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Background/objectives Distribution and activity of ghrelin cells in the stomach of obese subjects are controversial. Subjects/methods We examined samples from stomachs removed by sleeve gastrectomy in 49 obese subjects (normoglycemic, hyperglycemic and diabetic) and quantified the density of ghrelin/chromogranin endocrine cells by immunohistochemistry. Data were compared with those from 13 lean subjects evaluated by gastroscopy. In 44 cases (11 controls and 33 obese patients) a gene expression analysis of ghrelin and its activating enzyme ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) was performed. In 21 cases (4 controls and 17 obese patients) the protein levels of unacylated and acylated-ghrelin were measured by ELISA tests. In 18 cases (4 controls and 14 obese patients) the morphology of ghrelin-producing cells was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results The obese group, either considered as total population or divided into subgroups, did not show any significant difference in ghrelin cell density when compared with control subjects. Inter-glandular smooth muscle fibres were increased in obese patients. In line with a positive trend of the desacylated form found by ELISA, Ghrelin and GOAT mRNA expression in obese patients was significantly increased. The unique ghrelin cell ultrastructure was maintained in all obese groups. In the hyperglycemic obese patients, the higher ghrelin expression matched with ultrastructural signs of endocrine hyperactivity, including expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduced density, size and electron-density of endocrine granules. A positive correlation between ghrelin gene expression and glycemic values, body mass index and GOAT was also found. All obese patients with type 2 diabetes recovered from diabetes at follow-up after 5 months with a 16.5% of weight loss. Conclusions Given the known inhibitory role on insulin secretion of ghrelin, these results suggest a possible role for gastric ghrelin overproduction in the complex architecture that takes part in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Background The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-l (GLP-1) is an important regulator of post-prandial insulin secretion, acting through a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor (GLP-1R). In addition to its expression in pancreatic β-cells, several studies suggested that GLP-1R is located in extra-pancreatic tissues. Objectives In this study, we examined for the first time the testicular distribution of the GLP-1R, both in normal human and neoplastic testicular tissues as well as in rodent testis and rodent testicular cell lines. Methods and methods The GLP-1R distribution in testicular section has been evaluated by immunohistochemistry, the specificity of IHC was validated by demonstrating a positive staining for GLP-1RmRNA by RISH technology. While GLP-1R expression in terms of protein was detected by western blot analysis, Moreover, mRNA levels were determined in human testis, in rodent Leydig, and Sertoli cell lines. Results Using immunohistochemistrya specific staining for GLP-1R was detected in Leydig cells. The specificity of IHC was validated by demonstrating a positive staining for GLP-1RmRNA only in these cell types. Species differences in the GLP-1R expression between humans and rodents were observed. Interestingly, a decreased expression of the receptor in rodent tumor Leydig cell line and an absence in human Leydig tumor samples was detected. Discussion It may be hypothesized that GLP-1R acts like an oncosuppressor in Leydig tumors. A role in regulation of hormone secretion by GLP-1 has been shown in other endocrine cells, therefore we hypothesized that GLP-1R is able to modulate somehow the Leydig cell function. Conclusion In our findings, a careful evaluation of human testicular tissues and rodent testis revealed Leydig cells as a potential target for GLP-1. Collectively, an effect of GLP-1R in Leydig cell function may be presumed although future studies are needed to ascertain the GLP-1R's role both in normal and tumor Leydig cells.

Conventional chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia regimens generally encompass an intensive induction phase, in order to achieve a morphological remission in terms of bone marrow blasts (&lt, 5%). The majority of cases are classified as Primary Induction Response (PIR), unfortunately, 15% of children do not achieve remission and are defined Primary Induction Failure (PIF). This study aims to characterize the gene expression profile of PIF in children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), in order to detect molecular pathways dysfunctions and identify potential biomarkers. Given that NUP98-rearrangements are enriched in PIF-AML patients, we investigated the association of NUP98-driven genes in primary chemoresistance. Therefore, 85 expression arrays, deposited on GEO database, and 358 RNAseq AML samples, from TARGET program, were analyzed for “Differentially Expressed Genes” (DEGs) between NUP98+ and NUP98-, identifying 110 highly confident NUP98/PIF-associated DEGs. We confirmed, by qRT-PCR, the overexpression of nine DEGs, selected on the bases of the diagnostic accuracy, in a local cohort of PIF patients: SPINK2, TMA7, SPCS2, CDCP1, CAPZA1, FGFR1OP2, MAN1A2, NT5C3A and SRP54. In conclusion, the integrated analysis of NUP98 mutational analysis and transcriptome profiles allowed the identification of novel putative biomarkers for the prediction of PIF in AML.

Derivative chromosome der(1, 16), isochromosome 1q, and deleted 16q—producing arm-level 1q-gain and/or 16q-loss—are recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in breast cancer, but their exact role in determining the malignant phenotype is still largely unknown. We exploited The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to generate and analyze groups of breast invasive carcinomas, called 1,16-chromogroups, that are characterized by a pattern of arm-level somatic copy number aberrations congruent with known cytogenetic aberrations of chromosome 1 and 16. Substantial differences were found among 1,16-chromogroups in terms of other chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidy scores, transcriptomic data, single-point mutations, histotypes, and molecular subtypes. Breast cancers with a co-occurrence of 1q-gain and 16q-loss can be distinguished in a “low aneuploidy score” group, congruent to der(1, 16), and a “high aneuploidy score” group, congruent to the co-occurrence of isochromosome 1q and deleted 16q. Another three groups are formed by cancers showing separately 1q-gain or 16q-loss or no aberrations of 1q and 16q. Transcriptome comparisons among the 1,16-chromogroups, integrated with functional pathway analysis, suggested the cooperation of overexpressed 1q genes and underexpressed 16q genes in the genesis of both ductal and lobular carcinomas, thus highlighting the putative role of genes encoding gamma-secretase subunits (APH1A, PSEN2, and NCSTN) and Wnt enhanceosome components (BCL9 and PYGO2) in 1q, and the glycoprotein E-cadherin (CDH1), the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2, the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD, and the transcription factor CBFB in 16q. The analysis of 1,16-chromogroups is a strategy with far-reaching implications for the selection of cancer cell models and novel experimental therapies.

Acute or chronic administration of guanosine (GUO) induces anxiolytic-like effects, for which the adenosine (ADO) system involvement has been postulated yet without a direct experimental evidence. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether adenosine receptors (ARs) are involved in the GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effect, evaluated by three anxiety-related paradigms in rats. First, we confirmed that acute treatment with GUO exerts an anxiolytic-like effect. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of pretreatment with ADO or A1R (CPA, CCPA) or A2AR (CGS21680) agonists 10 min prior to GUO on a GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. All the combined treatments blocked the GUO anxiolytic-like effect, whereas when administered alone, each compound was ineffective as compared to the control group. Interestingly, the pretreatment with nonselective antagonist caffeine or selective A1R (DPCPX) or A2AR (ZM241385) antagonists did not modify the GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. Finally, binding assay performed in hippocampal membranes showed that [3H]GUO binding became saturable at 100&ndash, 300 nM, suggesting the existence of a putative GUO binding site. In competition experiments, ADO showed a potency order similar to GUO in displacing [3H]GUO binding, whereas AR selective agonists, CPA and CGS21680, partially displaced [3H]GUO binding, but the sum of the two effects was able to displace [3H]GUO binding to the same extent of ADO alone. Overall, our results strengthen previous data supporting GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effects, add new evidence that these effects are blocked by A1R and A2AR agonists and pave, although they do not elucidate the mechanism of GUO and ADO receptor interaction, for a better characterization of GUO binding sites in ARs.

The pathophysiological mechanisms of venous thromboembolism are venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, while less attention has been given to the role of both innate and native immunity. In this paper, we investigate the involvement of the activated immune system detected through some indicators such as TIM3 and Dectin-1 expressed by T lymphocytes. TIM3 and Dectin-1, two surface molecules that regulate the fine-tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses, were evaluated in patients affected by deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs (DVTLL). CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes obtained from patients affected by DVTLL were analysed using fluorescence-conjugated antibodies for TIM3 and Dectin-1 by an imaging flow cytometer. DVTLL patients showed a higher number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. TIM3 expression in T lymphocytes was very low in both DVTLL patients and controls. On the contrary, an increase in Dectin-1+ cells among CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from DVTLL patients was observed. Dectin-1 is known to play a role in inflammation and immunity and our result suggests its potential involvement in thrombotic venous disease.

Honokiol (2) is a natural bisphenol neolignan showing a variety of biological properties, including antitumor activity. Some studies pointed out 2 as a potential anticancer agent in view of its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity towards tumor cells. As a further contribution to these studies, we report here the synthesis of a small library of bisphenol neolignans inspired by honokiol and the evaluation of their antiproliferative activity. The natural lead was hence subjected to simple chemical modifications to obtain the derivatives 3&ndash, 9, further neolignans (12a-c, 13a-c, 14a-c, and 15a) were synthesized employing the Suzuki&ndash, Miyaura reaction, thus obtaining bisphenols with a substitution pattern different from honokiol. These compounds and the natural lead were subjected to antiproliferative assay towards HCT-116, HT-29, and PC3 tumor cell lines. Six of the neolignans show GI50 values lower than those of 2 towards all cell lines. Compounds 14a, 14c, and 15a are the most effective antiproliferative agents, with GI50 in the range of 3.6&ndash, 19.1 &micro, M, in some cases it is lower than those of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Flow cytometry experiments performed on these neolignans showed that the inhibition of proliferation is mainly due to an apoptotic process. These results indicate that the structural modification of honokiol may open the way to obtaining antitumor neolignans more potent than the natural lead.

We re-examined the correlation between Broad Genomic Aberrations (BGAs) and transcriptomic profiles in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Two types of BGAs have been examined: Broad Copy-Number Abnormal regions (BCNAs), distinguished in gain- and loss-type, and Copy-Neutral Loss of Heterozygosities (CNLOHs). Transcripts are classified as “OverT” or “UnderT” if overexpressed or underexpressed comparing CRCs bearing a specific BGA to CRCs not bearing it and as “UpT” or “DownT” if upregulated or downregulated in cancer compared to normal tissue. BGA-associated effects were evaluated by changes in the “Chromosomal Distribution Index” (CDI) of different transcript classes. Data show that UpT are more sensitive than DownT to BCNA-associated gene dosage effects. “Over-UpT” genes are upregulated in cancer and further overexpressed by gene dosage, defining the so called “positive caricature transcriptomic effect”. When Over-UpT genes are ranked according to overexpression, top positions are occupied by genes implicated at the functional and therapeutic level in CRC. We show that cancer-upregulated transcripts are sensitive markers of BCNA-induced effects and suggest that analysis of positive caricature transcriptomic effects can provide clues toward the identification of BCNA-associated cancer driver genes.

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is classically defined as an increase in the rate at which numerical or structural chromosomal aberrations are acquired in a cancer cell. The number of somatic copy number abnormalities (CNAs) revealed by high resolution genomic array can be considered as a surrogate marker for CIN, but several points, related to sample processing and data analysis, need to be standardized. In this work we analyzed 51 CRC samples and matched normal mucosae by whole genome SNP arrays and compared different bioinformatics tools in order to identify broad (>25% of a chromosomal arm) and focal somatic copy number abnormalities (BCNAs and FCNAs respectively). In 15 tumors, two samples, separated by at least 1 cm, were taken from the same tumor mass (double-sampling pairs) in order to evaluate differences in detection of chromosomal abnormalities between distant regions of the same tumor and their influence on CIN quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our data show a high degree of correlation of the quantitative CIN index (somatic BCNA number) between distant tumor regions. On the contrary, a lower correlation is observed in terms of chromosomal distribution of BCNAs, as summarized by a simplified cytogenetic table. Quantitative or qualitative analysis of FCNAs, including homozygous deletions and high level amplifications, did not add further information on the CIN status. The use of the index "somatic BCNA number" can be proposed for a robust classification of tumors as CIN positive or negative even in the presence of a significant tumor regional heterogeneity.

The awareness of genome complexity brought a radical approach to the study of transcriptome, opening eyes to single RNAs generated from two or more adjacent genes according to the present consensus. This kind of transcript was thought to originate only from chromosomal rearrangements, but the discovery of readthrough transcription opens the doors to a new world of fusion RNAs. In the last years many possible intergenic cis-splicing mechanisms have been proposed, unveiling the origins of transcripts that contain some exons of both the upstream and downstream genes. In some cases, alternative mechanisms, such as trans-splicing and transcriptional slippage, have been proposed. Five databases, containing validated and predicted Fusion Transcripts of Adjacent Genes (FuTAGs), are available for the scientific community. A comparative analysis revealed that two of them contain the majority of the results. A complete analysis of the more widely characterized FuTAGs is provided in this review, including their expression pattern in normal tissues and in cancer. Gene structure, intergenic splicing patterns and exon junction sequences have been determined and here reported for well-characterized FuTAGs. The available functional data and the possible roles in cancer progression are discussed.

Broad Copy Number Gains (BCNGs) are copy-number increases of chromosomes or large segments of chromosomal arms. Publicly-available single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and RNA-Seq data of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium allowed us to design better control groups in order to identify changes in expression due to highly recurrent BCNGs (in chromosomes 20, 8, 7, 13). We identified: (1) Overexpressed Transcripts (OverT), transcripts whose expression increases in &ldquo, COAD groups bearing a specific BCNG&rdquo, in comparison to &ldquo, control COAD groups&rdquo, not bearing it, and (2) up-regulated/down-regulated transcripts, transcripts whose expression increases/decreases in COAD groups in comparison to normal colon tissue. An analysis of gene expression reveals a correlation between the density of up-regulated genes per selected chromosome and the recurrence rate of their BCNGs. We report an enrichment of gained enhancer activity and of cancer fitness genes among OverT genes. These results support the hypothesis that the chromosomal density of overexpressed cancer fitness genes might play a significant role in the selection of gained chromosomes during cancer evolution. Analysis of functional pathways associated with OverT suggest that some multi-subunit protein complexes (eIF2, eIF3, CSTF and CPSF) are candidate targets for silencing transcriptional therapy.

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most frequent form of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC; up to 3–5% of the total CRC burden) and predisposes to the development of other cancers. Multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies are relevant both to the index cases and to their at-risk relatives, but their implementation is still limited. Our study aimed to explore LS testing practices in Italy. Methods: In order to ascertain the current practice of LS diagnosis and management, we conducted a qualitative assessment by sending a questionnaire to health care professionals at 4 Italian hospitals selected as “models” representing different hospital settings. Based on the surveys, we reconstructed the management pathways for CRC patients in terms of diagnostic strategies and health professionals involved. Results: Seven of the 8 invited professionals filled in the questionnaire. Noncompliance with the latest guidelines was reported, as no tumor “screening” was performed on CRC cases. The lack of a structured multidisciplinary team who manages CRC patients from risk assessment to diagnosis and follow-up was reported. The availability of professionals and laboratory technologies differ widely between hospitals. As for cascade testing of at-risk relatives, a systematic and active approach was absent in all the considered hospitals. Conclusions: Our study shows that no structured and standardized pathways for the diagnosis and management of LS patients are currently in place in Italy. We envisage that by extending our research to further experiences and countries, an increasing awareness of the topic can be translated into a health gain for hereditary CRC patients and their at-risk relatives.

Background Broad copy number aberrations (BCNAs) represent a common form of genome instability in colorectal cancer (CRC). CRCs show large variations in their level of aneuploidy: microsatellite-instable (MSI) tumors are known to have a near-diploid karyotype while microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors show high level of chromosomal instability. However, MSS tumors have great heterogeneity in the number of BCNAs, with a minor percentage of samples showing an almost normal karyotype. In the present work we subdivided MSS CRCs according to a “BCNA score” and characterized their transcriptome profiles, considered as a proxy to their phenotypic features. Methods Microsatellite testing, genome-wide DNA copy number and whole-transcript expression analysis (HTA) were performed on 33 tumor samples and 25 normal colonic tissue samples from 32 CRC patients. 15.1% of the samples were MSI tumors (n = 5), whereas 84.9% were MSS tumors (n = 28). Gene expression data of 34 additional MSI tumors was retrieved from a public functional genomics data repository. Results Using as a threshold the first quartile of the BCNA score distribution, MSS samples were classified as low-BCNA (LB, n = 7) or high-BCNA (HB, n = 21). LB tumors were enriched for mucinous CRCs and their gene-expression profile resembled that of MSI samples for what concerns a subset of genes involved in secretory processes, mucosal protection, and extracellular matrix remodeling. HB tumors were predominantly non-mucinous adenocarcinomas and showed overexpression of a subset of genes typical of surface colonocytes and EGF signaling. A large percentage of unclassified samples according to the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classifier was found in the LB group (43%), whereas 76% HB tumors belonged to CMS2. Conclusions A classification of colorectal tumors based on the number of BCNAs identifies two groups of MSS tumors which differ for histopathology and gene expression profile. Such information can be exploited for its translational relevance in different aspects of CRC clinical management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Copper homeostasis and distribution is strictly regulated by a network of transporters and intracellular chaperones encoded by a group of genes collectively known as copper homeostasis genes (CHGs). In this work, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database for somatic point mutations in colorectal cancer revealed that inactivating mutations are absent or extremely rare in CHGs. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we found a strong increase in mRNA levels of the membrane copper transporter 1 protein [CTR1; encoded by the solute carrier family 31 member 1 gene (SLC31A1 gene)] in our series of colorectal carcinoma samples. CTR1 is the main copper influx transporter and changes in its expression are able to induce modifications of cellular copper accumulation. The increased SLC31A1 mRNA level is accompanied by a parallel increase in transcript levels for copper efflux pump ATP7A, copper metabolism Murr1 domain containing 1 (COMMD1), the cytochrome C oxidase assembly factors [synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (SCO1) and cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone 11 (COX11)], the cupric reductase six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP3), and the metal-regulatory transcription factors (MTF1, MTF2) and specificity protein 1 (SP1). The significant correlation between SLC31A1,SCO1, and COX11 mRNA levels suggests that this transcriptional upregulation might be part of a coordinated program of gene regulation. Transcript-level upregulation of SLC31A1,SCO1, and COX11 was also confirmed by the analysis of different colon carcinoma cell lines (Caco-2, HT116, HT29) and cancer cell lines of different tissue origin (MCF7, PC3). Finally, exon-level expression analysis of SLC31A1 reveals differential expression of alternative transcripts in colorectal cancer and normal colonic mucosa.

Copper is a catalytic cofactor required for the normal function of many enzymes involved in fundamental biological processes but highly cytotoxic when in excess. Therefore its homeostasis and distribution is strictly regulated by a network of transporters and intracellular chaperones. ATOX1 (antioxidant protein 1) is a copper chaperone that plays a role in copper homeostasis by binding and transporting cytosolic copper to ATPase proteins in the trans -Golgi network. In the present study the Caco-2 cell line, a colon carcinoma cell line, was used as an in vitro model to evaluate if ATOX1 deficiency could affect sensitivity to experimentally induced copper dyshomeostasis. Silencing of ATOX1 increased toxicity of a short treatment with a high concentration of Cu 2 + . Copper ionophores, such as 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, induced a copper-dependent cell toxicity which was significantly potentiated after ATOX1 silencing. The copper chelator TPEN (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine) produced a form of cell toxicity that was reversed by the addition of Cu 2 + . ATOX1 silencing increased Caco-2 cell sensitivity to TPEN toxicity. Our results suggest the possibility of a therapy with copper-chelating or ionophore drugs in subtypes of tumors showing specific alterations in ATOX1 expression.

Zinc is a transition metal and catalytic cofactor involved in many biological processes including proliferation, development, differentiation, and metabolism. Zinc transporters (ZnTs) play a fundamental role in cellular zinc homeostasis. ZnTs are responsible of zinc efflux and are encoded by 10 genes belonging to solute carrier family 30A (SLC30A1-10), while zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT)/iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein (ZIP) transporters are responsible for the influx of zinc into the cytoplasm and are encoded by 14 genes belonging to solute carrier family 39A (SLC39A1-14). In this study, we analyzed, by transcriptome analysis, the microRNA levels of ZnT-encoding and ZIP-encoding genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) samples matched to normal colon tissues and in CRC cell lines. Results revealed an upregulation of specific ZnT and ZIP transcripts in CRC. Upregulation of SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7 transcripts, encoding zinc efflux transporters ZnT5, ZnT6, ZnT7, localized on endoplasmic reticulum membranes, might be part of a coordinated transcriptional program associated to the increased activity of the early secretory pathway, while transcriptional upregulation of several specific ZIP transporters (SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A9, SLC39A10, and SLC39A11) could contribute in meeting the increased demand of zinc in cancer cells. Moreover, exon-level analysis of SLC30A9, a nuclear receptor coactivator involved in the transcriptional regulation of Wnt-responsive genes, revealed the differential expression of alternative transcripts in CRC and normal colonic mucosa.

Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is an autosomal-dominant skeletal disorder caused by mutations in the exostosin-1 ( EXT1 ) or exostosin-2 ( EXT2 ) genes. In this study, we report the analysis of the mutational status of the EXT2 gene in tumor samples derived from a patient affected by hereditary MO, documenting the somatic loss of the germline mutation in a giant chondrosarcoma and in a rapidly growing osteochondroma. The sequencing of all exons and exon–intron junctions of the EXT1 and EXT2 genes from blood DNA of the proband did not reveal any mutation in the EXT1 gene but did demonstrate the presence of the transition point mutation c.67C > T in the EXT2 gene, determining the introduction of a stop codon in the coding sequence (p.Arg23*). A mutational analysis of other members of the family and the presence of osteochondromas in the metaphysis of long bones confirmed the diagnosis of hereditary multiple osteochondromas. Direct sequencing from DNA extracted from different sites of two tumor samples (a small rapidly growing osteochondroma and a giant peripheral secondary chondrosarcoma, each located at different chondrocostal junctions) revealed the loss of the germline EXT2 mutation. Analysis of microsatellite polymorphic markers in the 11p region harboring the EXT2 gene did not reveal any loss of heterozygosity. This observation supports a recent model of sarcomagenesis in which osteochondroma cells bear EXT homozygous inactivation, whereas chondrosarcoma-initiating cells are EXT-expressing cells.

Mutations in the HGPRT1 gene, which encodes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), housekeeping enzyme responsible for recycling purines, lead to Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND). Clinical expression of LND indicates that HGprt deficiency has adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate intestinal motility in HGprt knockout mice (HGprt(−)). Spontaneous and neurally evoked mechanical activity was recorded in vitro as changes in isometric tension in circular muscle strips of distal colon. HGprt(−) tissues showed a lower in amplitude spontaneous activity and atropine-sensitivity neural contraction compared to control mice. The responses to carbachol and to high KCl were reduced, demonstrating a widespread impairment of contractility. L-NAME was not able in the HGprt(−) tissues to restore the large amplitude contractile activity typical of control. In HGprt(−) colon, a reduced expression of dopaminergic D1 receptor was observed together with the loss of its tonic inhibitory activity present in control-mice. The analysis of inflammatory and oxidative stress in colonic tissue of HGprt(−) mice revealed a significant increase of lipid peroxidation associated with over production of oxygen free radicals. In conclusion, HGprt deficiency in mice is associated with a decrease in colon contractility, not dependent upon reduction of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus or hyperactivity of inhibitory signalling. By contrast the increased levels of oxidative stress could partially explain the reduced colon motility in HGprt(−) mice. Colonic dysmotility observed in HGprt(−) mice may mimic the gastrointestinal dysfunctions symptoms of human syndrome, providing a useful animal model to elucidate the pathophysiology of this problem in the LND.

A novel water-soluble ionophore based on the thiocarbohydrazone moiety conjugated with glucose (GluTch) was synthesized through a simple two-step procedure. Structural elucidation was carried out in water solution by means of various spectroscopic techniques (NMR, UV-Vis, and CD), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The flexible nature of the thiocarbohydrazone moiety of the new glycoderivative compound induced both different coordination motifs and stoichiometry towards copper and zinc. Cytotoxicity assays of the ligands on the human normal keratinocyte NCTC-2544, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and PC-3 human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated that i) higher activity on cancer cells growth inhibition compared to a normal cell line; ii) the introduction of the glucose unit does not alter the cytotoxic activity of the underivatized ionophore ligand and iii) the presence of copper ion improves the activity of the thiocarbohydrazones.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs during embryogenesis or under pathological conditions such as hypoxia, injury, chronic inflammation, or tissue fibrosis. In renal tubular epithelial cells (MDCK), TGF-β1 induces EMT by reducing or increasing epithelial or mesenchymal marker expression, respectively. In this study, we confirmed that the cAMP analogues, 8-CPT-cAMP or N6-Ph-cAMP, inhibited the TGF-β1-driven overexpression of the mesenchymal markers ZEB-1, Slug, Fibronectin, and α-SMA. Furthermore, we showed that A1, A2A, P2Y1, P2Y11, and P2X7 purine receptor agonists modulated the TGF-β1-induced EMT through the involvement of PKA and/or MAPK/ERK signaling. The stimulation of A2A receptor reduced the overexpression of the EMT-related markers, mainly through the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, as confirmed by cell pre-treatment with Myr-PKI. Both A1 and P2Y1 receptor stimulation exacerbated the TGF-β1-driven effects, which were reduced by cell pre-treatment with the MAPK inhibitor PD98059, according to the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation upon receptor activation. The effects induced by P2Y11 receptor activation were oppositely modulated by PKA or MAPK inhibition, in line with the dual nature of the Gs- and Gq-coupled receptor. Differently, P2X7 receptor induced, per se, similar and not additive effects compared to TGF-β1, after prolonged cell exposure to BzATP. These results suggest a putative role of purine receptors as target for anti-fibrotic agents.

The ferrocenyl analogue of clotrimazole, in which the metallocene fragment replaces one of the phenyl rings in the triphenylmethane system, and a related isomer were prepared through the direct substitution of a methoxygroup in the α-position to ferrocene with imidazole in the key step. The obtained ferrocenyl derivatives were spectroscopically characterized and in a preliminary assay for bioactivity their cell growth inhibitory activity on two different human cancer cell lines was evaluated. In comparison with the parent drug the ferrocene analogues displayed about two-fold increase of cytotoxicity on HT29 colorectal cancer cells, whereas comparable activity was displayed against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

We report the case of a 6-year-old Caucasian girl with clinical and histopathologic features of Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Histologic examination of skin lesions showed thick, curly, elastic fibers in the derma. Bone lesions compatible with Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome were found in the girl's mother. Mutations in LEMD3 are pathogenic for Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Analysis of all exons and exon-intron junctions of LEMD3 did not reveal any germline mutations.

Several findings have suggested the existence in the subventricular zone (SVZ) from sagittal sections of adult rat brain of a trophic mechanism, mediated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its multiple high-affinity FGF receptors (FGFRs), regulating neurogenesis mainly by controlling precursor cell proliferation. However, no clear data are available on the expression of FGF-2 and FGFRs in proliferating precursor cells of the SVZ. To address these questions we examined FGF-2 mRNA and its FGFR mRNA expression in proliferating precursor cells of the SVZ by using a double labeling procedure, combining in situ hybridization for FGF-2 and its FGFR mRNA with immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker for proliferating cells. The results showed that FGFR1 and FGFR2 mRNAs were expressed in BrdU-labeled proliferating precursor cells, whereas FGFR3 and FGF-2 mRNAs were not, suggesting that in the SVZ the proliferating precursor cells express FGFR1 or FGFR2 and they may respond to FGF-2 released by non-proliferating cells. The FGFR4 mRNA was not found expressed in the SVZ. In the future, by identifying the cell types expressing FGFRs, it will be possible to gain insight into the functional activity of FGF2 within the SVZ.

The biomimetic synthesis of a small library of dihydrobenzofuran neolignanamides (the natural trans-grossamide (4) and the related compounds 21-28) has been carried out through an eco-friendly oxidative coupling reaction mediated by Trametes versicolor laccase. These products, after complete spectroscopic characterization, were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 (colon carcinoma), MCF-7 (mammary adenocarcinoma), and PC-3 (prostate cancer) human cells, using an MTT bioassay. The racemic neolignamides (±)-21 and (±)-27, in being the most lipophilic in the series, were potently active, with GI50 values comparable to or even lower than that of the positive control 5-FU. The racemates were resolved through chiral HPLC, and the pure enantiomers were subjected to ECD measurements to establish their absolute configurations at C-2 and C-3. All enantiomers showed potent antiproliferative activity, with, in particular, a GI50 value of 1.1 μM obtained for (2R,3R)-21. The effect of (±)-21 on the Caco-2 cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry, and it was demonstrated that (±)-21 exerts its antiproliferative activity by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e., GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs.

Carnosine derivative containing liposomes functionalized with the Fab' fragment of Trastuzumab were synthesized. They represent a new class of antibody–drug conjugates because carnosine acts as an ionophore for Cu2+ or Zn2+, altering the metallostasis of cancer cells, leading to their death.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. For this reason, new therapies are needed for the treatment of this devastating disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of combining cetuximab and the trastuzumab on the growth of a model of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line (A549). The results were compared with those obtained from a human lung squamous carcinoma cell line (NCI-H226). Both cell lines were treated with cetuximab and trastuzumab, alone or in combination, at various concentrations, for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell proliferation was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. EGFR and HER-2 mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the gene amplification status of receptors was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The colorimetric proliferation assay showed that trastuzumab combined with cetuximab significantly inhibited A549 cells at a dose of 40 μg/ml after 72 h of treatment (p

Background: Gap junctions are specialized channels composed of several connexins, membrane proteins that mediate electrical and metabolic coupling between cells. Previous data have suggested that changes in the expression of Cx43, the main astrocytic Cx isoform, may be involved in seizure activity in human epileptic tissue. However, Cx43 has never been examined in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and in other human refractory epilepsies. Methods: We analyzed Cx43 protein localization and Cx43 mRNA levels in surgical specimens of cortex from a cohort of patients with intractable epilepsy vs control nonepileptic tissue. Samples had neuropathologically defined diagnosis of cryptogenic epilepsy or epilepsy secondary to FCD. Results: Cx43 immunoreactivity, which labeled punctate elements, did not reveal distinctive features in cryptogenic epilepsy and FCD type IA and IIA. A peculiar pattern of immunolabeling was instead observed in FCD type IIB, in which large aggregates of Cx43-immunopositive puncta were clustered around subsets of balloon cells and astrocytes. Further characterization revealed that these balloon cells do not express markers of precursor cells, such as CD34. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR showed elevated levels of Cx43 transcript in a subgroup (25%) of cryptogenic epilepsy specimens compared to control and FCD ones. Conclusions: Our study points out that a rearrangement of Cx43-positive elements is part of abnormal tissue organization in FCD type IIB, and that cryptogenic epilepsies include forms with increased Cx43 mRNA expression. The data implicate functional consequences of altered Cx43 expression, and therefore of altered gap junctional coupling, in abnormal network properties of subtypes of human refractory epilepsies.

OPLS discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was successfully applied for the selection of a limited number of gene transcripts necessary to discriminate PTPN11 and RAS mutated cells in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients. The original set of 273 variables with VIP (1) values higher than 2.0 in the OPLS-DA model could be further reduced to 200 by elimination of less informative variables in the PCA class models adopted for SIMCA classification. The above 200 transcripts not only achieve a satisfactory discrimination accuracy between PTPN11 and RAS mutated cells but also indicate clearly that wild type samples belong to none of the mutated class models. In this list it was possible to identify candidate genes that could be involved in the molecular mechanisms discriminating PTPN11 and RAS mutations in ALL. Among them CBFA2T2, a member of the "ETO" family, is known because of its homology and association with the product of RUNX1-CBFA2T1 gene fusion generated by t(8;21) translocation, one frequent cause of acute myeloid leukemia.

A small library of polymethoxystilbene glycosides (20-25) related to the natural polyphenol resveratrol have been synthesized and subjected, together with their aglycones 17-19, to an antiproliferative activity bioassay toward Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y cancer cells. Six of the compounds exhibit antiproliferative activity against at least one cell line. In particular, compounds 17 and 18 proved highly active on at least one of the two cell cultures. Compound 18 showed a GI50 value of 3 μM against Caco-2 cells, a value comparable to that of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The closely related compound 19 proved inactive, and its conjugates 22 and 25 showed weak cell growth inhibition. The results indicate that minimal differences in the structure of both polymethoxystilbenes and their glycosides can substantially affect the antiproliferative activity. The possible hydrolytic release of the aglycones 17-19 by β-glucosidase or β-galactosidase was also evaluated. Compounds 20-25 were also tested as potential β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. A promising inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase was observed for 21 (IC50 = 78 μM) and 25 (IC50 = 70 μM), which might be indicative of their potential as lead compounds for development of antidiabetic or antiobesity agents.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOAc crude extract from Sicilian almond hulls, a waste material from Prunus dulcis crop, allowed identification of 10 constituents, isolated as pure compounds (1-5, 7, and 10) or unseparable mixtures (5 + 6 and 8 + 9). All compounds were subjected to spectroscopic analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide bioassay on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In addition to the main components oleanolic (1), ursolic (2), and betulinic (3) acids, the 2-hydroxy analogues alphitolic (4), corosolic (5), and maslinic (6) acids, as well as the related aldehydes, namely, betulinic (7), oleanolic (8), and ursolic (9), were identified. From a more polar fraction, the beta-sitosterol 3-O-glucoside (10) was also identified. A sample of commercially available betulin (11) was also included in bioassays as further support to a structure-activity relationship study. Betulinic acid showed antiproliferative activity toward MCF-7 cells (GI50 = 0.27 microM), higher than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil.

Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) provides a sound statistical basis for the selection of a limited number of gene transcripts most effective in discriminating different lung tumoral histotypes. The potentialities of the PLS-DA approach are pointed out by its ability to identify genes which, according to current knowledge, are considered molecular markers for colon cancer diagnostics and classification. Indeed application of PLS-DA to in vivo data allowed identification of a set of genes able to discriminate primary lung tumours from colon metastases.

Structural patterns for antitumor drugs, evidenced by means of a molecular interaction field (MIF) approach using grid independent descriptors (GRIND), resembled closely those of a previous independent pharmacological classification based on their antitumor mechanism of action. For topoisomerase II inhibitors, antimitotic agents and DNA antimetabolites, systematic structural patterns were evidenced by MIF and the structural features of "outliers" in these classes corresponded to peculiar pharmacological mechanisms of action supported by literature evidences. Alkylating agents and DNA/RNA antimetabolites, interacting with a large variety of targets by different molecular mechanisms, did not exhibit clustering in the structure-based MIF approach. Moreover MIFS were able to point out similarities between drugs which, in spite of apparent dramatic differences in chemical structure, exhibit the same pharmacological behaviour.

Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) provides a sound statistical basis for the selection, from an original 9605-data set, of a limited number of gene transcripts most effective in discriminating different tumour histotypes. The potentialities of the PLS-DA approach are pointed out by its ability to identify genes which, according to current knowledge, are associated with cancer development. Moreover, PLS-DA was able to identify MUC 13 and S100P proteins as candidates for the development of new colon cancer diagnostics. Various genes with unknown function and ESTs (expressed sequence tags), found to be important in discriminating genes for colon, leukaemia, renal and central nervous system tumour cells, are indicated as deserving high priority in future molecular studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Connexin36 (Cx36) is specifically expressed in neurons and in pancreatic beta-cells. Cx36 functions as a critical regulator of insulin secretion and content in beta-cells. In order to identify the molecular mechanisms that control the beta-cell expression of Cx36, we initiated the characterization of the human 5' regulatory region of the CX36 gene. A 2043-bp fragment of the human CX36 promoter was identified from a human BAC library and fused to a luciferase reporter gene. This promoter region was sufficient to confer specific expression to the reporter gene in insulin-secreting cell lines. Within this 5' regulatory region, a putative neuron-restrictive silencer element conserved between rodent and human species was recognized and binds the neuron-restrictive silencing factor (NRSF/REST). This factor is not expressed in insulin-secreting cells and neurons; it functions as a potent repressor through the recruitment of histone deacetylase to the promoter of neuronal genes. The NRSF-mediated repression of Cx36 in HeLa cells was abolished by trichostatin A, confirming the functional importance of histone deacetylase activity. Ectopic expression, by viral gene transfer, of NRSF/REST in different insulin-secreting beta-cell lines induced a marked reduction in Cx36 mRNA and protein content. Moreover, mutations in the Cx36 neuron-restrictive silencer element relieved the low transcriptional activity of the human CX36 promoter observed in HeLa cells and in INS-1 cells expressing NRSF/REST. The data showed that cx36 gene expression in insulin-producing beta-cell lines is strictly controlled by the transcriptional repressor NRSF/REST indicating that Cx36 participates to the neuronal phenotype of the pancreatic beta-cells.

A multivariate analysis of the National Cancer Institute gene expression database is reported here. The soft independent modelling of a class analogy approach achieved cell line classification according to histological origin. With the PCA method, based on the expression of 9605 genes and ESTs, classification of colon, leukaemia, renal, melanoma and CNS cells could be performed, but not of lung, breast and ovarian cells. Another multivariate procedure, called partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), provides bioinformatic clues for the selection of a limited number of gene transcripts most effective in discriminating different tumoral histotypes. Among them it is possible to identify candidates in the development of new diagnostic tests for cancer detection and unknown genes deserving high priority in further studies. In particular, melan-A, acid phosphatase 5, dopachrome tautomerase, S100-β and acid ceramidase were found to be among the most important genes for melanoma. The potential of the present bioinformatic approach is exemplified by its ability to identify differentiation and diagnostic markers already in use in clinical settings, such as protein S-100, a prognostic parameter in patients with metastatic melanoma and a screening marker for melanoma metastasis.

In recent reports, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been implicated as an injury factor involved in regulating astrogliosis in the CNS. In this study, we used a rat oligodendroglial progenitor cell line that is highly responsive to CNTF to examine CNTF-induced alterations that may play a role in activation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. We determined that CNTF induces the transient translocation of Stat1 alpha/p91 to the nucleus. This nuclear translocation was followed by GFAP promoter activation and an up-regulation of GFAP mRNA and protein. Level of CNTF-alpha receptor mRNA, however, were unaffected by addition of the ligand. Transfection studies using an upstream 5'-flanking, 1.9-kb rat GFAP promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene revealed CNTF-induced transcriptional activation within 1 h of ligand exposure. Moreover, serial-deleted constructs identified a distal (-1,857 to -1,546 bp) and a proximal (-384 to -106 bp) region as being important for CNTF-induced GFAP promoter activation. These two regions showed a strong degree of overlap for CNTF- and serum-induced activation of the GFAP gene. Analysis of the two regions revealed several cis-elements that are thought to be involved in GFAP regulation and/or the regulation of other genes by members of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Moreover, we are the first to report the presence of several putative CNTF-responsive elements within our identified distal and proximal regions in the GFAP gene promoter.

Glial connexins (Cxs) make an extensively interconnected functional syncytium created by a network of gap junctions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among Cxs expressed in the brain, Cx30 is expressed in grey matter astrocytes, as shown at the protein level by immunoistochemistry. In the present study we aimed to perform a detailed study of the regional distribution of Cx30 mRNA in the adult and postnatal developing rat brain, analyzing its expression by in situ hybridization, and determining its cell type localization by double labeling. Recently, it has been suggested that neuronal activity may control the level of intercellular communication between astrocytes through gap junctions channels. Thus, a second aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of kainate-induced seizures on Cx30 expression. The results showed that, in basal condition, Cx30 was expressed only in grey matter astrocytes with distinct regional patterns in developing and adult brain. Kainate treatment induced strong and region-specific changes of astroglial Cx30 mRNA levels and expression of Cx30 mRNA in neuronal cells undergoing cell death, suggesting a direct or indirect involvement of this connexin in the neuronal apoptotic process.

The in vitro antitumor activities of 2,6-di-[2-(heteroaryl)vinyl]pyridines versus the standard National Cancer Institute 60 cell lines panel and of 2,6-di-[2-(heteroaryl)vinyl] pyridinium cations versus MCF7 (human mammary carcinoma) and LNCap (prostate carcinoma) cell lines are reported. Antiproliferative effects in both series are particularly evident for MCF7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Multivariate analysis of DNA microarray data for responsive tumor cell lines suggest a mechanistic pathway involving polyamine biosynthesis and prolactin signal transduction.

We have identified a novel gap junction gene by searching the human genome sequence database that encodes a protein designated as connexin31.9 (Cx31.9). Cx31.9 was most homologous to human Cx32.4 and did not cluster with either the purported α- or β-connexin subfamilies. Expression of Cx31.9 was detected by RT-PCR in human mRNA from several tissues including cerebral cortex, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and testis. A partial Cx31.9 sequence was also represented in the human Expressed Sequence Tag database. Cx31.9 formed intercellular channels in both paired Xenopus oocytes and transfected neuroblastoma N2A cells that were distinguished by an apparent low unitary conductance (12–15 pS) and a remarkable insensitivity to transjunctional voltage. In contrast, Cx31.9 channels were gated by cytoplasmic acidification or exposure to halothane like other connexins. Cx31.9 was able to form heterotypic channels with the highly voltage-sensitive Xenopus Cx38 (XenCx38), which provides an opportunity to study gating in heterotypic channels formed by hemichannels (connexons) composed of connexins with widely divergent properties. Thus Cx31.9 is a novel human connexin that forms channels with unique functional properties.

Objectives Overexpression or constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) is involved in growth of human cancers. We investigated effects of EGFR and HER-2 blockade in colon cancer cell lines using cetuximab and trastuzumab, with the aim of developing novel approaches to cancer therapy. Materials and methods We studied effects of treatment on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, induction of apoptosis, changes in EGFR and HER-2 mRNA-protein expression and EGFR and HER-2 gene copy number in Caco-2, HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. Results Treatment of cells resulted in no effect in one of the three cell lines and in inhibition of cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the other two, with modulation of EGFR and HER-2 mRNA and protein levels. Differences in sensitivity to cetuximab and trastuzumab were observed. Treatment induced specific changes in cell cycle distribution in both cell lines affected, while apoptosis was not increased. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed abnormal copy number of two genes resulting from aneuploidy; this was not responsible for different sensitivity to combination between the two cell lines. Conclusions Targeting EGFR and HER-2 simultaneously could have useful applications in colorectal cancer treatment. To improve pharmacological efficacy of cetuximab and trastuzumab combination, molecular mechanisms involved in their activity need to be elucidated.

In this work twelve benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans were synthesized by biomimetic, Mn-mediated oxidative coupling of caffeic esters and amides. These compounds, bearing different flexible pendants at position C1/C2 of the aromatic core, interact with DNA in a dual mode, as confirmed by DF-STD NMR analysis and molecular docking: the planar core acts as a base pair intercalant, whereas the flexible pendants act as minor groove binders. Their antiproliferative activity was evaluated on a panel of six tumor cell lines: HT-29, Caco-2, HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma), H226, A549 (human lung carcinoma), and SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma). All compounds under study, except 29, resulted in activity against one or more cell lines, and the markedly lipophilic esters 13 and 28 showed the highest activity. Compound 13 was more active than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) towards HCT-116 (colon, GI50 = 3.16 μM) and H226 (lung, GI50 = 4.33 μM) cell lines.

Application of a soft multivariate statistical procedure, called PLS, partial least squares modelling in latent variables or projections to latent structures, allows extensive exploitation of the enormous amount of information embedded in the National Cancer Institute gene expression and antitumour screen databases. Interpretation of the statistical results provides new significant biological insights such as classification of human tumour cell lines based on their gene expression patterns, evaluation of the influence of gene transcripts on drug efficacy and assessment of their selectivity for classes of compounds which act by the same mechanism, and identification of uncharacterized gene expression targets involved in cancer chemotherapy. Among them, the transcripts GC11121, GC17689, and GC18564 (unknown gene products extremely selective for RNA/DNA antimetabolites) are indicated by the present work as deserving high priority in future molecular studies.

A multivariate insight into the in vitro antitumour screen database of the NCI by means of the SIMCA package allows to propose hypotheses on the mechanism of action of novel anticancer compounds. As an example, the application of multivariate analysis to the NCI standard database provided clues to the classification of drugs whose mechanism is either unknown or controversial. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic biochemical cell line properties (molecular targets) on the sensitivity to drug treatment could be evaluated simultaneously for classes of compounds which act by the same mechanism. Interestingly, the present approach can also provide a correlation between the molecular targets and the therapeutical fingerprint of novel active compounds thus suggesting specific biochemical studies for the investigation of new mechanisms of drug action and resistance. The statistical approach reported here represents a valuable tool for handling the enormous data sets deriving from recent genome-wide investigations of gene expression in the NCI cell lines.