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Objective: To conduct a review on mortality in pregnant women with COVID-19 during the 2020-2021 period in Latin America. Methods: A systematic review of scientific articles published from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021, was carried out in the Medline databases via PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar. The question was: What is the mortality in pregnant women with COVID-19 during the 2020-2021 period in Latin America? through the controlled descriptors: “Pregnant women”, “COVID-19”, “Mortality”. Population: Pregnant women, Exposure: COVID-19, Outcome: Mortality. Results: One of the most vulnerable populations were pregnant women, as they are more susceptible to developing serious viral infections due to the physiological adaptations that occur during pregnancy. After the selection process, we included 10 studies that showed results. They were developed in pregnant women with a positive COVID-19 test and had a study population varying between 40 and 29,416 participants. Mortality in intensive care units was found to be 49% in Mexico City. A study in 8 Latin American countries reported that 86.4% of women were infected before delivery and 60.3% in the third trimester. Studies coincide in describing comorbidities in pregnant women with COVID-19, among which hypertensive disorders stand out. Conclusion: This study provides information about maternal mortality associated with COVID-19 among women in Latin America. In addition, pregnant women were found to present health barriers to accessing intensive care unit services.

The objective of this note is to describe two errors in the edition of “José de Arimatea”, a prose poem by Ramón López Velarde. From the review of the author’s manuscript, two mistakes were found in the edition of the text, which appears from the editio princeps of El minutero of 1923. The description of these mistakes will allow adhere to the will of the author and correct the text in future publications.

The reduction of anthropogenic methane emissions, and especially those from the fossil fuel industry, is one of the most effective ways to slow down global warming in the next decade. Methane emissions from fossil fuel activities often happen as plumes emanating from strong point sources, such as flares, compressor stations, storage tanks, and mine vents.The Sentinel-5P TROPOMI mission can detect the largest plumes from these sources daily and at a global scale thanks to its continuous spatial coverage and daily temporal resolution. Complementary to TROPOMI, several high spatial resolution satellite missions with sensitivity to methane are now being used to attribute plumes to point sources. These missions, so-called point-source imagers in the methane mapping context, sample the methane absorption features in the shortwave infrared with a spatial resolution of 20-60 m, enabling the detection and attribution of plumes from point sources >200-1000 kg/h. Point-source imagers can be hyperspectral (also known as imaging spectrometers), including the GHGSat, PRISMA, EnMAP, and EMIT missions, and multispectral instruments, such as Sentinel-2, Landsat, and WorldView-3. The observations by these point-source imagers often follow a previous identification of large methane hotspot areas by TROPOMI.In connection with this increasing landscape of methane-observing satellites, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is implementing a Methane Alert and Response system (MARS) as part of its International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO). MARS was recently launched at COP27 in direct support to the Global Methane Pledge. It relies on the combined use of multiple methane-observing satellites for the systematic detection, attribution and monitoring of methane sources. In its initial phase, the focus is on point sources associated to the energy sector. In this contribution, we will describe the satellite component of MARS and will provide examples of how satellites are being used to detect and mitigate active methane point sources from the energy sector around the world.

To fill gaps in knowledge and refine global understanding of the location and magnitude of methane emissions across sectors, integration and use of data from a range of sources is needed. As countries and industry establish ambitious mitigation targets, accurate and measurement-based emission estimates are critical to accelerate emission reductions and assess progress by tracking changes in emissions over time.The International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) was launched in 2021 at the G20 summit and is hosted by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). IMEO is providing reliable, public, policy-relevant data to facilitate actions to reduce methane emissions.IMEO is collecting and integrating diverse methane emissions data streams, including satellite remote sensing data, science studies, inventories, and measurement-based industry reporting to establish a global, centralized public record of empirically verified methane emissions.In this work, we will summarize (i) IMEO’s current efforts to integrate spatio-temporally dynamic methane emissions data (ii) details of the Methane Alert and Response System (MARS) -a recently-launched system for satellite-based detection, attribution, and monitoring of methane sources to notify emitters and assist mitigation efforts, (iii) insights from measurement campaigns across the world, and (iv) activities for the direct engagement with relevant stakeholders to accelerate mitigation of methane emissions.

Reported methane (CH4) emissions from Romania's onshore oil and gas (O&G) production contribute 16% to onshore O&G emissions in Europe (55 out of 346 kt, IEA estimate). In October 2019, CH4 emissions from the O&G infrastructure were measured during the ROMEO campaign with a wide range of in situ measurement techniques in southern Romania. The measurements confirmed a log-normal distribution of emissions with a small number "super-emitters" contributing strongly to the overall emissions.However, overall emissions remain uncertain because some CH4 super-emitters are difficult to identify with ground-based campaigns due to the large number of potential sources and sometimes elevated emission plumes. In contrast, airborne imaging spectrometers are well suited for identifying super-emitters due to their good spatial coverage and sensitivity to vertical columns. To identify super-emitters, the airborne AVIRIS-NG imaging spectrometer was flown in July 2021 in southern Romania covering an area of about 3000 km2 that contains about 80% of known O&G infrastructure in the region.CH4 enhancements in the AVIRIS-NG lines were retrieved using a quantitative matched-filter method. In total, 38 emission plumes were identified that were assigned to 26 individual sources. Emissions were estimated using the integrated mass enhancement approach and ranged from 13 to 515 kg/h, which suggests annual emissions of about 30 kt assuming continuous emission rates. The sites were visited by ground crews, who confirmed that at least 17 of the sources were also active in December 2022.The observed 30 kt/a from only 26 sources already represent more than half of the reported emissions from the onshore O&G emissions in entire Romania. The campaign demonstrates the importance of airborne imaging spectrometers to identify and quantify CH4 super-emitters for monitoring CH4 emissions from O&G infrastructure.

Background/Aim: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2) are drug-metabolizing enzymes that play a key role in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: This study evaluated NAT1 and NAT2 mRNA and protein expression and their enzymatic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ALL (n=20) and healthy children (n=19) and explored the mechanisms that regulate these enzymes in ALL such as microRNAs (miR-1290, miR-26b) and SNPs. Results: PBMC from patients with ALL showed a decrease in NAT1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, NAT1 enzymatic activity was decreased in patients with ALL. There was no influence of SNP 559 C>T or 560 G>A on low NAT1 activity. The lower expression of NAT1 might be related to the loss of acetylated histone H3K14 in the NAT1 gene promoter in patients with ALL and the higher relative expression of miR-1290 in the plasma of patients with relapsed ALL compared with healthy controls. There were significantly fewer CD3+/NAT1+ double-positive cells in patients who relapsed compared with control subjects. Based on a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm, CD19+ cells that reappeared in patients with relapse showed low NAT1 expression. In contrast, for NAT2, there were no significant results. Conclusion: The expression and function of NAT1 and miR-1290 levels could be involved in modulating immune cells altered in ALL.

The Gulf of Mexico is the largest offshore fossil fuel production basin in the United States. Decisions on expanding production in the region legally depend on assessments of the climate impact of new growth. Here, we collect airborne observations and combine them with previous surveys and inventories to estimate the climate impact of current field operations. We evaluate all major on-site greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from combustion, and methane from losses and venting. Using these findings, we estimate the climate impact per unit of energy of produced oil and gas (the carbon intensity). We find high methane emissions (0.60 Tg/y [0.41 to 0.81, 95% confidence interval]) exceeding inventories. This elevates the average CI of the basin to 5.3 g CO 2 e/MJ [4.1 to 6.7] (100-y horizon) over twice the inventories. The CI across the Gulf varies, with deep water production exhibiting a low CI dominated by combustion emissions (1.1 g CO 2 e/MJ), while shallow federal and state waters exhibit an extraordinarily high CI (16 and 43 g CO 2 e/MJ) primarily driven by methane emissions from central hub facilities (intermediaries for gathering and processing). This shows that production in shallow waters, as currently operated, has outsized climate impact. To mitigate these climate impacts, methane emissions in shallow waters must be addressed through efficient flaring instead of venting and repair, refurbishment, or abandonment of poorly maintained infrastructure. We demonstrate an approach to evaluate the CI of fossil fuel production using observations, considering all direct production emissions while allocating to all fossil products.

Ambitious methane (CH4) emissions mitigation represents one of the most effective opportunities to slow the rate of global warming over the next decades. The oil and gas (O&G) sector is a significant source of methane emissions, with technically feasible and cost-effective emission mitigation options. Romania, a key O&G producer within the EU, with one of the highest reported annual CH4 emissions from the energy sector (Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - Comparison by Category, 2022), can play an important role towards the EU’s emission reduction targets. In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground-based measurement techniques. Measured emissions were characterised by heavily skewed distributions, with 10 % of the sites accounting for more than 70 % of total emissions. Integrating the results from all site-level quantifications with different approaches, we derive a central estimate of 5.4 kg h–1 site-1 of CH4 (3.6–8.4, 95 % confidence interval) for oil production sites. This estimate represents one of the highest when compared to measurement-based estimates of similar facilities from other production regions. Based on our results, we estimate a total of 120 ktons CH4 yr–1 (range: 79–180 ktons yr–1) from oil wells in our studied areas in Romania. This is approximately 2.5 times higher than the total reported emissions from the Romanian oil production sector for 2020. Based on the source level characterization, up to three quarters of the detected emissions from oil production sites are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that O&G production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential, specifically by implementing measures to capture the gas and minimize operational venting and leaks.

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, responsible for at least a quarter of Today's global warming. Thus, reducing CH4 emissions from global oil and gas infrastructure represents a key opportunity to significantly slow the rate of climate change—with several recent studies highlighting that readily available and cost-effective technologies can reduce a large fraction of current emissions from this industry. Operators have announced ambitious pledges to reduce CH4 emissions from the oil and gas supply chain. For these targets to be effective, it is critical to improve the understanding in terms of how much methane emitted, identify where it is being emitted, and to empirically track progress as mitigation strategies are implemented. Here, we have synthesized results from recent multi-scale scientific studies across geographies (i.e., North America, Europe, Australia), highlighting the role of empirical data in improving emission reporting, and guiding mitigation action. We illustrate how emissions data collected at different spatial and temporal scales can be integrated to provide a clear characterization across the different segments of the oil and gas supply chain. Measurement-based approaches are now being successfully implemented, and the integration and reconciliation of data at different scales can provide useful information to reduce the uncertainty in terms of magnitude and location of emissions. As more operators incorporate these approaches and compile improved emissions data, it will be plausible to improve equipment and system design, perform root cause analysis and reduce the frequency of large emission events. Measurement-based CH4 emissions data is essential to an efficient and effective implementation of CH4 mitigation strategies. This paper highlights how a diversity of robust measurement approaches can be deployed in concert—further identifying mitigation opportunities and tracking changes in emissions over time.

MethaneSAT is a novel satellite mission designed to quantify anthropogenic methane emissions starting with the global oil and gas sector. MethaneSAT is scheduled for launch in 2023 and will provide quantitative data products on methane emission rates focusing on the majority of worldwide oil and gas production, with additional capacity to measure emissions from other sectors including agriculture. MethaneSAT combines three major observing capabilities into a single mission with broad area-level mapping (200 km wide swaths), high measurement precision of 3 parts per billion at 1-2 km2 footprints and high spatial resolution of 100 m × 400 m. These capabilities uniquely allow MethaneSAT to quantify total regional methane emissions, at the same time detecting high-emitting point sources and characterizing diffuse area sources. MethaneSAT is expected to fill significant data gaps in the understanding of the scale and magnitude of methane emissions regionally and globally. Owing to its unique observing capabilities, MethaneSAT will strengthen the emerging ecosystem of existing methane measuring satellites and will synergistically operate with other satellite missions. Operational data products quantifying methane emissions will be made freely available in the public domain via MethaneSAT's data platform, in order to help governments and industry reduce their emissions. In addition, MethaneSAT data will help global policy-relevant emissions database developmental efforts such as the International Methane Emissions Observatory as it integrates multi-scale emission datasets from various measurement platforms.

Methane is the second-largest contributor to global warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions quickly can significantly reduce global warming within just a few decades. The oil and gas sector is responsible for almost 20% of anthropogenic methane emissions. Yet, there are hardly any policies in place that address oil and gas sector methane emissions. We investigate two policy types: a) a global cap on methane emissions from the oil and gas sector; and b) a methane price implemented by a Clean Buyers Coalition. We extend a detailed global gas market model to allow investment in methane emission abatement measures. We find that the regional contribution to global reductions vary due to different mitigation potentials and associated abatement technology cost. Clean Buyers Coalitions can trigger major investment in methane abatement measures and much reduced emissions. However, a methane price must be balanced against available abatement potentials, as upstream suppliers lacking abatement options rather avoid abatement investments and, instead, re-direct their exports to non-Coalition importers.

Flaring is widely used by the fossil fuel industry to dispose of natural gas. Industry and governments generally assume that flares remain lit and destroy methane, the predominant component of natural gas, with 98% efficiency. Neither assumption, however, is based on real-world observations. We calculate flare efficiency using airborne sampling across three basins responsible for >80% of US flaring and combine these observations with unlit flare prevalence surveys. We find that both unlit flares and inefficient combustion contribute comparably to ineffective methane destruction, with flares effectively destroying only 91.1% (90.2, 91.8; 95% confidence interval) of methane. This represents a fivefold increase in methane emissions above present assumptions and constitutes 4 to 10% of total US oil and gas methane emissions, highlighting a previously underappreciated methane source and mitigation opportunity.

Characterizing and attributing methane (CH4) emissions across varying scales are important from environmental, safety, and economic perspectives and are essential for designing and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. Mobile real-time measurements of CH4 in ambient air offer a fast and effective method to identify and quantify local CH4 emissions in urban areas. We carried out extensive campaigns to measure CH4 mole fractions at the street level in Utrecht, the Netherlands (2018 and 2019), and Hamburg, Germany (2018). We detected 145 leak indications (LIs; i.e., CH4 enhancements of more than 10 % above background levels) in Hamburg and 81 LIs in Utrecht. Measurements of the ethane-to-methane ratio (C2:C1), methane-to-carbon dioxide ratio (CH4:CO2), and CH4 isotope composition (δ13C and δD) show that in Hamburg about 1∕3 of the LIs, and in Utrecht 2∕3 of the LIs (based on a limited set of C2:C1 measurements), were of fossil fuel origin. We find that in both cities the largest emission rates in the identified LI distribution are from fossil fuel sources. In Hamburg, the lower emission rates in the identified LI distribution are often associated with biogenic characteristics or (partly) combustion. Extrapolation of detected LI rates along the roads driven to the gas distribution pipes in the entire road network yields total emissions from sources that can be quantified in the street-level surveys of 440±70 t yr−1 from all sources in Hamburg and 150±50 t yr−1 for Utrecht. In Hamburg, C2:C1, CH4:CO2, and isotope-based source attributions show that 50 %–80 % of all emissions originate from the natural gas distribution network; in Utrecht more limited attribution indicates that 70 %–90 % of the emissions are of fossil origin. Our results confirm previous observations that a few large LIs, creating a heavy tail, are responsible for a significant proportion of fossil CH4 emissions. In Utrecht, 1∕3 of total emissions originated from one LI and in Hamburg >1/4 from two LIs. The largest leaks were located and fixed quickly by GasNetz Hamburg once the LIs were shared, but 80 % of the (smaller) LIs attributed to the fossil category could not be detected and/or confirmed as pipeline leaks. This issue requires further investigation.

Mitigation of methane emissions from fossil fuel extraction, processing and transport is one of the most effective ways to slow global warming. Satellite-based methods are being instrumental for the detection, characterization, and quantification of this type of emissions. However, despite the rapid development of satellite-based methane plume detection methods for terrestrial surfaces, there is still an important observational gap with respect to offshore oil and gas infrastructure—which accounts for roughly 30% of global production. This is mostly caused by the low reflectivity of water at the shortwave infrared wavelengths used for methane remote sensing. In this work, we have used observations from the WorldView-3 and Landsat 8 satellite missions in a particular observation-illumination geometry to image offshore methane plumes from space. The study site is an offshore oil and gas production platform in the Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of Campeche, in one of Mexico's major oil producing fields. Our data suggest that the platform vented high volumes of methane during a 17-day ultra-emission event, amounting to 0.04 ± 0.01 Tg of methane released to the atmosphere if integrated over time. Our results illustrate how satellites can detect methane plumes from offshore infrastructure, which represents a significant breakthrough in the monitoring of industrial methane emissions from space.

We use satellite methane observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), for May 2018 to February 2020, to quantify methane emissions from individual oil and natural gas (O/G) basins in the US and Canada using a high-resolution (∼25 km) atmospheric inverse analysis. Our satellite-derived emission estimates show good consistency with in situ field measurements (R=0.96) in 14 O/G basins distributed across the US and Canada. Aggregating our results to the national scale, we obtain O/G-related methane emission estimates of 12.6±2.1 Tg a−1 for the US and 2.2±0.6 Tg a−1 for Canada, 80 % and 40 %, respectively, higher than the national inventories reported to the United Nations. About 70 % of the discrepancy in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inventory can be attributed to five O/G basins, the Permian, Haynesville, Anadarko, Eagle Ford, and Barnett basins, which in total account for 40 % of US emissions. We show more generally that our TROPOMI inversion framework can quantify methane emissions exceeding 0.2–0.5 Tg a−1 from individual O/G basins, thus providing an effective tool for monitoring methane emissions from large O/G basins globally.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar algunas de las características de los dos volúmenes de la antología Ciudad fantasma. Relato fantástico de la Ciudad de México (XIX-XXI) (2013), compilada por Bernardo Esquinca y Vicente Quirarte. Inicialmente, se revisará la manera de construir lo fantástico a partir de dos aspectos: por un lado, a través de los paratextos más importantes de la obra (prólogos y cartas anexas); por el otro, mediante varios de los elementos que le dan forma como antología propiamente (selección y organización de los textos). Asimismo, señalaremos de manera general otras particularidades de lo fantástico en esta obra. Y una de las más significativas es postular el fenómeno fantástico con base en la irrupción del mundo y de los mitos del México prehispánico en la capital actual.