several MPS types added to NBS panels shortly. This addition will enable timely diagnosis of MPS, avoiding the long diagnostic odyssey that is part of the current natural history of this group of diseases, and leading to a better outcome for the affected patients.

Respiratory infection can be exacerbated by the high glucose concentration in the airway surface liquid (ASL). We investigated the effects of salbutamol and phlorizin on the pulmonary function, oxidative stress levels and SGLT1 activity in lung, pulmonary histopathological damages and survival rates of rats with sepsis. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture surgery (CLP). Twenty-four hours after surgery, CLP rats were intranasally treated with saline, salbutamol or phlorizin. After 2 hours, animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Sepsis promoted atelectasis and bronchial inflammation, and led to increased expression of SGLT1 on cytoplasm of pneumocytes. Salbutamol treatment reduced bronchial inflammation and promoted hyperinsuflation in CLP rats. The interferon-ɤ and Interleucin-1β concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were closely related to the bronchial inflammation regulation. Salbutamol stimulated SGLT1 in plasma membrane; whereas, phlorizin promoted the increase of SGLT1 in cytoplasm. Phlorizin reduced catalase activity and induced a significant decrease in the survival rate of CLP rats. Taken together, sepsis promoted atelectasis and lung inflammation, which can be associated with SGLT1 inhibition. The loss of function of SGLT1 by phlorizin are related to the augmented disease severity, increased atelectasis, bronchial inflammation and a significant reduction of survival rate of CLP rats. Alternatively salbutamol reduced BAL inflammatory cytokines, bronchial inflammation, atelectasis, and airway damage in sepsis. These data suggest that this selective β2-adrenergic agonist may protect lung of septic acute effects.

Accurate, high-throughput phenotyping for quantitative traits is a limiting factor for progress in plant breeding. We developed an automated image analysis to measure quantitative resistance to septoria tritici blotch (STB), a globally important wheat disease, enabling identification of small chromosome intervals containing plausible candidate genes for STB resistance. 335 winter wheat cultivars were included in a replicated field experiment that experienced natural epidemic development by a highly diverse but fungicide-resistant pathogen population. More than 5.4 million automatically generated phenotypes were associated with 13,648 SNP markers to perform the GWAS. We identified 26 chromosome intervals explaining 1.9-10.6% of the variance associated with four independent resistance traits. Sixteen of the intervals overlapped with known STB resistance intervals, suggesting that our phenotyping approach can identify simultaneously (i.e., in a single experiment) many previously defined STB resistance intervals. Seventeen of the intervals were less than 5 Mbp in size and encoded only 173 genes, including many genes associated with disease resistance. Five intervals contained four or fewer genes, providing high priority targets for functional validation. Ten chromosome intervals were not previously associated with STB resistance, perhaps representing resistance to pathogen strains that had not been tested in earlier experiments. The SNP markers associated with these chromosome intervals can be used to recombine different forms of quantitative STB resistance that are likely to be more durable than pyramids of major resistance genes. Our experiment illustrates how high-throughput automated phenotyping can accelerate breeding for quantitative disease resistance.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to quantify the spatio-temporal changes in land use/ cover (LULC), as well as analyze landscape patterns over a 20-year period (1995 - 2015) in the Catolé watershed, northern Minas Gerais State, using landscape metrics. The LULC maps were obtained using Landsat 5 and 8 data (Processing level 1) through supervised classification using the maximum likelihood classifier. Seven thematic classes were identified: dense vegetation, sparse vegetation, riparian vegetation, cropland, planted forest, bare soil, and water. From the LULC maps, classes related to the natural landscape (dense, sparse, and riparian vegetation) were grouped into forest patches, which was then ordered by size: very small (< 5 ha); small (5 - 10 ha); medium (10 - 100 ha); large (100 ha); and a general class (no distinction of patch size). Then, metrics of area, size and density, edge, shape, proximity and core area were calculated. The dense vegetation portion of the study area decreased considerably within a given time, while the portion of cropland and bare soil increased. Overall, in the Catolé river basin, the total area of natural vegetation decreased by 3,273 hectares (4.62%). Landscape metrics analysis exhibited a reduction in the number of very small patches, although the study area was still considered as fragmented. Moreover, a maximum edge distance of 50 m is suggested for conducting studies involving core area metrics in the Catolé watershed, as values above this distance would eliminate the very small patches.

ABSTRACT: In an experiment on organic production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) that was carried out from September 2013 to January 2014, in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, we observed large chlorotic, necrotic, helical, discontinuous, dark or light-brown lesions with partial detachment of the injured area on the adaxial surface of leaves located in the median and basal portions of the plants. A whitish mycelium mantle covers the lesions on the leaves at the abaxial surface at high moisture conditions. Using morphological characteristics, Koch’s postulates, and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region, we identified that the fungus causing the lesions on the okra leaves was Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (asexual stage of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn of the anastomosis group AG-1 ID). This is the first report of T. cucumeris causing web blight on okra in Brazil, and probably in the world. So far, T. cucumeris was described on okra only on post-harvest pods rotting and seedlings’ damping off.

O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a situação dos catadores de materiais recicláveis que atuam informalmente no aterro do município de Januária/MG. Para isso, foram entrevistados, por meio da aplicação de questionário, 23 dos catadores, quatro mulheres e dezenove homens, presentes no aterro municipal no dia 14 de Julho de 2015. Com a aplicação dos questionários constatou-se resultados preocupantes, mesmo a pesquisa tendo sido feita após o prazo para a implantação de medidas exigidas pela Política Nacional de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos. Quase a metade dos catadores que atuam de forma informal no aterro de Januária/MG são jovens com até 25 anos, o baixo nível de escolaridade foi constatado para a maioria dos entrevistados. Não há uso de equipamentos de proteção individual e a maioria considera que sofreu acidente no trabalho. Os catadores têm interesse de serem inseridos na coleta seletiva que deve ser estimulada pelo poder público municipal.

Esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar previamente o nível de consciência ambiental, o interesse e participação na coleta seletiva, caso seja implantada, dos moradores de área residencial, do bairro Jussara, no município de Januária/MG. O estudo foi baseado em aplicação de questionário, em 80 residências, com perguntas objetivas, onde se verificou que 65% dos entrevistados estão muito preocupados com os impactos ocasionados pelos seus resíduos sólidos. Também se constatou como é feita a disposição final dos resíduos, inclusive do óleo usado, e o interesse dos mesmos em fazer a separação dos materiais recicláveis se implementada a coleta seletiva. Assim, a proposta de implementação da coleta seletiva parece viável ao município, pois a maioria dos moradores se mostraram preocupados e interessados em participar e separar os materiais recicláveis. E houve consenso em relação ao melhor horário do dia e frequência de coleta do material reciclável.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a remoção de poluentes do efluente da suinocultura em Sistemas Alagados Construídos (SACs) cultivados com as gramíneas Cynodon spp., híbrido Tifton-85, Paspalum vaginatum e Brachiaria mutica. Cada gramínea foi cultivada individualmente em um SAC de fluxo horizontal subsuperficial preenchidos com brita zero. O efluente utilizado passou pela biodigestão anaeróbia e posteriormente foi aplicado nos SACs com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 4 dias. Não houve significativa redução do pH ao longo do SAC. O tratamento de ARS por SACs cultivados com gramíneas pode aumentar a salinidade do efluente. O SAC cultivado com a gramínea Paspalum vaginatum foi mais eficiente na remoção de ST, SF, SV e DQO que as gramíneas Tifton 85 e Brachiaria mutica. Contudo, o efluente tratado no SAC cultivado com a Paspalum vaginatum apresentou as menores remoções de N e P em relação às outras duas gramíneas. Assim, o SAC cultivado com P. vaginatum propicia o efluente com melhor qualidade para a fertirrigação de culturas. Em nenhum dos SACs houve satisfatória remoção de K e Na.

Sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) is one of the most economically important species in the northeast of Chilean Patagonia, forming part of the highly diverse benthic community. This resource is being harvested under selective fishing pressure, which suppresses growth rates. In response, the National Standards Institute established Regulation 44 as a quality control measure, based on a sampling approach considering the percentage of sea urchin under the minimum legal size (UMLS) through an acceptance sampling plan. In 2019, the Chilean Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture (SUBPESCA), under Exempt Resolution No. 910, ruled that any vessel that landed 15% with sea urchin of 6.5 cm UMLS of the total catch weight will be sanctioned. In this paper, a sampling design is presented to establish criteria regarding compliance with this provision. The plan provides a statistical methodology for the evaluation of the percentage of UMLS sea urchin, which corroborates and certifies the current legislation that sanctions and fines the capture of sea urchin that does not comply with UMLS values outlined in Regulation 44. Assuming a systematic sampling plan and under assumed UMLS values of 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 cm, it is determined that 15% of total landings (margin of tolerance) of sea urchin under 6.5 cm is the optimal level. Thus, a correct specification of the UMLS allows protecting the most vulnerable fraction of the population from overexploitation for growth.

This article aims to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization at different times on the agronomic characteristics of common bean cultivars, within the intercrop period. An experiment was installed in the town of Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil, with randomized blocks, under a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of 3 cultivars and 5 nitrogen application times, with 4 repetitions. We evaluated the cultivars IAC Alvorada, IPR Juriti, and BRS Requinte. Regarding nitrogen fertilization, we evaluated 5 times, the first corresponding to control (E1 = N zero) and the others applying 100 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen, using urea as their source, as follows: E2 = 100% of N applied at sowing; E3 = 100% of N applied 25 days after emergence (DAE); E4 = 50% of N applied 20 DAE and 50% 30 DAE; E5 = 33% of N applied 15 DAE, 33% 25 DAE, and 33% 35 DAE. There was genetic variability among cultivars with regard to response, as well as differences between nitrogen fertilization times. The cultivars IAC Alvorada and IPR Juriti obtained higher grain yields. The nitrogen application time divided into 15, 25 and 35 DAE enabled a higher grain yield for the cultivars IAC Alvorada and IPR Juriti.

Native Cerrado plants are exposed to soils with low pH and high availability of Al. In this study, we measured the Al content in adult plants, and investigated the effects of various Al doses on germination and early development of Eugenia dysenterica plants. For germination tests, the seeds were soaked in Al solution and evaluated for twenty days in growth chambers. In a second experiment, young plants were cultivated in hydroponic systems with various Al concentrations to evaluate the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of E. dysenterica. Anatomical changes and low germinative vigor were observed in seeds germinated in 600 and 800 μmol Al3+ L−1. In the hydroponic system, 200 μmol Al3+ L−1 stimulated root growth in young plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of phenolic compounds were greatest at the highest Al doses, preventing changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Starch grain accumulation was noted in plant cells exposed to 200 and 400 μmol Al3+ L−1. Adult E. dysenterica trees also accumulated Al in leaves, bark and seeds. These data suggest that E. dysenterica is tolerant to Al.

Este artigo pretende analisar a ligação existente entre o modo de compreender a relação Direito e Política e a atuação do Judiciário. Nesse sentido, fazendo uma reconstrução do papel da jurisdição na trajetória do Estado brasileiro, será demonstrado como a Política pode ser um elemento de fragilização do Direito, possibilitando arbitrariedades a partir de sua instrumentalização. Posteriormente, será analisado como o constitucionalismo democrático, inaugurado em 1988, representou mudanças significativas para a compreensão da dinâmica entre o Direito e a Política, observando-se como o Judiciário assimilou essas transformações. Com isso, o que se pretende é problematizar a atuação do Judiciário para a afirmação da autonomia do Direito.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada em diferentes épocas nas características agronômicas de cultivares de feijão comum, no período da entressafra. Foi instalado um experimento no município de Gurupi-TO, com blocos ao acaso, sob esquema fatorial 3 x 5, constituído por três cultivares e cinco épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os cultivares IAC Alvorada, IPR Juriti e BRS Requinte. Quanto à adubação nitrogenada, foram avaliadas 5 épocas, sendo a primeira correspondente a testemunha (E1 = zero de N) e as demais com a aplicação de 100 kg.ha-1 de N, utilizando-se ureia como fonte, da seguinte forma: E2 = 100% de N aplicado na semeadura; E3 = 100% de N aplicado aos 25 dias após a emergência (DAE); E4 = 50% de N aplicado 20 DAE e 50% 30 DAE; E5 = 33% de N aplicado 15 DAE, 33% 25 DAE e 33% 35 DAE. Existiu variabilidade genética entre os cultivares quanto à resposta, bem como diferenças entre as épocas de adubação nitrogenada. Os cultivares IAC Alvorada e IPR Juriti obtiveram maior produtividade de grãos. A época de aplicação de nitrogênio parcelada em 15, 25 e 35 DAE proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos para os cultivares IAC Alvorada e IPR Juriti.

O estudo do comportamento dos genótipos de arroz visando seleção dos mais adaptados às condições de estresse garante melhor utilização dos fertilizantes. Assim objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os genótipos de arroz cultivados em terras altas sob níveis de P e K. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os cultivares avaliados foram BRS – Primavera, BRSMG – Conai, BRS – Sertaneja, BRS – Bonança, BRS – Aroma, Pepita, Serra Dourada, Bolinha, Japonês e Monarca. As características avaliadas foram altura das plantas, número de dias para florescimento, número de panículas por m2, massa de cem grãos, produtividade de grãos e índices de clorofilas. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise individual e conjunta aplicando teste de F. Para comparação das médias dos ambientes foi aplicado o teste de Tukey e para comparação das médias dos cultivares foi aplicado o teste de Scott-Knott, ambos a 5% de probabilidade. Desta forma, conclui-se que: (i) No ambiente com altos níveis de adubação fosfatada e potássica houve prolongamento do ciclo dos cultivares; (ii) Houve incremento de produtividade e maior altura de plantas para os cultivares quando submetidos à altos níveis de adubação com fósforo e potássio.

Esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho das gramíneas Tifton-85, Paspalum vaginatum e Brachiaria mutica cultivadas em Sistemas Alagados Construídos (SACs) tratando efluente da suinocultura. Para isso, avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria fresca e matéria seca das gramíneas. O experimento foi composto por três SACs de fluxo subsuperficial preenchidos com brita zero, tendo, cada um, 10 m de comprimento, 1,0 m de largura e 0,25 m de profundidade. Cultivou-se uma espécie de gramínea por SAC. Durante o experimento foram coletadas amostras das gramíneas a cada 30 dias. As gramíneas Brachiaria mutica e Tifton 85 obtiveram as maiores produtividades médias de matéria seca, por corte, ambas com 2,6 t ha-1. A Brachiaria mutica apresentou maior produtividade média de matéria fresca, acumulada nos 5 meses de cultivo, sendo 67,55 t ha-1, o que evidencia seu potencial para cultivo em SACs na região Norte de Minas Gerais.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a remoção de macronutrientes na água residuária da suinocultura em sistema de tratamento do tipo alagado construído (SAC), cultivado com espécies ornamentais. Oito espécies foram cultivadas, conhecidas popularmente como: aspargo, cambará, cana índica, coração roxo, dinheiro em penca, exória mini, caladium poá e onze horas, plantadas em um SAC preenchido com brita zero. O SAC foi dividido em 5 blocos ao longo de seu comprimento, tendo 2 m cada bloco, sendo cultivado um exemplar de cada espécie por bloco. As eficiências médias de remoções de Nitrogênio Total Kjeldhal (NTK) e fósforo total (P) foram de 97,7% e 35,4%, respectivamente. Dentre os elementos analisados o potássio (K) e sódio (Na), apresentaram as menores médias de remoção, sendo 10,4% e 3,7%, respectivamente. Com o cultivo diversificado de espécies ornamentais em SAC, com apenas 4 plantas por m2, apesar do melhor aspecto visual da estação de tratamento, no efluente tratado constatou-se elevada remoção de Nitrogênio Total Kjeldhal, mas as eficiências de remoção de P, K e Na foram baixas.

Resumo – Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o interesse de comerciantes da cidade de Januária – MG sobre implantação e participação na coleta seletiva dos resíduos sólidos gerados em seus estabelecimentos. Para isso, foram aplicados questionários a uma amostra do comércio local. A pesquisa foi realizada na maior Avenida da cidade com predomínio de comércios, a Av. Cônego Ramiro Leite, no centro de Januária/MG, onde foram realizadas 3 entrevistas por quadra, com total de 42 amostras. A maioria dos comércios entrevistados dispõe seus resíduos para coleta de lixo sem se preocupar com a reciclagem. Mais da metade dos entrevistados não sabem a diferença de aterro para lixão o que desfavorece a sensibilização para solucionar o problema ambiental. Menos da metade dos entrevistados sabe a frequência correta de coleta na avenida. A maioria se mostrou interessado na implantação da coleta seletiva e afirmou que iria aderir e as frequências de coleta mais sugeridas foram de 4 a 6 dias por semana. O principal resíduo reciclável gerado é o papel que se estraga muito fácil, caso não seja adequadamente separado.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a variabilidade espacial da sodicidade do solo em rampas cultivadas com Brachiaria humidicula e Zoysia japonica para tratamento de esgoto sanitário. Na estação de tratamento de esgoto do município de Januária/MG foram coletadas amostras de solo em duas rampas de tratamento de esgoto, uma cultivada com Brachiaria humidicula (RCBH) e outra cultivada com Zoysia japonica (RCZJ). Foram realizadas análises de químicas do solo e com isso determinou-se a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) e a Porcentagem de Sódio Trocável (PST). Os dados foram submetidos à geoestatística. As maiores variabilidades foram observadas para a RAS e PST da RCBH, sendo classificadas como elevadas. Na análise da dependência espacial foi possivel observar que as variáveis estudadas apresentam forte correlação espacial, com excessão da RAS obtida da RCZJ que é considerada de fraca. Apesar da alta variabilidade espacial, a amplitude dos valores de RAS e PST encontrados nas rampas são pequenas não apresentando grandes riscos a salinização do solo a curto prazo.

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a remoção de nutrientes e sódio pelas gramíneas Tifton-85, Paspalum vaginatum e Brachiaria mutica cultivados em Sistemas Alagados Construídos (SACs) tratando efluente da suinocultura. O experimento foi composto por três SACs de fluxo subsuperficial preenchidos com brita zero, tendo, cada um, 10 m de comprimento, 1,0 m de largura e 0,25 m de profundidade. Cultivou-se uma espécie de gramínea por SAC. As plantas foram podadas a cada 30 dias para a coleta de amostras de tecido vegetal. Na análise dos 30 dias após a poda de uniformização, a gramínea Brachiaria mutica apresentou a maior concentração média de N, K e Na, sendo 2,93, 4,4 e 0,41 dag kg-1, respectivamente, enquanto que, a gramínea Paspalum vaginatum aos 120 dias se sobressaiu na remoção de nutrientes, apresentando as maiores concentrações de N, P e K com médias de 2,94, 0,23 e 4,25 dag kg-1.

O efeito do estresse salino de intensidade e duração conhecida nos parâmetros de fluorescência da clorofila em plantas de girassol foi estudado objetivando selecionar genótipos tolerantes e sensíveis à salinidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em um arranjo fatorial entre 10 genótipos e 2 níveis de salinidade, com quatro repetições. As sementes foram semeadas em areia lavada e, após a germinação, foram transplantadas para vasos contendo solução nutritiva ou solução nutritiva com 100 mM de NaCl, em casa de vegetação. Após 27 dias nessas condições, foram avaliadas a fluorescência basal (F0), a eficiência quântica potencial do fotossistema 2 - PS2 (Fv/Fm), a razão Fv/F0 e a eficiência quântica efetiva do PS2 (Y). Os coeficientes dos "quenching" fotoquímico (qP) e não fotoquímico (qN, qCN e NPQ) também foram calculados. O estresse salino aumentou F0 e diminuiu Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 e Y, sugerindo injúrias na estrutura dos tilacóides causadas pela salinidade. Esses efeitos foram mais pronunciados no genótipo AG-960 e menos pronunciados no AG-975. O genótipo AG-960 também apresentou os maiores aumentos em qN, qCN e NPQ, em contraste com o observado para o AG-975. Dessa forma, AG-975 e AG-960 foram caracterizados como tolerante e sensível à salinidade, respectivamente. Os demais genótipos apresentaram tolerância intermediária ao estresse salino. Os resultados indicam que a fluorescência da clorofila pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para a seleção de genótipos de girassol tolerantes à salinidade.The effect of salt stress of known intensity and duration on chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower plants was studied aiming to identify salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. The experimental design was a completely randomized in a factorial arrangement among 10 genotypes and two salt levels, with four replications. Seeds were sown in sand, and after germination were transplanted to plastic pots with nutrient solution or nutrient solution containing 100 mM of NaCl and placed in a greenhouse. After 27 days, ground fluorescence (F0), maximum quantum yield of PS2 Fv/Fm, the Fv/F0 ratio and effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 - PS2 (Y) were evaluated. The photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (qN, qCN e NPQ) coefficients were also calculated. Salt stress increased F0 and reduced Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and Y, suggesting salt-induced structural damage in the thylakoid membranes. These effects were more pronounced in genotype AG-960 and lowest in AG-975. The highest increases in qN, qCN and NPQ were also found in genotype AG-960 in contrast with that observed in AG-975. Thus the AG-975 and AG-960 genotypes were characterized as the most salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. The other genotypes showed intermediate tolerance to salt stress. Our results suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence could be used as a tool for the screening of sunflower genotypes for salinity tolerance.

Devido à importância dos estudos de deslocamento de solutos em colunas de solo, para avaliar os riscos de poluição do solo e das águas subterrâneas, e à falta de padronização no comprimento da coluna de solo utilizada (L) e na velocidade de escoamento da solução aplicada (), realizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a relação de L e de com o coeficiente de dispersão-difusão (D), a dispersividade (λ) e o fator de retardamento (R) do K+ em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) e num Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico (RQo). Foram testados cinco comprimentos de colunas (0,10, 0,20, 0,30, 0,40 e 0,50 m) e quatro velocidades, sendo 0,62, 0,69, 0,75 e 0,81 m h-1 para o LVd e 0,37, 0,40, 0,44 e 0,48 m h-1 para o RQo. Aplicou-se uma solução deslocadora de 130 mg L-1 de K+ nas colunas montadas com o solo desestruturado e saturadas com uma solução de CaCl2 5 mmol L-1. Os parâmetros de transporte R e D foram obtidos utilizando-se o programa computacional Disp; a λ foi obtida pela equação D = Do + λ, sendo Do igual a 7,13 10-6 m² h-1 para o KCl. Houve relação do comprimento da coluna e da velocidade de escoamento da solução com os parâmetros de transporte do K+ tanto no LVd quanto no RQo. No LVd, o fator de retardamento aumentou com o aumento na velocidade de escoamento da solução. Em ambos os solos, o fator de retardamento diminuiu com o aumento no comprimento da coluna; o coeficiente de dispersão-difusão aumentou com o aumento na velocidade de escoamento da solução e com o aumento no comprimento da coluna de solo; e a dispersividade também aumentou com o aumento no comprimento da coluna.

O emprego de índices biometeorológicos para a previsão dos estádios fenológicos tem sido amplamente utilizado no planejamento dos tratos culturais na viticultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar entre dois ciclos consecutivos, a duração em dias e as exigências térmicas em graus-dia de doze estádios do ciclo fenológico da videira 'Benitaka'. O estudo foi conduzido num vinhedo comercial localizado no município de Janaúba, região semiárida de Minas Gerais. As plantas, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 572 'Jales', foram conduzidas no sistema de latada e irrigadas por microaspersão. O acúmulo em dias e a exigência térmica (graus-dia) foram determinados em duas safras consecutivas, da data da poda até a colheita, adotando-se a temperatura de 10°C como temperatura de base. O acúmulo em dias, da poda à colheita, foi de 120 para a poda realizada em janeiro e de 131 dias para a poda em julho. Na poda de janeiro, as plantas acumularam 1.914 graus-dias, enquanto na poda de julho o acúmulo foi de 1.930 graus- dia.The use of biometeorological indices for the prediction of phenological stages has been widely used in the planning of cultural practices in tropical vines. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the duration (in days) and thermal requirements in degree-day of twelve stages of the phenological cycle of the vine 'Benitaka'. The study was carried out in the vineyard Santa Catarina, in the city of Janaúba, north of the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Grapevines grafted on the rootstock IAC 572 'Jales' were irrigated by microaspersion. The accumulation of days and thermal requirement were determined in the same plants on two consecutive pruning dates. The base temperature used for the study was 10° C. The total length of the cycle ranged from 120 days for the vines pruned in January to 131 days for those pruned in July. The total amount of degree days for the grape pruning in January was 1914, whereas for the pruning in July was 1930.

A videira 'Niagara Rosada' tem-se destacado como alternativa para a diversificação de espécies frutíferas cultivadas nos perímetros irrigados do semiárido brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar a duração em dias e as exigências térmicas em graus-dia, considerando doze subperíodos do seu ciclo fenológico. O estudo foi conduzido no vinhedo Santa Catarina, município de Janaúba, região semiárida de Minas Gerais. As plantas, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 572 'Jales', foram conduzidas no sistema de irrigação por microaspersão. O acúmulo em dias e a exigência térmica (graus-dia) foram determinados em duas safras consecutivas da data da poda até a colheita, adotando-se a temperatura de 10°C como temperatura de base. O acúmulo em dias, da poda à colheita, foi de 116 para a poda realizada em janeiro e de 123 dias para a poda em julho. Na poda de janeiro, as plantas acumularam 1.838 graus-dia, enquanto na poda de julho o acúmulo foi de 1.766 graus- dia.The 'Niagara Rosada' grape has been highlighted as an alternative to the diversification of fruits growing in irrigated areas of the semi-arid Brazilian regions. The objective of this research was to characterize and compare the length of time in days and the thermal requirements in degree-days, taking in account twelve sub-periods of their phenological cycle, from pruning to harvesting. The study was carried out in the vineyard Santa Catarina, in the county of Janaúba, north of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Grapevines, grafted on the rootstock IAC 572 'Jales' were irrigated by microaspersion. The amount of days and the thermal requirement were determined in the same plants on two consecutive pruning dates. The total length of the cycle, varied from 116 days for the grape pruned in January, and 123 days for those pruned in July. The base temperature used for the study was 10° C. The total amount of degree days for the grape pruned in January was 1838; while for the ones pruned in July were 1766.

O feijão-caupi, também conhecido como feijão-de-corda, é um dos componentes mais importantes da dieta alimentar de povos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, sendo a principal fonte de proteína para os agricultores familiares das regiões norte e nordeste do Brasil. Com objetivo de avaliar o potencial de genótipos de feijão-caupi para produção de grãos verdes nas condições de Gurupi-TO, foi conduzido um experimento na estação experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, no período de março a maio de 2013. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de vinte genótipos de feijão-caupi, sendo dezesseis linhagens e quatro cultivares. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A parcela experimental foi representada por quatro linhas de cinco metros de comprimento, com espaçamento de 0,5 m entre linhas, sendo as duas linhas centrais a área útil. Foram avaliados comprimento de vagem, peso de vagem, peso de grãos por vagem, número de grãos por vagem, peso de cem grãos, índice de grãos e produtividade de grãos verdes. As linhagens MNC02-684F-5-6, MNC02-682F-2-6, MNC03-736F-7 e MNC02-683F-1 e as cultivares BRS-ITAIM e BRS-CAUAMÉ destacam-se com indicativo de grande adaptabilidade na região de Gurupi sob regime irrigado. Evaluation of cowpea genotypes for green grain production in Gurupi, state Tocantins Abstract: The cowpea, also known as feijão-de-corda, is one of the most important components of the diet of peoples in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, being the main source of protein for the family farmers of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. With the objective of evaluating the potential of cowpea genotypes for production of green grains under the Gurupi-To conditions, an experiment was conducted in the experimental station of the Universidade Federal do Tocantins [Federal University of Tocantins) Gurupi Campus, in the period of March to May of 2013. The treatments consisted of twenty cowpea genotypes, being sixteen lines and four cultivars. The experimental design in randomized blocks with four replications was utilized. The experimental plot was represented by four rows five meters long, with spacing of 0.5 m interrows, the two central rows being the useful area. Pod length, pod weight, grain weight per pod, number of grains per pod, weight of one hundred grains, grain index and green grain yield were evaluated. Lines MNC02-684F-5-6, MNC02-682F-2-6, MNC03-736F-7 and MNC02-683F-1 and cultivars BRS-ITAIM and BRS-CAUAMÉ stand out with an indicative of great adaptability in the region of Gurupi under irrigated regime.

Reconhecido atualmente como um dos principais teóricos da filosofia política do século XVII, Hobbes teve seu pensamento envolvido nas principais guerras religiosas e políticas, que, naquele período, ameaçavam dissolver a incipiente organização estatal inglesa. Desse modo, o presente trabalho pretende analisar os principais acontecimentos políticos, sociais e filosóficos, que, de alguma maneira, acabaram influenciando o pensamento hobbesiano acerca da formação do Estado absolutista, pois, para ele, onde não havia poder comum não poderia prevalecer à lei e a ordem, mas apenas a morte, o caos e a destruição.

Common bean was originated from the Americas and has shown enormous socioeconomic importance as the main source of feeding in many countries. Due to adoption of technologies such as irrigation, the bean has been cultivated at different times throughout the year, however, the lack of cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of the Cerrado of Tocantins has limited obtaining best yields at the time of the season. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of common bean genotypes in three cropping years in cerrado soils. The experiments were conducted in the field at the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Tocantins in the dry season of the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a 8 x 3 factorial, consisting of eight genotypes and three years. The evaluated characteristics were plant height, the first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of hundred grains and grain yield. The Princesa genotype stood out with yields above 3,000 kg ha-1 in more than a year of cultivation, demonstrating its potential for cropping systems in the State of Tocantins. The genotype BRS-Esplendor was the only genotype that showed stable behavior for all traits.

Os solos brasileiros são altamente deficientes em nutrientes essenciais ao desenvolvimento da cultura do arroz, principalmente os solos de cerrado. O arroz é extremamente exigente em fósforo e possui produtividade limitada vista à grande indisponibilidade deste nutriente. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a existência de diferenças entre cultivares de arroz quanto à eficiência ao uso de fósforo em solos de terras altas, no sul do Estado do Tocantins. Os cultivares avaliados foram BRS-Primavera, BRSMG-Conai, BRS-Sertaneja, BRS-Bonança, BRS-Aroma, Pepita, Serra Dourada, Bolinha, Japonês e Monarca. Simulando ambientes com baixo e alto nível de fósforo, foram aplicadas doses 20 e 120 kgha-1 de P2O5. As características avaliadas foram altura das plantas, dias para florescimento, número de panículas por m2, massa de cem grãos, produtividade de grãos e índices de clorofilas. Desta forma, conclui-se que: (i) os cultivares BRS-Primavera e Bolinha são eficientes e responsivos a adubação de P; (ii) a maior dose de fósforo resultou em maior altura de plantas para os cultivares BRS-Sertaneja, Bolinha, Japonês e Monarca e maior massa de cem grãos para os cultivares BRS-Sertaneja, BRS-Bonança, BRS-Primavera, BRS-Aroma e Monarca, além de proporcionar menor número de dias para florescimento, maior número de panículas, clorofila a, b, total e produtividade de grãos.

Embora a ocorrência de três raízes em um primeiro pré-molar inferior não seja uma situação comum, o profissional deve conhecer a possibilidade de esse dente vir a ser trirradiculado. Este fato deve ser avaliado com cautela para que se evitem riscos durante atos cirúrgicos e outros procedimentos realizados na cavidade oral, tais como tratamentos endodônticos. Demonstrando a presença de três raízes em primeiros pré-molares inferiores do acervo da disciplina de Anatomia Humana do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, confirma-se a possibilidade de acordo com relatos da literatura.