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In the current study, the development in reading comprehension performance of students in lower-SES versus higher-SES schools during and after school closures due to COVID-19 lockdowns was examined, and compared to a normed reference group. Furthermore, we explored protective factors against negative effects at the time of school closures, by pinpointing successful practices in a sub sample of resilient lower-SES schools. The total sample consisted of 2202 students followed from grade 2-4. Overall, we found that students in lower-SES schools made less progress over time than students in higher-SES schools. On average, students made less progress during the lockdowns, but here, the interaction with SES was not significant. Students' reading comprehension levels partially recovered after the lockdowns. Questionnaire-data revealed that schools were better prepared during the second lockdown, with teachers making more use of digital means, and providing more online reading instruction. In addition, collaboration with the parents seemed to have improved. The in depth interviews with resilient lower-SES schools revealed that the introduction of online education and investing in educational partnerships with parents may have helped to minimize the negative impact of lockdowns. We conclude that lockdowns have a negative effect on the development of reading education, but that students are resilient. Digital means and partnership with parents may be seen as protective factors to attenuate the negative effects of emergency remote teaching.

Background. The work environment presents major challenges for breastfeeding mothers through the physical separation of the mother and the baby post maternity leave. Objective. To explore the experiences of employed breastfeeding mothers from designated workplaces (with more than 50 employees) in Worcester, South Africa. Method. This qualitative study was conducted using focus group discussions (FDGs). Employed breastfeeding mothers from designated retail, manufacturing and public workplaces were recruited from local communities. Eligible participants were those who had exclusively or predominantly breastfed their children for up to 6 months and had given birth within the last 24 months. A community fieldworker recruited participants and coordinated scheduling for the FDGs. Results. Five FDGs (N=24) were conducted. The mothers described returning to work as emotionally and logistically challenging. Those who continued breastfeeding while working demonstrated a strong commitment to and belief in breastfeeding. Consistent enabling factors and main sources of support mentioned included immediate family members, such as grandmothers, siblings and spouses. The challenges identified were a lack of private spaces and time to express breastmilk at work, an unsupportive workplace culture and a lack of work-life balance. The support needs identified for a successful return to work while breastfeeding included flexible schedules, designated private spaces for expressing milk, supportive colleagues and managers and active engagement with senior management on breastfeeding support. Conclusion. There is a need for psychosocial support for breastfeeding mothers to manage the emotional demands of returning to work and logistical support, such as providing breastfeeding spaces and time for expressing breastmilk. Human resource managers, occupational health nurses and wellness officials should inform mothers about the recommendation to provide breastfeeding breaks at work. Engagement and advocacy efforts with workplaces and these stakeholders on the importance of breastfeeding support should be initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baby-led approaches to complementary feeding promote intake of family foods rather than infant specific foods, from the start of the complementary feeding period, which advocates suggest should be less expensive. However, this has never been formally examined. We recently completed a 2-year randomised controlled trial comparing baby-led (BLISS) and traditional spoon-feeding (Control) approaches to complementary feeding in 206 infants. Perceived expense was assessed at infant 7, 8, 9 and 12 months of age. The actual cost of intake (food offered, consumed and left over) was calculated from 3-day weighed diet records at 7 and 12 months of age. BLISS was perceived as less expensive than traditional feeding (P = 0.002), but comparisons of actual costs showed only small differences in total daily cost for food offered (NZ$0.20 and NZ$0.10 at 7 and 12 months, respectively), consumed (NZ$0.30, NZ$0.20) or left over (NZ$0.10, NZ$0.20). Baby-led approaches are not cheaper for families than traditional spoon-feeding., Author(s): S. Bacchus [sup.1], R. W. Taylor [sup.2], E. A. Fleming [sup.1], J. J. Haszard [sup.3], L. Fangupo [sup.1], L. Daniels [sup.1], A.-L. M. Heath [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department [...]

Michael A Veronin,1,2 Lacy Daniels,1,2 Elaine Demps21Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, 2Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, USAAbstract: Interactive pharmacy case studies are an essential component of the pharmacy curriculum. We recently developed an elective course at the Rangel College of Pharmacy in pharmacy case studies for second- and third-year Doctor of Pharmacy students using Second Life® (SL), an interactive three-dimensional virtual environment that simulates the real world. This course explored the use of SL for education and training in pharmacy, emphasizing a case-based approach. Virtual worlds such as SL promote inquiry-based learning and conceptual understanding, and can potentially develop problem-solving skills in pharmacy students. Students were presented ten case scenarios that primarily focused on drug safety and effective communication with patients. Avatars, representing instructors and students, reviewed case scenarios during sessions in a virtual classroom. Individually and in teams, students participated in active-learning activities modeling both the pharmacist’s and patient’s roles. Student performance and learning were assessed based on SL class participation, activities, assignments, and two formal, essay-type online exams in Blackboard 9. Student course-evaluation results indicated favorable perceptions of content and delivery. Student comments included an enhanced appreciation of practical issues in pharmacy practice, flexibility of attendance, and an increased ability to focus on course content. Excellent student participation and performance in weekly active-learning activities translated into positive performance on subsequent formal assessments. Students were actively engaged and exposed to topics pertinent to pharmacy practice that were not covered in the required pharmacy curriculum. The multiple active-learning assignments were successful in increasing students’ knowledge, and provided additional practice in building the communication skills beneficial for students preparing for experiential clinical rotations.Keywords: Second Life, virtual worlds, pharmacy case studies, computer simulation, health education, pharmacy education

Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) can be a valuable tool for the efficient management of cultural heritage. Adopting Building Information Modelling (BIM) for heritage architecture requires investing in training for modelling as-found elements, establishing standards for modelling, and developing accessible libraries of parametric assets. Parametric families of the Doric Order column and entablature were modelled in Autodesk Revit using standard measurements of the Doric Order, with parameters assigned to each element to remain adjustable and adapt to any as found project. These families were modelled with the ability to adjust all geometry to any point cloud with the intention of uploading the Revit files to an accessible online database, the Multimedia Inventory of Architectural Heritage (MIAH), developed by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS). The integration of these families into an online platform for any heritage professional to download and modify intends to ease the modelling process for future projects, as well as standardize the families used in future projects. To define the process of collecting data for as-found modelling, this paper outlines the documentation and data processing for two archaeological sites on the islands of Rhodes and Kos in Greece. To assist future HBIM library users in understanding the families, the process of converting point cloud to HBIM is demonstrated through the development of a parametric HBIM of the Temple of Hephaestus, located in Athens, Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown, in predominantly European populations, that dietary patterns are evident early in life. However, little is known about early-life dietary patterns in Australian children. We aimed to describe dietary patterns of Australian toddlers and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics and adiposity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Principal component analysis was applied to 3 days (1 x 24-h recall and 2 x 24-h record) data of 14 (n = 552)- and 24 (n = 493)-month-old children from two Australian studies, NOURISH and South Australian Infant Dietary Intake (SAIDI). Associations with dietary patterns were investigated using regression analyses. RESULTS: Two patterns were identified at both ages. At 14 months, the first pattern was characterised by fruit, grains, vegetables, cheese and nuts/seeds ('14-month core foods') and the second pattern was characterised by white bread, milk, spreads, juice and ice-cream ('basic combination'). Similarly, at 24 months the '24-month core foods' pattern included fruit, vegetables, dairy, nuts/seeds, meat and water, whereas the 'non-core foods' included white bread, spreads, sweetened beverages, snacks, chocolate and processed meat. Lower maternal age and earlier breastfeeding cessation were associated with higher 'basic combination' and 'non-core foods' pattern scores, whereas earlier and later solid introduction were associated with higher 'basic combination' and '24-month core foods' pattern scores, respectively. Patterns were not associated with body mass index (BMI) z-score. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns reflecting core and non-core food intake are identifiable in Australian toddlers. These findings support the need to intervene early with parents to promote healthy eating in children and can inform future investigations on the effects of early diet on long-term health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 638-645; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.23; published online 27 February 2013 Keywords: dietary patterns; PCA; Australia; socio-demographic; BMI, INTRODUCTION Nutritional research has expanded to consider whole diet in addition to individual nutrients and foods. (1) Summarising multiple dietary components into an overall diet measure takes into account correlations [...]