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Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for transporting hexose molecules across cellular membranes. In adipocytes, insulin stimulates glucose uptake by redistributing GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. In unstimulated adipose‐like mouse cell lines, GLUT4 is known to be retained intracellularly by binding to TUG protein, while upon insulin stimulation, GLUT4 dissociates from TUG. Here, we report that the TUG homolog in human, ASPL, exerts similar properties, i.e., forms a complex with GLUT4. We describe the structural details of complex formation by combining biochemical assays with cross‐linking mass spectrometry and computational modeling. Combined, the data suggest that the intracellular domain of GLUT4 binds to the helical lariat of ASPL and contributes to the regulation of GLUT4 trafficking by cooperative binding.

The blooms of Alexandrium catenella, the main producer of paralytic shellfish toxins worldwide, have become the main threat to coastal activities in Southern Chile, such as artisanal fisheries, aquaculture and public health. Here, we explore retrospective data from an intense Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning outbreak in Southern Chile in Summer–Autumn 2016, identifying environmental drivers, spatiotemporal dynamics, and detoxification rates of the main filter-feeder shellfish resources during an intense A. catenella bloom, which led to the greatest socio-economic impacts in that area. Exponential detoxification models evidenced large differences in detoxification dynamics between the three filter-feeder species surf clam (Ensis macha), giant barnacle (Austromegabalanus psittacus), and red sea squirt (Pyura chilensis). Surf clam showed an initial toxicity (9054 µg STX-eq·100 g−1) around 10-fold higher than the other two species. It exhibited a relatively fast detoxification rate and approached the human safety limit of 80 µg STX-eq·100 g−1 towards the end of the 150 days. Ecological implications and future trends are also discussed. Based on the cell density evolution, data previously gathered on the area, and the biology of this species, we propose that the bloom originated in the coastal area, spreading offshore thanks to the resting cysts formed and transported in the water column.

Since isometric training is gaining popularity, some devices are being developed to test isometric force as an alternative to the more expensive force plates (FPs); thus, the aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of “GSTRENGTH” for measuring PF in the isometric belt squat exercise. Five subjects performed 24 contractions at three different knee angles (90°, 105° and 120°) on two occasions (120 total cases). Peak force data were measured using FPs and a strain gauge (SG) and analyzed by Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient, ICCs, Cronbach’s alpha, a paired sample t-test and Bland–Altman plots. Perfect or almost perfect relationships (r: 0.999–1) were found with an almost perfect or perfect level of agreement (ICCs: 0.992–1; α: 0.998–1). The t-test showed significant differences for the raw data but not for the predictions by the equations obtained with the SG values. The Bland–Altman plots, when significant, showed trivial to moderate values for systematic bias in general. In conclusion, “GSTRENGTH” was shown to be a valid alternative to FPs for measuring PF.

The global organ transplant activity remains satisfying less than 10% of the total number of patients in the waiting list. Brain dead donors and living donors have been the most common source of organs used worldwide. Nevertheless, as part of the different measures and policies implemented to increase donation, the use of donors after cardio-circulatory death (DCD), has been propitiated and expanded in the last couple of years. In Europe and North America, DCD programs had increased the number of available donors in up to 30%; but in many countries, the absence of DCD is mainly due to the lack of laws to legislate the process. We aim to report here the result of legal, ethical, procurement and specific organ working groups which met to assess the current regulatory framework, to evaluate the preliminary local experiences; and to produce a document to inform physicians and the community the current status of this program in our country.Argentina, a pioneer country in procurement and donation has the regulatory and ethical frameworks to enable the transparent use and access to DCDs’, as well as its implantation for organs and tissues in the whole country. In spite of a very preliminary experience, we are proud to present that the process for using DCD has already started. But this novel process requires to be well understood and perceived by the general public and medical community. Education becomes essential.

ABSTRACT The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

Harmful algal blooms, in particular recurrent blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), frequently limit commercial shellfish harvests, resulting in serious socio-economic consequences. Although the PSP-inducing species that threaten the most vulnerable commercial species of shellfish are very patchy and spatially heterogeneous in their distribution, the spatial and temporal scales of their effects have largely been ignored in monitoring programs and by researchers. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of PSP toxicity in the clam (Ameghinomya antiqua) in two fishing grounds in southern Chile (Ovalada Island and Low Bay). During the summer of 2009, both were affected by an intense toxic bloom of A. catenella (up to 1.1 × 106 cells L−1). Generalized linear models were used to assess the potential influence of different environmental variables on the field detoxification rates of PSP toxins over a period of 12 months. This was achieved using a four parameter exponential decay model to fit and compare field detoxification rates per sampling site. The results show differences in the spatial variability and temporal dynamics of PSP toxicity, given that greater toxicities (+10-fold) and faster detoxification (20% faster) are observed at the Ovalada Island site, the less oceanic zone, and where higher amounts of clam are annually produced. Our observations support the relevance of considering different spatial and temporal scales to obtain more accurate assessments of PSP accumulation and detoxification dynamics and to improve the efficacy of fisheries management after toxic events.

Resumen: Los pacientes críticamente enfermos pueden experimentar a diario situaciones de agitación, dolor y delirium durante su internación en la UCI, las que pueden tener consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Un abordaje coherente y ordenado ofrece una mejoría en su pronóstico. Una aproximación racional requiere la implementación de una serie de prácticas, idealmente establecidas en protocolos de actuación, que incluyan la utilización de herramientas de valoración de los síntomas, un tratamiento analgésico adecuado, prioritario y titulado, establecer el nivel objetivo de sedación, con la utilización ideal de niveles de sedación superficial, eligiendo el fármaco sedante apropiado, utilizando además estrategias no farmacológicas para el manejo de los síntomas, involucrando a todos los miembros del equipo profesional así como a los familiares asociados activamente en la atención del paciente. El efecto combinado de estas medidas proporciona la base de un estándar de atención para los pacientes de la UCI, ofreciendo oportunidades para mejorar los cuidados, el confort y los resultados a largo plazo. Abstract: During their ICU stay, critically ill patients could experience daily episodes of agitation, pain and delirium that might lead to short and long term consequences. A judicious and orderly approach offers these patients an improvement in their prognosis. A rational approach requires the implementation of a series of practices, ideally organized into action protocols, which include the use of tools for the assessment of symptoms, a prioritized, adequate and titrated analgesic treatment, establishing a targeted objective level of sedation, looking for the achievement of superficial sedation levels, with the use of the most appropriate sedative drug, and non-pharmacological strategies for the management of symptoms while involving all members of the professional team and family members into an active participation in the patient's care.The associated effect of these measures provides the basis for the current standard of care for ICU patients, offering opportunities to improve results, comfort and long-term outcomes. Palabras clave: Analgesia, Sedación consciente, Cuidados críticos, Keywords: Analgesia, Conscious sedation, Critical care, Delirium

The article seeks to provide an understanding of process innovation, an area of innovation research where there is less contribution in the literature. The understanding of alternative ways in which companies inno-vate both their products and services, and organize and evaluate the results of their innovative activities is the focus of this study. To this end, a qualitative and explorative methodology was designed, focused on Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) from the information technology sector (ITS). It was then compared with a previous study of SME manufacturing in the food sector, both of which are in Costa Rica. Compre-hensive, face to face interviews were implemented, with SME owners or managers who have recently launched an innovative service. The Nvivo version 10 software was used to process the information. The investigation results allowed the identification of a series of common phases and elements in the SME studied, for the development of innovations. Also, the existence of a series of differences and similarities in the innovation processes of these ITS SME with manufacturing SME was detected.

Resumen: Este trabajo explora la experiencia en el tiempo de Kitek Kiwe, una organización de campesinos principalmente indígenas de la Nasa, formada después de una masacre, que fue desplazada forzadamente desde su lugar de origen y reasentada en otra parte del Cauca, Colombia. Los autores llevaron a cabo una extensa investigación colaborativa durante casi una década, a partir de la etnografía, el acompañamiento, la realización de un video, entre otros. Sus etnografías detalladas ayudaron al equipo a comprender la recuperación social y subjetiva que conlleva la reconstrucción de los vínculos emocionales con la sociedad a través de la creación de comunidades emocionales. Estas son comunidades de sentido en las se entretejen las narrativas de memoria, el testimonio personal como víctimas y la creación de referentes morales con profundas cargas afectivas. El dolor trasciende la indignación y alimenta la organización y la movilización pública amplia en torno a verdad y justicia. Palabras claves: Memória, violencia, comunidades emocionales, Cauca, Colombia

The bloom-forming toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella was first detected in southern Chile (39.5–55° S) 50 years ago and is responsible for most of the area’s cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Given the complex life history of A. catenella, which includes benthic sexual cysts, in this study, we examined the potential link between latitude, toxicity, and sexual compatibility. Nine clones isolated from Chilean Patagonia were used in self- and out-crosses in all possible combinations (n = 45). The effect of latitude on toxicity, reproductive success indexes, and cyst production was also determined. Using the toxin profiles for all strains, consisting of C1, C2, GTX4, GTX1, GTX3, and NeoSTX, a latitudinal gradient was determined for their proportions (%) and content per cell (pg cell−1), with the more toxic strains occurring in the north (−40.6° S). Reproductive success also showed a latitudinal tendency and was lower in the north. None of the self-crosses yielded resting cysts. Rather, the production of resting cysts was highest in pairings of clones separated by distances of 1000–1650 km. Our results contribute to a better understanding of PSP outbreaks in the region and demonstrate the importance of resting cysts in fueling new toxic events. They also provide additional evidence that the introduction of strains from neighboring regions is a cause for concern.

The search for efficacious treatment of neurodegenerative and progressive neuroinflammatory diseases continues, as current therapies are unable to halt or reverse disease progression. PACAP represents one potential therapeutic that provides neuroprotection effects on neurons, and also modulates inflammatory responses and circulation within the brain. However, PACAP is a relatively long peptide hormone that is not trivial to synthesize. Based on previous observations that the shortened isoform PACAP1–23 is capable of inducing neuroprotection in vitro, we were inspired to synthesize shortened glycopeptide analogues of PACAP1–23. Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro characterization of glycosylated PACAP1–23 analogues that interact strongly with the PAC1 and VPAC1 receptors, while showing reduced activity at the VPAC2 receptor.

In southern Chile, Alexandrium catenella is the main species generating harmful algal blooms (HABs) and over time it has expanded its range since it was first recorded in the Magallanes region in 1972. In 2016 a severe bloom of an Alexandrium species occurred, which was notable for its intensity and geographical extent, extending into new areas to the north of the Patagonian fjords including areas along the open Pacific Ocean coast. Given the exceptional nature of this event, we verified the taxonomic classification of the species that generated the bloom and evaluated the influence of the range expansion process on its genetic structure and population diversity. This was achieved by isolating clones collected in 2014 from cyst beds located at the northern limit of its then known distribution, along with clones isolated from the water samples taken during the 2016 bloom. These clones were characterized genetically with LSU rDNA and AFLPs molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all clones were aggregated in the Group I of the A. tamarense species complex, which confirmed that A. catenella was the species responsible for the 2016 bloom. High genetic diversity was observed within populations though there were no significant differences between populations. Furthermore, genetic structure showed an isolation by distance relationship among populations, and several analyses consistently indicated a high divergence among the population groups derived from both cysts and vegetative cells. Despite this study not finding the patterns expected for species range expansion (i.e., diversity gradient and/or high population divergence), the genetic diversity and structure indicated that these were influenced by the geographic distance effect and the physical restrictions to gene flow, along with the demographic processes that occurred during the distinct phases of the life cycle of A. catenella.

Splitting sets into clusters has been shown to maintain performance during resistance training. This study compared the acute fatigue produced by a traditional (TSC) versus a cluster (CSC) set configuration in the smith machine half squat exercise. Fifteen males performed a single bout of TSC and CSC separated by 72–96 h. In the TSC, participants performed as many repetitions as possible until reaching a 20% drop in barbell velocity (MPV), while in the CSC, they performed the same number of repetitions with 15 seconds inter-repetition rest. Effects of both protocols in MPV, countermovement jump height (CMJ), and blood lactate (BLa) were measured. Significant differences between protocols were found for MPV of the last repetition (0.4 vs 0.5 m/s TSC and CSC) and BLa (6.8 mmol/L vs 3.2 mmol/L TSC and CSC). Significant drop of velocity from the first to the last repetition of the set (19.9%), decrease in CMJ height (35.4 vs 32.6 cm), and increase in BLa (2.1 vs 6.8 mmol/L) pre–post-exercise was observed just for the TSC protocol. The results of the present study showed that CSC reduces the lactate response and mechanical fatigue produced by a single set on the half squat exercise in comparison with TSC.

This article explores the opportunities and challenges given by social cartography as a participatory and collaborative methodology to characterize the socio-environmental conflicts in three areas of the upper basin of the Cauca River, Colombia. The text is organized in five parts: (i) introduction to the article, (ii) description of the problem and the research context, (iii) presentation of the ethnographic context and methodological decisions, (iv) reflection on the cartographic process and products, and (iv) conclusions on the main methodological challenges identified during the development of the research.

El término del estoma grastointesinal (GIST) se emplea para designar al tipo más común de tumor mesenquimal del tracto gastrointestinal; pueden aparecer en todo el aco gastointestinal (TGI) y en ocasiones en el mesenterio. esentamos una puesta al día de un tema de actualidad, de ceciente conocimiento en nuesto medio, que presenta diicultades en su diagnóstico siendo impescindible el uso de técnicas inmunohistoquímicas paa elo; los avances en el conocimiento genético han permitido identificar una anomala molecular especica y simultáneamente el fármaco especiico para ésta anomalía. Estos tumores representan una entidad nosológica paticula, a partir del descubrimiento en 1998 de a expresión de un receptor mutado de la tirosinquinasa (e-KIT) en las células fusiformes que los componen.

La fístula perianal es una enfermedad benigna de frecuente consulta en los Servicios de Cirugía. Los autores presentan un caso con múltiples fístulas anorrectales complicadas. Es muy poco frecuente y requiere consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas particulares. Dadas las limitaciones en el diagnóstico clínico, varios procedimientos parac/ínicos se han sugerido para la evaluación preoperatoria. Se analizan elementos anatómicos, patológicos, de la paraclínica y el tratamiento quirúrgico

La enermedad de Crohn a pesar de ser una patología fundamentalmente de tratamiento médico, requiere hasta en un 60% de los casos de procedimientos quirúrgicos, ya sea por falla del mismo o por la forma de presentación o por la presencia de complicaciones. Es por eso que el conocimiento de esta.patología por los cirujanos es impotante ya sea en los aspectos patogénicos así como el enoque terapéutico condicionado a la forma anatomopatológica adoptada o a sus complicaciones. Se analizan diferentes casos clínicos tratados por los autores con diversas formas de presentación, estudio y tratamiento.

Se busca conocer la relación que existe entre el compromiso organizacional y algunas variables demográficas (estudiados por Mathieu y Zajac) en una muestra de 190 personas con una elevada educación, proveniente de diversas organizaciones y de variados tamaños. Se encontró correlación alta entre compromiso afectivo y satisfacción general con el trabajo, también entre compromiso afectivo y compromiso con el trabajo, igual que compromiso afectivo y claridad del rol. En cambio no fue significativa la relación con jerarquía del puesto. Por otro lado, las correlaciones entre el compromiso de conveniencia y las demás variables resultaron inferiores, siendo la más alta con claridad del rol, seguida por satisfacción con el trabajo. En cambio ninguna de las variables demográficas denotó asociación importante con el compromiso de conveniencia. Ni el sexo ni el estado civil denotaron ejercer influencia alguna sobre el compromiso.

Se presentan 107 colecistectomías realizadas en CRAMI por patología litiásica durante el año 1999. 52 fueron realizadas por abordaje videolaparoscópico y 55 por técnica abierta, 24 de ellas en la urgencia. El tiempo de internación fue de 1.04 días para la colecistectomía laparoscópica y de 3.06 y 4.04 para la convencional de coordinación y urgencia respectivamente. Se utilizaron 5 veces menos analgésicos y antibióticos en los pacientes operados por vía laparoscópica.

La agroindustria y el extractivismo han generado un profundo cambio en las prácticaseconómicas tradicionales del Alto Cauca en Colombia en detrimento de los sistemas socio-económicos de subsistencia de la población local Afro-campesina. El intenso conflictoarmado y la migración forzada han acompañado la instauración de estos modelos de acumulaciónpor despojo. Utilizando una metodología de investigación participativa, este artículoanaliza críticamente la disputa por el acceso y la propiedad sobre la tierra y los bienesambientales del territorio, rescatando el punto de vista de comunidades Afrodescendientesy organizaciones sociales que han resistido desde la colonia y hasta nuestros días para defendersus pueblos y territorios.

Se presenta el análisis de una serie prospectiva de cincuenta y dos pacientes sometidos a diferentes procedimientos de herniorrafia de coordinación bajo anestesia local potenciada. Se exponen los fundamentos anatómicos y farmacológicos, los criterios de selección de la muestra y los detalles de la técnica anestésica. Se destaca la factibilidad de ejecución de herniorrafia para cualquier topografia herniaria, pudiéndose completar una amplia variedad de reparaciones con buen confort intra y posoperatorio. Es una técnica anestésica que no aumenta la morbimortalidad, siendo ideal en la organización de programas de cirugia ambulatoria.

Se presenta un caso de invaginación entérica secundaria a /infama no hodgking intestinal primario. Se destacan las características clínicas del caso, analizando las diferentes formas de presentación anatomoclínicas de los !infamas intestina/es primitivos y su tratamiento.

Este articulo explora las oportunidades y los desafíos de la cartografía social como metodología participativa y colaborativa de investigación para caracterizar los conflictos socioambientales en tres territorios de la cuenca alta del rio Cauca, al suroccidente de Colombia. El texto esta organizado en cinco partes: (i) introducción al articulo, (ii) descripción del problema y del contexto de investigación, (iii) presentación del contexto etnográfico y decisiones metodológicas, (iv) reflexión sobre el proceso y los productos cartográficos, y (v) conclusiones sobre los principales desafíos metodológicos identificados durante el desarrollo de esta investigación.

Estudio anatómico prospectivo de las venas superficiales de los antebrazos de 70 cadáveres humanos. El análisis estadístico de /os resultados busca establecer /as características morfológicas de estas venas que no constan en las descripciones anatómicas clásicas y que condicionan su utilidad en la realización de angioaccesos para hemodiálisis crónica.

Se analiza una serie de 100 cánceres g ástricos operados en las Clínicas Quirúrgicas del Hospital de Clínicas entre 1969 y 1989.

Se estudia la anatomía de las venas superficiales del antebrazo en 140 miembros de cadáveres con miras a la confección de fistulas arteriovenosas para hemodiálisis. La vena radial superficial es la que se ajusta mejor para tal fin.

O desenvolvimento científico nos permite trabalhar hoje com gases em temperaturas muito inferiores aos 10-6 K. Estes gases, uma vez obtidos por técnicas de resfriamento óptico, precisam ser caracterizados com relaçãao às suas propriedades termodinâmicas. a a medida da temperatura. Dentre tais propriedades está a medida da temperatura. Neste trabalho mostramos de forma tutorial como são medidas tais baixas temperaturas, através de técnicas de tempo de voo. Tais técnicas combinam conhecimento básico de mecânica, termodinâmica dentre outros tópicos convencionalmente estudados nos cursos básicos de física.

Resumo A partir de 2019, a unidade de massa do Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI), o quilograma, terá sua definição modificada. Deixará de ser o artefato metálico guardado na sede do BIPM, nos arredores de Paris, para ser baseado na constante de Planck (h). Qual é a necessidade desta mudança? E como as medidas são realizadas? São algumas das perguntas que respondemos nesta comunicação, onde descrevemos a operação do experimento denominado Balança de Watt utilizado para a nova maneira de realizar a unidade de massa. Também detalhamos como montamos uma Balança para fins didáticos, utilizada em apresentações sobre o tema. O tópico é de interesse de todos, mas em especial para alunos que recebem aulas de física em qualquer uma das áreas de formação.