Search

Resumo Introdução A mortalidade por tuberculose é um indicador sensível às desigualdades em saúde, considerando-se que o risco para sua ocorrência está relacionado à vulnerabilidade dos territórios. Objetivo Investigar se as variações espaciais dos determinantes sociais afetam as mortes por tuberculose em um município da região amazônica. Método Estudo ecológico com medidas múltiplas de análise, composto por óbitos por tuberculose como causa básica em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, notificados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (2006-2015). Nas análises, foram calculadas as taxas bruta e padronizada, e usado o Índice de Moran para verificar a autocorrelação espacial da mortalidade e, posteriormente, foi aplicada a regressão geograficamente ponderada para aferir a relação da desigualdade com as mortes por tuberculose. Resultados Foram identificados 731 óbitos pela doença. A distribuição da mortalidade ocorreu de forma heterogênea, sendo que as altas taxas de óbito por tuberculose estavam em áreas mais socialmente vulneráveis. Foram confirmadas a autocorrelação e a dependência espacial. O modelo final apresentou as variáveis indicadoras de iniquidades (baixa renda, pobreza e escolaridade), mostrando relação destas com a mortalidade. Conclusão Ficou evidente que os determinantes sociais no espaço urbano influenciam a mortalidade por tuberculose na região. Portanto, avançar em políticas públicas para corrigir as iniquidades em saúde pode influenciar positivamente esse cenário. Abstract Background Mortality from tuberculosis is a sensitive indicator of health inequalities, given that the risk for its occurrence is related to the vulnerability of the territories. Objective To investigate whether the spatial variations of social determinants affect deaths from tuberculosis in a municipality in the Amazon region. Method Ecological study with multiple measures of analysis. The study was composed of deaths from tuberculosis as a basic cause in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, reported in the Brazilian Mortality Information System (2006-2015). In the analyzes, the crude and standardized rate was calculated, Moran Index was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation of mortality, and subsequently, the geographically weighted regression was applied to assess the inequality relationship of deaths from tuberculosis. Results 731 deaths from the disease were identified. The distribution of mortality was heterogeneous, with high rates of death from tuberculosis in more socially vulnerable areas. The autocorrelation and spatial dependence was confirmed. The final model presented variables that indicate inequities: low income, poverty and education, showing their relationship with mortality. Conclusion It was evident that social determinants in the urban space influence mortality from tuberculosis in the region. Therefore, advancing public policies to correct health inequities can positively impact this scenario.

BackgroundReducing TB mortality is a great challenge in Brazil due to its territorial extension, cultural variations and economic and political crises, which impact the health system. This study aimed to estimate in space and time the risk of TB mortality and test its relationship with social inequities.MethodsThis was an ecological study that included deaths from TB between 2006 and 2016 in Cuiabá, Brazilian Legal Amazon. Bayesian models based on the integrated nested Laplace approximation approach were used to estimate spatio-temporal RRs. RRs for TB mortality were obtained according to the covariables representative of social inequities.ResultsThe risk of TB mortality was stable between 2006 and 2016 and high-risk areas were identified throughout the municipality studied. Regarding social inequities, income was an important factor associated with TB mortality risk, as an increase of 1 SD in income resulted in a 35.4% (RR 0.646; CI 95% 0.476 to 0.837) decrease in risk.ConclusionsThe results provided evidence of areas with higher TB mortality risks that have persisted over time and are related to social inequities. Advancing social policies and protections in these areas will contribute to achieving the WHO's End TB strategy.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) causes pressure on healthcare resources, especially in terms of hospital admissions, despite being considered an ambulatory care-sensitive condition for which timely and effective care in ambulatory setting could prevent the need for hospitalization. Our objectives were to describe the spatial and temporal variation in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) hospitalizations, identify critical geographic areas at municipality level and characterize clusters of PTB hospitalizations to help the development of tailored disease management strategies that could improve TB control. Methods Ecologic study using sociodemographic, geographical and clinical information of PTB hospitalization cases from continental Portuguese public hospitals, between 2002 and 2016. Descriptive statistics, spatiotemporal cluster analysis and temporal trends were conducted. Results The space–time analysis identified five clusters of higher rates of PTB hospitalizations (2002–16), including the two major cities in the country (Lisboa and Porto). Globally, we observed a −7.2% mean annual percentage change in rate with only one of the identified clusters (out of six) with a positive trend (+4.34%). In the more recent period (2011–16) was obtained a mean annual percentage change in rate of −8.12% with only one cluster identified with an increase trend (+9.53%). Conclusions Our results show that space–time clustering and temporal trends analysis can be an invaluable resource to monitor the dynamic of the disease and contribute to the design of more effective, focused interventions. Interventions such as enhancing the detection of active and latent infection, improving monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes or adjusting the network of healthcare providers should be tailored to the specific needs of the critical areas identified.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal de recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a Saúde Suplementar no Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico realizado nas 27 Unidades da Federação (UFs); utilizaram-se dados das categorias dos médicos, cirurgiões-dentistas, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem, nos anos de 2005 a 2016, coletados do Departamento de Informática do SUS (Datasus); empregou-se regressão de Prais-Winsten para avaliar a tendência temporal. Resultados: evidenciou-se tendência crescente de recursos humanos para a Saúde Suplementar em todas as categorias profissionais, com incremento anual médio de 0,054 (IC95%: 0,031;0,076); para o SUS, observou-se crescimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas e técnicos de enfermagem, com incrementos anuais de 0,008 (IC95%: 0,003;0,011) e 0,066 (IC95%: 0,022;0,087), respectivamente, enquanto na maioria das UFs, enfermeiros apresentaram tendência estacionária, e médicos, tendência estacionária ou decrescente. Conclusão: evidenciaram-se desigualdades na distribuição de recursos humanos, um reflexo da crise do sistema de saúde. Resumen Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacial y la tendencia temporal de recursos humanos para el SUS y la Salud Complementaria en Brasil. Métodos: estudio ecológico realizado en las 27 Unidades de la Federación (UF); se utilizaron los datos de las categorias; médicas, cirujanos dentales, enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería, en el periodo de 2005 a 2016, obtenidos del Departamento de Informática do SUS (Datasus); la regresión de Prais-Winsten se utilizó para evaluar la tendencia temporal. Resultados: se hizo visible tendencia creciente de recursos humanos para la Salud Complementaria, con tasas de incremento anual de 0,054 (IC95% 0,031; 0,076); para el SUS, hubo crecimiento de dentistas y técnicos de enfermería, con tasas de 0,008 (IC95%: 0,003;0,011) y 0.066 (IC95%: 0,022;0,087), respectivamente, mientras en la mayoría de las UF, los enfermeros/as presentaron una tendencia estacionaria y los médicos mostraron una tendencia estacionaria o decreciente. Conclusión: se encontró desigualdad en la distribución de recursos humanos lo cual refleja la crisis del sistema de salud. Abstract Objective: to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of human resources for the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and the Supplemental Health sector. Methods: an ecological study was conducted in the country’s 27 Federative Units (FUs); SUS Information Technology Department (DATASUS) data were used relating to the doctor, dental surgeon, nurse and nursing technician personnel categories for the period 2005-2016; Prais-Winsten regression was used to assess the time trend. Results: there was an rising trend of Supplemental Health Sector human resources in all personnel categories, with an mean annual increase of 0.054 (95%CI: 0.031;0.076); with regard to SUS, there was an increase in dental surgeons and nursing technicians, with annual increases of 0.008 (95%CI: 0.003;0.011), and 0.066 (95%CI 0.022; 0.087), respectively, while in most FU, nurses showed a stationary trend and doctors showed a stationary or falling trend. Conclusion: inequalities were found in human resource distribution, reflecting the health system crisis.

BACKGROUND: A diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) does not necessarily mean that the disease will be treated successfully, as death still occurs among those who are diagnosed by health services. The study aimed to identify the TB patients who died precociously due to the disease and associated factors in southern Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, where all deaths from TB were gathered, including cases of TB/HIV coinfection (ICD A15.0-A15.9 and ICD B20.0), which occurred between 2008 and 2015 in southern Brazil. After bivariate analysis, techniques for survival analysis were applied, including the Kaplan-Meier test and Cox’s regression, from which the mean, median and CI95% of survival (in days) were estimated; the hazard ratio (HR) was obtained and the associated causative factors were identified. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were analysed: 83 (58%) of them had a diagnosis of TB (ICD A15.0 to A19) and 60 (42%) were diagnosed with TB/HIV (ICD B20.0) in basic death cause. The first group (only TB) had a median survival of 21 days, and the second group (TB/HIV) had a median survival of 34 days; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The median survival for the whole sample was 23 days; 82 (57.3%) of the patients died within 30 days after diagnosis, and 101 (71.3%) died within 60 days after diagnosis (minimum survival 2 day; maximum 349 days; standard deviation (SD) = 69.5 and mean = 52.1 days). Additionally, the alcohol use alcohol use (HR=1.65, CI95%=1.03-2.68) and other comorbidities (HR=1.79, CI95%=1.13 - 2.84) were related precocious deaths. CONCLUSION: Most of the deaths occurred precociously (within two or one months), which indicates that the diagnosis was made too late, when the disease was already at an advanced stage. The use of alcohol and other comorbidities were related with precocious deaths. Although diagnosis and treatment are free in Brazil and the patients had received a diagnosis, they died. Early, sensitive diagnosis, with social support and comprehensive care might reduce early mortality among patients with addiction problems.

A imunização é reconhecida como uma das intervenções mais bem-sucedidas e custo-efetivas, resultando na erradicação e no controle de diversas doenças em todo o mundo. Todavia, uma preocupante redução na cobertura vacinal tem sido observada no Brasil, trazendo o recrudescimento de algumas doenças até então superadas. Dessa forma, no intuito de realizar um diagnóstico situacional que pondere as diferentes regiões do país e a tendência temporal de cobertura vacinal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de evidenciar áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal de BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico que coletou informações acerca do número crianças de até um ano de idade imunizadas para essas três vacinas, no período entre 2006 e 2016, por município brasileiro. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Foi realizada uma varredura espacial, analisando as variações espaciais nas tendências temporais de cobertura vacinal. Foi observada uma tendência de redução no número de imunizações no Brasil, com quedas de 0,9%, 1,3% e 2,7% ao ano para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral, respectivamente. Ademais, aglomerados significativos com tendências temporais de redução da cobertura vacinal foram verificados em todas as cinco regiões brasileiras. O estudo evidencia uma importante redução na cobertura vacinal nos últimos anos, constatando heterogeneidades consideráveis entre os municípios. Dessa forma, uma atenção singular e planejamento estratégico condizente com as características de cada localidade são necessários para o controle tanto da redução de cobertura vacinal como do reaparecimento de doenças no Brasil. Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil’s different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area’s characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil. La inmunización está reconocida como una de las intervenciones más exitosas y costo-eficientes, consiguiendo la erradicación y control de diversas enfermedades en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha observado una preocupante reducción en la cobertura de la vacunación en Brasil, conllevando el recrudecimiento de algunas enfermedades hasta entonces superadas. De esta forma, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico situacional, que pondere las diferentes regiones del país y la tendencia temporal de cobertura vacunación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar áreas con una caída de la cobertura vacunación respecto a BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, que recabó información acerca del número de niños de hasta un año de edad inmunizados con estas tres vacunas, durante el período entre 2006 y 2016, por municipios brasileños. Los datos se consiguieron a través del Departamento de Informática del SUS. Se realizó un barrido espacial, analizando las variaciones espaciales en las tendencias temporales de cobertura de vacunación. Se observó una tendencia de reducción en el número de inmunizaciones en Brasil, con caídas de 0,9%, 1,3% y 2,7% al año, en el caso de BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica, respectivamente. Además, se verificaron aglomerados significativos con tendencias temporales de reducción en la cobertura de vacunación dentro de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El estudio evidencia una importante reducción en la cobertura de vacunación durante los últimos años, constatando heterogeneidades considerables entre los municipios. De esta forma, una atención singular y planificación estratégica, acorde con las características de cada localidad, son necesarias para el control, tanto de la reducción de la cobertura de vacunación, como del resurgimiento de enfermedades en Brasil.

The goal of this study was to analyse the spatial pattern of tuberculosis (TB) mortality using different approaches, namely: mortality rates (MR), spatial relative risks (RR) and Bayesian rates (Global and Local) and their association with human development index (HDI), Global and its three dimensions: education, longevity and income. An ecological study was developed in Curitiba, Brazil based on data from Mortality Information System (2008–2014). Spatial scan statistics were used to compute RR and identify high-risk clusters. Bivariate Local Indicator of Spatial Associations was used to assess associations. MR ranged between 0 and 25.24/100.000 with a mean (standard deviation) of 1.07 (2.66). Corresponding values for spatial RR were 0–27.46, 1.2 (2.99) and for Bayesian rates (Global and Local) were 0.49–1.66, 0.90 (0.19) and 0–6.59, 0.98 (0.80). High-risk clusters were identified for all variables, except for HDI-income and Global Bayesian rate. Significant negative spatial relations were found between MR and income; between RR and HDI global, longevity and income; and Bayesian rates with all variables. Some areas presented different patterns: low social development/low risk and high risk/high development. These results demonstrate that social development variables should be considered, in mortality due TB.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common infectious disease in the world. We aimed to analyze the spatial risk of tuberculosis mortality and to verify associations in high-risk areas with social vulnerability. Methods: This was an ecological study. The scan statistic was used to detect areas at risk, and the Bivariate Moran Index was used to verify relationships between variables. Results: High-risk areas of tuberculosis mortality were statistically significantly associated with domain 2 of the Social Vulnerability Index (I=0.010; p=0.001). Conclusions: This study provides evidence regarding areas with high risk and that vulnerability is a determinant of TB mortality. Keywords: Tuberculosis. Social vulnerability. Spatial analysis.Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest infectious diseases and remains a serious public health problem worldwide, despite all efforts to control the disease. In 2015, 10.4 million people contracted the disease; 6.1 million of these were considered new cases, while 1.4 million died. TB is the most frequent cause of death due to infectious disease around the world

Background Stigma associated with tuberculosis (TB) has been an object of interest in several regions of the world. The behaviour presented by patients as a result of social discrimination has contributed to delays in diagnosis and the abandonment of treatment, leading to an increase in the cases of TB and drug resistance. The identification of populations affected by stigma and its measurement can be assessed with the use of valid and reliable instruments developed or adapted to the target culture. This aim of this study was to analyse the initial psychometric properties of the Tuberculosis-Related Stigma scale in Brazil, for TB patients. Methods The Tuberculosis-Related Stigma scale is a specific scale for measuring stigma associated with TB, originally validated in Thailand. It presents two dimensions to be assessed, namely Community perspectives toward tuberculosis and Patient perspectives toward tuberculosis. The first has 11 items regarding the behaviour of the community in relation to TB, and the second is made up of 12 items related to feelings such as fear, guilt and sorrow in coping with the disease. A pilot test was conducted with 83 TB patients, in order to obtain the initial psychometric properties of the scale in the Brazilian Portuguese version, enabling simulation of the field study. Results As regards its psychometric properties, the scale presented acceptable internal consistency for its dimensions, with values ≥0.70, the absence of floor and ceiling effects, which is favourable for the property of scale responsiveness, satisfactory converging validity for both dimensions, with values over 0.30 for initial studies, and diverging validity, with adjustment values different from 100%. Conclusion The results found show that the Tuberculosis-Related Stigma scale can be a valid and reliable instrument for the Brazilian context.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide; in 2016, over 95% of TB deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Although the incidence and deaths from TB have decreased in Brazil in recent years, the disease has increased in the vulnerable population, whose diagnosis is more delayed and the chances for abandonment and deaths are significantly higher. This study aimed to identify high-risk areas for TB mortality and evidence their social determinants through a sensitive tailored social index, in a context of high inequality in South Brazil. Methods A multistep statistical methodology was developed, based on spatial clustering, categorical principal components analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). This study considered 138 spatial units in Curitiba, South Brazil. TB deaths (2008–2015) were obtained from the National Information Mortality System and social variables from the Brazilian Human Development Atlas (2013). Results There were 128 TB deaths recorded in the study: the mortality rate was 0.9/100,000 inhabitants, minimum–maximum: 0–25.51/100,000, with a mean (standard deviation) of 1.07 (2.71), and 78 space units had no deaths. One risk cluster of TB mortality was found in the south region (RR = 2.64, p = 0.01). Considering the social variables, several clusters were identified in the social risk indicator (SRI): income (899.82/1752.94; 0.024), GINI Index (0.41/0.45; 0.010), and overcrowding (25.07/15.39; 0.032). The SRI showed a high capacity to discriminate the TB mortality areas (area under ROC curve 0.865, 95% CI: 0.796–0.934). Conclusions A powerful risk map (SRI) was developed, allowing tailored and personalised interventions. The south of Curitiba was identified as a high-risk area for TB mortality and the majority of social variables. This methodological approach can be generalised to other areas and/or other public health problems.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death among infectious diseases affecting groups in extreme poverty. Social improvements could reverse this situation in Brazil. This study aims to demonstrate the spatial relationship between social development (SD) and TB mortality in Natal, a city in northeastern Brazil. Methodology: Ecological study. The study population comprised TB deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System between 2008 and 2014. The units of analysis were 59 human development units (HDUs). Raw and smoothed mortality rates were calculated using the global empirical Bayes method. Primary components analysis was used to develop the SD indicators. An association between TB mortality and SD was verified using multiple linear regression analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was verified using models with global spatial effects. Analyses were performed using Statistica version 12.0, ArcGIS version 10.2, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0, and OpenGeoDa 1.0.1. The significance level was established at 5% (p < 0.05). Results: The TB mortality rate with non-random spatial distribution ranged between 0.52 and 8.90 per 100,000 inhabitants. The spatial lag model was chosen because it presented the highest log-likelihood value, lowest AIC, and highest R2. A negative association was found between TB mortality and SD (R2 = 0.207; p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results show a negative association between TB mortality and the high SD indicator. This study can support decision-making in terms of collective projects within public health in order to link the health field to other sectors, aiming for social well-being and human development.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar os determinantes sociais da saúde associados à mortalidade por TB e verificar as mortes precoces ocorridas por TB e TB/HIV e seus fatores associados, por meio de duas abordagens: uma de base ecológica e uma de base individual, utilizando análise espacial e de sobrevida. O estudo foi realizado na capital do Paraná, Curitiba; e, para análise espacial, foram consideradas as 148 unidades de desenvolvimento humano (UDH). A população de estudo foi composta dos casos de mortes por TB como causa básica (CID 15-19). Para análise de sobrevida, foram acrescidos os casos de mortes pela coinfecção TB/HIV (CID 20.0). Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Doenças de Notificação (SINAN) referentes ao período 2008 a 2015. As Unidades de Desenvolvimento Humano foram caracterizadas de acordo com a mortalidade por TB e com as variáveis dos determinantes sociais da saúde. Inicialmente os casos de óbitos por TB foram geocodificados e calculadas taxas de mortalidade bruta, taxa Bayesiana e investigados quanto à autocorrelação espacial e existência de aglomerados de risco por meio da técnica de varredura espacial e obtidos riscos relativos espaciais. Para correlacionar as áreas de risco espacial para mortalidade por TB foi utilizada a regressão logística, tendo como variável dependente área de risco: sim e não, e após avaliado com uso da curva ROC, também foi elaborado um mapa de sobreposição de áreas de risco dos determinantes sociais da saúde e correlacionados com aglomerados de risco para mortalidade. Por último, para investigar as mortes precoces por TB e TB/HIV e fatores associados foi utilizada a técnica de Kaplan-Meier e Regressão de Cox. Foram identificados 131 óbitos por TB, dos quais 126 (96,2%) foram geocodificados e 05 (4,8%) foram excluídos devido a endereços incompletos. Para a primeira fase, foram calculadas as taxas resultado em taxa média bruta de 1,07/100.000 habitantes. As mortes estiveram distribuídas de maneira difusa, porém, com maior concentração nas regiões periféricas e sul do município. Foi detectado um aglomerado espacial de risco na região sul para mortalidade por TB e para variáveis dos determinantes sociais da saúde, sendo onde as piores condições foram detectadas. O estudo confirmou a relação entre os determinantes sociais e as áreas de risco de mortes por TB quando relacionados com a Dimensão 1 extraída com (OR= 0,093; IC95% 0,34-0,25). O mapa de sobreposição dos aglomerados de risco relacionados com aglomerado para mortalidade por TB resultou em um OR= 5,98 (IC95%: 2,41-14,49) e curva ROC= 0,865; IC95%=0,796-0,934. Na segunda fase, ao analisar as mortes precoces por TB, foi encontrada uma mediana de dias sobrevividos de 22 dias, sendo que 88 (59,1%) dos pacientes morreram até 30 dias após o diagnóstico e 107 (72,5%) após 60 dias (mínimo: 1, máximo: 349, D.P: 68,8 e média: 50 dias). Dentre os 179 óbitos analisados, 105 (58,6%) óbitos tinham diagnóstico de TB (CID 15.0-19) e 74 (41,4%) óbitos a coinfecção TB/HIV (CID 20.0). A maioria dos casos ocorreu em pessoas do sexo masculino, 138 (77,1%), da raça/ cor branca predominante 120 (67%) e a média de idade foi de 47 anos (mínimo:20, máximo: 94, mediana: 44, DP: 14). Os resultados corroboram com a necessidade de melhorias múltiplas nas condições de vida da população, com enfoque nas regiões mais vulneráveis (áreas de aglomerados de risco espacial) identificadas e políticas específicas para prevenção do uso de álcool, diante da identificação deste fator associado às mortes precoces The objective of the study was to analyze the social determinants of health associated with TB mortality and to verify the early deaths caused by TB and TB / HIV and their associated factors, through two approaches: one based on an ecological basis and an individual basis using analysis spatial and survival The study was carried out in the capital of Paraná, Curitiba; and for spatial analysis, the 148 human development units (UDH) were considered. The study population was composed of cases of TB deaths as the underlying cause (ICD 15-19). Survival analysis included cases of TB / HIV coinfection deaths (ICD 20.0). Data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Notification Disease Information System (SINAN) for the period 2008 to 2015. The Human Development Units were characterized according to TB mortality and the variables determinants of health. Initially the cases of TB deaths were geocoded and gross mortality rates, Bayesian taxa were calculated and investigated for spatial autocorrelation and existence of clusters of risk by means of the spatial scanning technique and obtained relative spatial risks. In order to correlate spatial risk areas with mortality from TB, logistic regression was used as a risk variable: yes and no and after being evaluated using the ROC curve, a map of overlapping risk areas of social determinants correlated with clusters of risk for mortality. A total of 131 TB deaths were identified, 126 (96.2%) of which were geocoded and 05 (4%) of the deaths were TB and HIV and associated factors were Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression. A total of 131 TB deaths were identified, of which 126 (96.2%) were geocoded and 05 (4.8%) were excluded due to incomplete addresses. For the first phase, the results were calculated at a gross average rate of 1.07 / 100,000 inhabitants. The deaths were distributed in a diffuse way, however, with greater concentration in the peripheral and southern regions of the municipality. It was detected a spatial cluster of risk in the southern region for mortality by TB and for variables of the social determinants of health and where the worst conditions were detected. The study confirmed the relationship between social determinants and risk areas for TB deaths when related to Dimension 1 extracted with (OR= 0,093; IC95% 0,34-0,25). The map of overlapping cluster-related risk clusters for TB mortality resulted in an OR= 5.95 IC95%=2.41-14.49 and ROC curve= 0.865 (CI95%= 0.796-0.934). In the second phase, when analyzing the early TB deaths, a median number of surviving days of 22 days was found, of which 88 (59.1%) died within 30 days after diagnosis and 107 (72.5%) after 60 days days (minimum: 1, maximum: 349, SD: 68.8 and average: 50 days). Among the 179 deaths analyzed, 105 (58.6%) deaths had a diagnosis of TB (ICD 15.0-19) and 74 (41.4%) had TB / HIV co-infection (ICD 20.0). The majority of the cases occurred in males, 138 (77.1%), the predominant white race (67%) and the mean age was 47 years (minimum: 20, maximum: 94, median: 44, DP: 14). The results corroborate the need for multiple improvements in the living conditions of the population, with a focus on the most vulnerable regions (areas of agglomerates of spatial risk) identified and specific policies to prevent alcohol use, in view of the identification of this factor associated with early deaths

BACKGROUND A diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is no sign that the disease will be treated successfully, as death still occurs among those who are diagnosed by health services. The study aimed to identify the TB patients who died precociously due to the disease and associated factors in Southern Brazil.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study, where all deaths from TB were gathered, including cases of TB/HIV joint infection (ICD A15.0–A15.9 and ICD B20.0), which occurred between 2008 and 2015 in Southern Brazil. Techniques for survival analysis were applied, including the Kaplan-Meier test and Cox’s regression, from which the mean, median and IC 95 of survival (in days) were estimated; the hazard ratio (HR) obtained and the associated causative factors identified.RESULTS A total of 205 were found: 131 of these resulted from TB alone, while 74 had origins in joint infection of TB/HIV and only 179 deaths were included in the survival analysis. The first group had a median survival of 19 days, and the second group had a median survival of 28 days; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The median survival for the whole sample was 22 days, with 59.1% of these individuals dying within 30 days and 72.5% passing away within 60 days after diagnosis (minimum = 1, maximum = 349, SD = 68.8 and mean = 50 days). The use of alcohol (HR 1.9, IC 95 1.2–3.1) was associated with precocious death in the studied patients.CONCLUSION Most of the deaths occurred prematurely (within 2 months), which evidenced that the diagnoses have been made too late, when the disease was already in its advanced stages. The use of alcohol was associated with the precocious deaths. Although the diagnostic and treatment are free in Brazil and the patients have gotten the diagnosis, they died. Early, sensitive diagnosis, with social support and a comprehensive care might reduce the early mortality among with patients with addiction problems.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the infectious disease that kills the most people worldwide. The use of geoepidemiological techniques to demonstrate the dynamics of the disease in vulnerable communities is essential for its control. Thus, this study aimed to identify risk clusters for TB deaths and their variation over time. Methods: This ecological study considered cases of TB deaths in residents of Londrina, Brazil between 2008 and 2015. We used standard, isotonic scan statistics for the detection of spatial risk clusters. The Poisson discrete model was adopted with the high and low rates option used for 10, 30 and 50% of the population at risk, with circular format windows and 999 replications considered the maximum cluster size. Getis-Ord Gi∗(Gi∗) statistics were used to diagnose hotspot areas for TB mortality. Kernel density was used to identify whether the clusters changed over time. Results: For the standard version, spatial risk clusters for 10, 30 and 50% of the exposed population were 4.9 (95% CI 2.6-9.4), 3.2 (95% CI: 2.1-5.7) and 3.2 (95% CI: 2.1-5.7), respectively. For the isotonic spatial statistics, the risk clusters for 10, 30 and 50% of the exposed population were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.5-5.1), 2.7 (95% CI: 1.6-4.4), 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4-3.9), respectively. All risk clusters were located in the eastern and northern regions of the municipality. Additionally, through Gi∗, hotspot areas were identified in the eastern and western regions. Conclusions: There were important risk areas for tuberculosis mortality in the eastern and northern regions of the municipality. Risk clusters for tuberculosis deaths were observed in areas where TB mortality was supposedly a non-problem. The isotonic and Gi∗statistics were more sensitive for the detection of clusters in areas with a low number of cases; however, their applicability in public health is still restricted. publishersversion published

Background Leprosy is a public health problem and a challenge for endemic countries, especially in their border regions where there are intense migration flows. The study aimed to analyse the dynamics of leprosy, in order to identify areas of risk for the occurrence of the disease and disability and places where this health condition is worsening. Method This ecological study considered the new cases of leprosy reported in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu from 2003 to 2015. Spatial and spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to identify the risk areas for the occurrence of leprosy, as well as the Getis-Ord Gi and Getis-Ord Gi* methods. Areas of risk for disabilities were identified by the scan statistic and kernel density estimation. Results A total of 840 cases were reported, of which 179 (21.3%) presented Grade 1 or 2 disabilities at the time of diagnosis. Leprosy risk areas were concentrated in the Southern, Eastern and Northeastern Health Districts of the municipality. The cases of Grade 2 disability were observed with higher intensity in regions characterized by high population density and poverty. Conclusion The results of the study have revealed changes in the pattern of areas at risk of leprosy according to the investigated periods. In addition, it was possible to verify disabilities as a condition present in the investigated cases, or that may be related to the late diagnosis of the disease. In the areas of risk identified, patients have reported worse physical disability after diagnostic confirmation, or indicate inadequate clinical examination, reinforcing the need for structuring leprosy control services in a qualified manner.

to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of human resources for the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and the Supplemental Health sector.an ecological study was conducted in the country's 27 Federative Units (FUs); SUS Information Technology Department (DATASUS) data were used relating to the doctor, dental surgeon, nurse and nursing technician personnel categories for the period 2005-2016; Prais-Winsten regression was used to assess the time trend.there was an rising trend of Supplemental Health Sector human resources in all personnel categories, with an mean annual increase of 0.054 (95%CI: 0.031;0.076); with regard to SUS, there was an increase in dental surgeons and nursing technicians, with annual increases of 0.008 (95%CI: 0.003;0.011), and 0.066 (95%CI 0.022; 0.087), respectively, while in most FU, nurses showed a stationary trend and doctors showed a stationary or falling trend.inequalities were found in human resource distribution, reflecting the health system crisis.

Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil's different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area's characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil.A imunização é reconhecida como uma das intervenções mais bem-sucedidas e custo-efetivas, resultando na erradicação e no controle de diversas doenças em todo o mundo. Todavia, uma preocupante redução na cobertura vacinal tem sido observada no Brasil, trazendo o recrudescimento de algumas doenças até então superadas. Dessa forma, no intuito de realizar um diagnóstico situacional que pondere as diferentes regiões do país e a tendência temporal de cobertura vacinal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de evidenciar áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal de BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico que coletou informações acerca do número crianças de até um ano de idade imunizadas para essas três vacinas, no período entre 2006 e 2016, por município brasileiro. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Foi realizada uma varredura espacial, analisando as variações espaciais nas tendências temporais de cobertura vacinal. Foi observada uma tendência de redução no número de imunizações no Brasil, com quedas de 0,9%, 1,3% e 2,7% ao ano para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral, respectivamente. Ademais, aglomerados significativos com tendências temporais de redução da cobertura vacinal foram verificados em todas as cinco regiões brasileiras. O estudo evidencia uma importante redução na cobertura vacinal nos últimos anos, constatando heterogeneidades consideráveis entre os municípios. Dessa forma, uma atenção singular e planejamento estratégico condizente com as características de cada localidade são necessários para o controle tanto da redução de cobertura vacinal como do reaparecimento de doenças no Brasil.La inmunización está reconocida como una de las intervenciones más exitosas y costo-eficientes, consiguiendo la erradicación y control de diversas enfermedades en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha observado una preocupante reducción en la cobertura de la vacunación en Brasil, conllevando el recrudecimiento de algunas enfermedades hasta entonces superadas. De esta forma, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico situacional, que pondere las diferentes regiones del país y la tendencia temporal de cobertura vacunación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar áreas con una caída de la cobertura vacunación respecto a BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, que recabó información acerca del número de niños de hasta un año de edad inmunizados con estas tres vacunas, durante el período entre 2006 y 2016, por municipios brasileños. Los datos se consiguieron a través del Departamento de Informática del SUS. Se realizó un barrido espacial, analizando las variaciones espaciales en las tendencias temporales de cobertura de vacunación. Se observó una tendencia de reducción en el número de inmunizaciones en Brasil, con caídas de 0,9%, 1,3% y 2,7% al año, en el caso de BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica, respectivamente. Además, se verificaron aglomerados significativos con tendencias temporales de reducción en la cobertura de vacunación dentro de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El estudio evidencia una importante reducción en la cobertura de vacunación durante los últimos años, constatando heterogeneidades considerables entre los municipios. De esta forma, una atención singular y planificación estratégica, acorde con las características de cada localidad, son necesarias para el control, tanto de la reducción de la cobertura de vacunación, como del resurgimiento de enfermedades en Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the temporal trend, identify the factors related and elaborate a predictive model for unfavorable treatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with all cases diagnosed with MDR-TB between the years 2006 and 2015 in the state of São Paulo. The data were collected from the state system of TB cases notifications (TB-WEB). The temporal trend analyzes of treatment outcomes was performed through the Prais-Winsten analysis. In order to verify the factors related to the unfavorable outcomes, abandonment, death with basic cause TB and treatment failure, the binary logistic regression was used. Pictorial representations of the factors related to treatment outcome and their prognostic capacity through the nomogram were elaborated. RESULTS: Both abandonment and death have a constant temporal tendency, whereas the failure showed it as decreasing. Regarding the risk factors for such outcomes, using illicit drugs doubled the odds for abandonment and death. Besides that, being diagnosed in emergency units or during hospitalizations was a risk factor for death. On the contrary, having previous multidrug-resistant treatments reduced the odds for the analyzed outcomes by 33%. The nomogram presented a predictive model with 65% accuracy for dropouts, 70% for deaths and 80% for failure. CONCLUSIONS: The modification of the current model of care is an essential factor for the prevention of unfavorable outcomes. Through predictive models, as presented in this study, it is possible to develop patient-centered actions, considering their risk factors and increasing the chances for cure.

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the “End TB Strategy”, which aims to reduce tuberculosis (TB) mortality by 95% by 2035, Brazil has made a commitment to this, however, one challenge is achieving the goal in the border region, where the TB situation is more critical. The proposal was to analyse the spatial mortality due to TB and its socio-economic determinants in the general population, around the border areas of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, as well as the temporal trend in this region. Method This ecological study considered the cases of TB deaths of residents of Foz do Iguaçu (BR), with its units of analysis being the census sectors. The standardized mortality rate was calculated for each area. Socioeconomic variables data were obtained from the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The scan statistic was applied to calculate the spatial relative risk (RR), considering a 95% confidence interval (CI). Spatial dependence was analysed using the Global Bivariate Moran I and Local Bivariate Moran I (LISA) to test the relationship between the socioeconomic conditions of the urban areas and mortality from TB. Analysis of the temporal trend was also performed using the Prais-Winsten test. Results A total of 74 cases of TB death were identified, of which 53 (71.6%) were male and 51 (68.9%) people of white skin colour. The mortality rate ranged from 0.28 to 22.75 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. A spatial relative risk area was identified, RR = 5.07 (95% CI 1.79–14.30). Mortality was associated with: proportion of people of brown skin colour (I: 0.0440, p = 0.033), income (low income I: − 0.0611, p = 0.002; high income I: − 0.0449, p = 0.026) and density of residents (3 and 4 residents, I: 0.0537, p = 0.007; 10 or more residents, I: − 0.0390, p = 0.035). There was an increase in the mortality rate in people of brown skin colour (6.1%; 95% CI = 0.029, 0.093). Conclusion Death due to TB was associated with income, race resident density and social conditions. Although the TB mortality rate is stationary in the general population, it is increasing among people of brown skin colour.

INTRODUCTION : The tuberculin test is a diagnostic method for detecting latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, especially among disease contact cases. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among TB contact cases. METHODS : A retrospective cohort study was performed in a reference center for TB. The study population consisted of 2,425 patients who underwent a tuberculin test from 2003 to 2010 and whose results indicated contact with individuals with TB. The data were collected from the registry book of the tuberculin tests, patient files and the Information System Records of Notification Grievance. To verify the evolution of TB, case records through September 2014 were consulted. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). In all hypothesis tests, a significance level of 0.05 was used. RESULTS : From the studied sample, 435 (17.9%) contacts did not return for reading. Among the 1,990 contacts that completed the test, the prevalence of latent TB infection was 35.4%. Of these positive cases, 50.6% were referred to treatment; the dropout rate was 42.5%. Among all of the contacts, the TB prevalence was 1.8%, from which 13.2% abandoned treatment. CONCLUSIONS : The collected data indicate the need for more effective public policies to improve TB control, including administering tests that do not require a return visit for reading, enhancing contact tracing and encouraging actions that reinforce full treatment adherence.

Objetivo: analisar os resultados das Provas Tuberculínicas (PT) em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e a conduta frente aos mesmos num Centro de Referência do município de Londrina-PR. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, cujos dados foram levantados do livro de registro de PT, dos prontuários e fichas de notificação. Resultados: Dos 220 pacientes que realizaram a PT, a maioria era do sexo masculino, entre 21 e 50 anos, com 4 a 11 anos de escolaridade e 188 completaram o exame. Destes, nove (4,8%) foram reatores à PT. Seis casos tiveram indicação de tratamento de infecção latente de tuberculose (ILTB), destes, apenas um completou o esquema. Constatou-se que 33 (17,6%) pacientes apresentaram PT negativa e contagem de TCD4+ abaixo de 200 cél/mm³, entretanto, a maioria não realizou o exame após a reconstituição imune. Conclusão: A realização periódica da PT deve ser rigorosa, assim como o tratamento da ILTB nos indivíduos portadores de HIV.

Background In Brazil, people still fall ill and die from tuberculosis (TB), and this can be explained by the significant impasse in the equity of distribution of therapeutic resources to the population as a whole. The aim was to identify geographical areas which have shown progress in terms of equity (of income, schooling and urban occupancy) and test its effect on mortality from TB in a municipality of southeast Brazil. Methods It is an ecological study considering TB as the basic cause for deaths registered between 2006 and 2013 on the Mortality Information System and other variables obtained through the Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2010). The geographical area for analysis comprised the areas of coverage of the health services. Social indicators have been constructed through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The cases were geocoded and the annual mortality rate from TB was calculated with smoothing using the local empirical Bayesian method. Multiple linear regression was then performed. There was confirmation of the existence of spatial dependence of residue through the application of the Global Moran I test, and application of the Models with Global Spatial Effects, to identify the best standard of spatial regression. Results The mortality rates ranged from 0.00 to 2.8 deaths per 100,000 people, per year. In the PCA, three indicators were constructed, and designated as indicators of income, social inequality, and social equity. In multiple linear regression, the indicator of social equity was statistically significant (P

Resumo: Propôs-se levantar a prevalência de infecção latente por tuberculose (ILTB) entre pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA), fatores associados e se entre os casos identificados houve progressão para tuberculose ativa. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico e descritivo. A população foi composta de PVHA, atendidas entre 2003 e 2014 em um centro de referência para HIV/AIDS. Os dados foram coletados com base em prontuários e fichas do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Procedeu-se à estatística bivariada, com aplicação do teste qui-quadrado, em que as variáveis com valores de p < 0,2 foram selecionadas para entrar no modelo de regressão múltipla. Foi fixado em todos os testes o erro tipo I em 5% (p < 0,05). No estudo, 690 casos foram analisados, sendo que 66 (9,4%) apresentaram o diagnóstico de ILTB, tendo uma prevalência de 7,5 casos para cada 100 pacientes. Dos 53 (80,3%) casos de ILTB que tiveram o tratamento indicado com isoniazida, apenas 26 (39,4%) concluíram e 10 (15,1%) abandonaram. Observou-se que as variáveis sexo masculino (OR ajustado = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,3), situação prisional (OR ajustado = 7,6; IC95%: 2,35-24,9) e contagem de linfócitos mais altos são fatores associados ao diagnóstico de ILTB (OR ajustado = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,2). Verificou-se que 47 (6,7%) dos casos de ILTB progrediram para TB ativa. O diagnóstico e o tratamento de ILTB nas PVHA não foram priorizados, o que contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de doença ativa entre os casos. O trabalho contribuiu para o avanço do conhecimento acerca da ILTB entre PVHA, demonstrando aspectos cruciais no que tange ao manejo de PVHA e ainda a importância da detecção da ILTB e a instituição precoce da isoniazida, visando à melhor qualidade de vida e prognóstico das PVHA. Abstract: The study proposed to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), associated factors, and progression to active tuberculosis among the identified cases. This was an epidemiological and descriptive study. The study population consisted of PLWHA seen from 2003 and 2014 in a reference center for HIV/AIDS. Data were collected from patient files and the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). Bivariate statistical analysis used the chi-square test in which variables with p < 0.2 were selected to enter the multiple regression model. Type I error was set at 5% (p < 0.05) for all the tests. In the study, 690 cases were analyzed, and 66 (9.4%) had a diagnosis of LTBI, with a prevalence of 7.5 cases per 100 patients. Of the 53 cases (80.3%) of LTBI who were prescribed treatment with isoniazid, only 26 (39.4%) concluded treatment, and 10 (15.1%) dropped out. Male gender (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.3), current incarceration (adjusted OR = 7.6; 95%CI: 2.35-24.9), and high lymphocyte count were associated with LTBI diagnosis (adjusted OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2). Forty-seven (6.7%) of LTBI cases progressed to active TB. Diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in PLWHA were not prioritized, which contributed to the development of active disease among cases. The study contributed to knowledge on LTBI in PLWHA, demonstrating crucial aspects in the management of PLWHA and the importance of detecting LTBI and early initiation of isoniazid, aimed at improved quality of life and prognosis for PLWHA. Resumen: Se propone averiguar la prevalencia de infección latente por tuberculosis (ILTB) entre personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA (PVVS), sus factores asociados, y si entre los casos identificados hubo progresión hacia la tuberculosis activa. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico y descriptivo. La población estaba compuesta de PVVS, atendidas entre 2003 y 2014 en un centro de referencia para VIH/SIDA. Los datos fueron recogidos en base a historiales clínicos y fichas del Sistema Brasileiro de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (SINAN). Se procedió a una estadística bivariada, con aplicación del test chi-cuadrado, donde las variables con valores de p < 0,2 fueron seleccionadas para entrar en el modelo de regresión múltiple. Se fijó en todos los tests el error tipo I en un 5% (p < 0,05). En el estudio, se analizaron 690 casos, donde 66 (un 9,4%) presentaron el diagnóstico de ILTB, teniendo una prevalencia de 7,5 casos para cada 100 pacientes. De los 53 (80,3%) casos de ILTB que tuvieron el tratamiento indicado con isoniazida, sólo 26 (39,4%) lo concluyeron y 10 (15,1%) lo abandonaron. Se observó que las variables sexo masculino (OR ajustado = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-3,3), situación en régimen de prisión (OR ajustado = 7,6; IC95%: 2,35-24,9) y un cómputo de linfocitos más altos son factores asociados al diagnóstico de ILTB (OR ajustado = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,2). Se verificó que 47 (6,7%) de los casos de ILTB progresaron hacia una tuberculosis activa. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de ILTB en las PVVS no fueron priorizados, lo que contribuyó al desarrollo de la enfermedad activa entre los casos. El trabajo contribuyó al avance del conocimiento acerca de la ILTB entre PVVS, demostrando aspectos cruciales en lo que atañe al manejo de PVVS, e incluso la importancia de la detección de ILTB y la administración precoz de la isoniazida, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida y el pronóstico de las PVVS.

Background Although the detection rate is decreasing, the proportion of new cases with WHO grade 2 disability (G2D) is increasing, creating concern among policy makers and the Brazilian government. This study aimed to identify spatial clustering of leprosy and classify high-risk areas in a major leprosy cluster using the SatScan method. Methods Data were obtained including all leprosy cases diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2013. In addition to the clinical variable, information was also gathered regarding the G2D of the patient at diagnosis and after treatment. The Scan Spatial statistic test, developed by Kulldorff e Nagarwalla, was used to identify spatial clustering and to measure the local risk (Relative Risk—RR) of leprosy. Maps considering these risks and their confidence intervals were constructed. Results A total of 434 cases were identified, including 188 (43.31%) borderline leprosy and 101 (23.28%) lepromatous leprosy cases. There was a predominance of males, with ages ranging from 15 to 59 years, and 51 patients (11.75%) presented G2D. Two significant spatial clusters and three significant spatial-temporal clusters were also observed. The main spatial cluster (p = 0.000) contained 90 census tracts, a population of approximately 58,438 inhabitants, detection rate of 22.6 cases per 100,000 people and RR of approximately 3.41 (95%CI = 2.721–4.267). Regarding the spatial-temporal clusters, two clusters were observed, with RR ranging between 24.35 (95%CI = 11.133–52.984) and 15.24 (95%CI = 10.114–22.919). Conclusion These findings could contribute to improvements in policies and programming, aiming for the eradication of leprosy in Brazil. The Spatial Scan statistic test was found to be an interesting resource for health managers and healthcare professionals to map the vulnerability of areas in terms of leprosy transmission risk and areas of underreporting., Author summary Brazil has still not achieved the goal of leprosy elimination established by the World Health Organization. The diagnosis and treatment of leprosy are available and the country is striving to fully integrate leprosy services into the existing general health services. Access to information, diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) remain key elements in the strategy to eliminate the disease as a public health problem, defined as reaching a prevalence of less than 1 leprosy case per 10,000 inhabitants. Thus, this study aimed to identify spatial clustering of leprosy and to classify high-risk areas in a major leprosy cluster. A total of 434 cases were identified, with 188 (43.31%) being of borderline leprosy and 101 (23.28%) lepromatous leprosy. There was a predominance of males, with ages ranging from 15 to 59 years, and 51 patients (11.75%) presented G2D. Two significant spatial clusters and three significant spatial-temporal clusters were also observed. These results can assist health services and policy makers to improve the health conditions of the Brazilian population, advancing towards the goal of elimination in Brazil.

The study proposed to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), associated factors, and progression to active tuberculosis among the identified cases. This was an epidemiological and descriptive study. The study population consisted of PLWHA seen from 2003 and 2014 in a reference center for HIV/AIDS. Data were collected from patient files and the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). Bivariate statistical analysis used the chi-square test in which variables with p0.2 were selected to enter the multiple regression model. Type I error was set at 5% (p0.05) for all the tests. In the study, 690 cases were analyzed, and 66 (9.4%) had a diagnosis of LTBI, with a prevalence of 7.5 cases per 100 patients. Of the 53 cases (80.3%) of LTBI who were prescribed treatment with isoniazid, only 26 (39.4%) concluded treatment, and 10 (15.1%) dropped out. Male gender (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.3), current incarceration (adjusted OR = 7.6; 95%CI: 2.35-24.9), and high lymphocyte count were associated with LTBI diagnosis (adjusted OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2). Forty-seven (6.7%) of LTBI cases progressed to active TB. Diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in PLWHA were not prioritized, which contributed to the development of active disease among cases. The study contributed to knowledge on LTBI in PLWHA, demonstrating crucial aspects in the management of PLWHA and the importance of detecting LTBI and early initiation of isoniazid, aimed at improved quality of life and prognosis for PLWHA.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer o perfil socioeconômico das doadoras de leite do Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Estado do Paraná (BLH/HUL). Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que foram coletados dados a partir de formulário aplicado às doadoras externas do BLH/HUL no período de junho a agosto de 2005. Constatou-se que 11% são adolescentes. Com relação à escolaridade, 41,8% possuem segundo grau completo ou superior incompleto. De acordo com a literatura, quanto maior a escolaridade das mães, mais informações elas absorvem por meio das orientações e das campanhas que são realizadas sobre aleitamento materno. Do total das doadoras, 37,4% receberam informações sobre doação de leite e sobre os serviços do BLH/HU de Londrina por intermédio dos profissionais dos serviços de saúde. O conhecimento do perfil das doadoras permitirá direcionar as informações sobre doação de leite em nível local e regional, otimizando o trabalho realizado pelo Banco de Leite Humano do HU/L.This objective of this research is to understand the socioeconomic profile of the milk donors at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná State (BLH/HUL). It is a cross-sectional study in which data was collected by means of a questionnaire applied to the external donors of the BLH/ HUL, between June and August of 2005. It was observed that 11.0% are adolescents. According to the study, 41.8% have at least some high school education. According to the literature, the higher the educational level of the donors, the more information they are able to absorb through orientations and campaigns on breastfeeding. Of the total, 37.4% had received information on breast milk donation and the services offered by the BLH/HUL from the health professionals. The knowledge of the donors’ profile will allow the HU/Londrina Human Milk Bank to direct information on milk donation at the local and regional levels, thus optimizing the work it performs.

A tuberculose é uma importante causa de mortalidade entre indivíduos com HIV/aids. A Prova Tuberculínica (PT) é um exame utilizado como recurso diagnóstico que identifica a Infecção Latente da Tuberculose (ILTB) e, dessa forma, permite o tratamento profilático. Pessoas com HIV/aids fazem parte dos grupos que estão sob a recomendação da realização periódica da PT e tratamento da ILTB com a finalidade de evitar seu adoecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a frequência de realização das PT nos indivíduos portadores de HIV/aids, assim como a prevalência e a evolução dos casos de infecção latente da tuberculose. Estudo do coorte retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no Centro de Referencia pata tuberculose e aids (CR) da cidade de Londrina-PR. A população de estudo foi composta por 880 pacientes que realizaram a PT entre 2003 e 2010 com registro no Livro de PT do Ambulatório de Pneumologia. Os dados foram completados utilizando-se os prontuários dos pacientes e as fichas do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, notificados até dezembro de 2012. Os dados foram tabulados no programa SPSS 20.0 e para análise estatística foram aplicados teste t nas variáveis com distribuição normal e teste Mann- Whitney naquelas sem distribuição normal. Para verificar associação entre variáveis utilizou-se os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher e nível de significância de 5%. Houve uma perda de 113 prontuários e a amostra foi constituída por 767 pacientes, dos quais 69 (9,0%) nunca realizaram a leitura da PT. Dentre os 698 casos que completaram a PT, a positividade foi de 9,5%. Foram realizados 1172 exames na população de estudo, resultando em uma média de 1,52 PT solicitada e 1,32 PT realizada (com leitura) por paciente, frente a uma média de tempo de acompanhamento no CR de 7,7 anos. Observou-se associação com significância estatística entre a positividade à PT e o sexo masculino, o mesmo ocorrendo com moradia/presídio, tendo em vista que 41,7% dos encarcerados apresentaram PT com resultado reator. Dentre os 66 casos com PT positiva, 53 (80,3%) caracterizavam-se como ILTB, portanto, com indicação de tratamento, dos quais 39 (73,6%) iniciaram o tratamento e 10 (25,6%) abandonaram o tratamento. Observou-se associação com significância estatística entre contagem maior de CD4+ (>201 cel/mm3) e reatividade a PT. Identificaram-se 58 (7,5%) casos de Tuberculose, entre estes, 22,4% abandonaram o tratamento. Com relação aos 21 casos de óbitos 9,5% estiveram associados a TB. A adesão à realização da PT e tratamento da ILTB tem sido de difícil emprego. Devem-se reforçar políticas de saúde voltadas para fortalecer acesso e seguimento dos pacientes com concomitante capacitação e sensibilização de profissionais, visando aumentar o uso da PT nos indivíduos com HIV/AIDS. O abandono do tratamento da ILTB e TB nos casos indicados foi considerável; situação que reforça a necessidade de ações de supervisão e controle dos pacientes que necessitam desta terapia visando a melhoria da saúde destes indivíduos. Tuberculosis is an important cause of mortality among individuals with HIV/AIDS. Tuberculin skin test (TST) is a test used as a diagnostic tool that identifies the Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and thus allows prophylactic treatment. People with HIV/AIDS are part of groups that are under the recommendation of periodical PT and treatment of LTBI in order to prevent their illness. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of application of the tuberculin test in individuals with HIV / AIDS , as well as the prevalence and outcome of cases of latent TB infection . Retrospective cohort study with a quantitative approach, performed in the Reference Center paw tuberculosis and AIDS (RC) in the city of Londrina-PR. The study population consisted of 880 patients who underwent TST between 2003 and 2010 with registration in the Book of the PT Clinic of Pulmonology. The data were completed using patient charts and records of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, reported through December 2012. Data were tabulated using SPSS 20.0 program for statistical analysis and t test in normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney test those without normal distribution. To assess the association between variables we used the chi-square and Fisher's exact test and a significance level of 5%. A loss of 113 records and sample comprised 767 patients, of whom 69 (9.0 %) never had read the TBST. Among the 698 cases who completed the TBST, the positivity was 9.5 %. 1172 examinations were performed in the study population, resulting in an average of 1.52 TBST requested and 1.32 TBST held (with reading) per patient, compared with an average follow-up time of 7.7 years in RC. We observed statistically significant association between a positive TBST and male, the same occurring with housing / prison , considering that 41.7 % of prisoners had TST results reactor. Among the 66 cases with positive TBST, 53 (80.3 %) were characterized as LTBI, thus indicating treatment, of whom 39 (73.6 %) started treatment and 10 (25.6 %) left the treatment. We observed statistically significant association between higher CD4 + counts (> 201 cells/mm3) and reactivity to TBST. We identified 58 (7.5 %) cases of tuberculosis, among these, 22.4 % abandoned treatment. Regarding the 21 cases of deaths 9.5% were associated with TB. Adherence to the realization of TBST and treatment of LTBI has been difficult job. Should strengthen health policies aimed at strengthening access to and monitoring of patients with concomitant sensitization and training of professionals, to increase the use of TBST in individuals with HIV / AIDS. Noncompliance with treatment of LTBI and TB as indicated was handsome; situation reinforces the need for further supervision and control of patients requiring this therapy aimed at improving the health of these individuals.

This objective of this research is to understand the socioeconomic profile of the milk donors at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of Londrina, Parana State (BLH/HUL). It is a cross-sectional study in which data was collected by means of a questionnaire applied to the external donors of the BLH/ HUL, between June and August of 2005. It was observed that 11.0% are adolescents. According to the study, 41.8% have at least some high school education. According to the literature, the higher the educational level of the donors, the more information they are able to absorb through orientations and campaigns on breastfeeding. Of the total, 37.4% had received information on breast milk donation and the services offered by the BLH/HUL from the health professionals. The knowledge of the donors’ profile will allow the HU/Londrina Human Milk Bank to direct information on milk donation at the local and regional levels, thus optimizing the work it performs.