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Two new species are added to the genus Armstrongium (dlinza and carolinae). The genera Silvanidium, Silvanidiella, Pondoidium, and Parasilvanidium are treated as subgenera of Eremidium. The nominal subgenus Eremidium (Eremidium) appears to be comprised of five species groups, here called Group A through E. The subgenus E. (Silvanidium) is considered to included only the type species, E. (S.) armstrongi (Brown). Of the three species previously placed under Silvanidium, aculeatum Brown and peninsulare Brown are moved to Silvanidiella and margaretae Brown is moved to a new subgenus Natalium. Pondoidium trilineatum Brown is placed under Eremidium (Pondoidium). The subgenus Eremidium (Eremidium) now includes 21 species, of which two are new. The subgenus Eremidium (Silvanidiella) presently includes 17 species, of which 11 are new. The subgenus Eremidium (Pondoidium) presently includes 10 species, of which 4 are new. The subgenus Eremidium (Parasilvanidium) presently includes one species, previously placed under Parasilvanidium.A new genus Zulutettix is described to include 4 new species: unicornis, entumeni, hluhluwe, and tarranti.

This is a progress paper on the taxonomy of eleven genera in the grasshopper family Lentulidae from South Africa. They are: Afrotettix Dirsh with eight species, six of which are new (abuntix, berupo, eduva, tinipa, frixo and rabex); Calviniacris Dirsh with one species; Atopotattix Brown with one species; Devylderia Sjostedt, with eleven species, seven of which are new (locapsa, lishe, compoti, seche, segasa, solveigae, and koenigkrameri); Karruia Rehn with three species, one of which is new (nova); Dirshidium Brown with three species, two of which are new (kado and jati); Gymnidium Karsch, with three species, one of which is new (ydiumi); Leatettix Dirsh with 18 species, eleven of which are new (carinae, lillianae, erymnita, fursti, elizabethae, cowperi, greeni, knowlesi, armstrongi, cadei and rohweri); Tsautettix Otte, with one new species (adriani); Kalaharicus Brown, with one species; and Shelfordites Karny with five species, three of which are new (lapollai, laurelae, and spearmani).

Five new species of crickets in the subfamily Eneopterinae (tribe Hapithini) are reported from Jamaica and Puerto Rico. The species are Antillicharis dystheratos n.sp, A. vocatus n.sp., A. volatus n.sp., Laurepa killos n.sp. and Orocharis elyunquensis n.sp. The last species is described from Puerto Rico.

Twenty-seven species of Eremidium are now known. In this paper sixteen new species are named and described. The genus ranges along the eastern scarp of South Africa, preferring lush vegetation, often at the margins of forests, but also occurring in the eastern extension of the fynbos region of the Cape. Illustrations of Nyassacris are provided for comparison.

The economic feasibility of processes in the chemical industry is often determined by the energy and raw material demand, hence process efficiency is crucial. Most published methods to increase the efficiency of industrial processes are limited by a maximum possible degree of complexity of the respective processes. Thus, a systematic approach for the retrofit of existing processes is developed in the presented work, particularly for processes with industrial relevant complexity. The hybrid approach combines heuristic and mathematical methods. Due to recycle streams in the processes, retrofit modifications can affect the entire process, thus the operating points of all units have to be adapted. Therefore, a mathematical optimisation problem is formulated and a method based on the global optimisation algorithm molecular inspired parallel tempering (MIPT) is developed. In order to solve the optimisation problem, MATLAB™ and Chemcad™ are linked via an OPC interface. The developed method is successfully applied to an existing complex industrial world-scale process, which comprises a large number of components, including 18 unit operations and a considerable number of recycle streams. The presented retrofit leads to an increase of the efficiency of this complex process.

The genera Eneremius SAUSSURE, Lithidium UVAROV and Lithidiopsis DIRSH are revised. Lithidium becomes a junior synonym of Eneremius. Eneremius includes seven species previously described (some under Lithidium) and 12 new species. Lithidiopsis includes two previously described species (one under Lithidium) and two new species. A new genus Tsautettix, in the the Lentulidae, is erected to include one species previously placed under Eneremius (namaquensis BROWN), and ten new species. The new genus Tanquata, also in the Lentulidae, is erected to include two new species from Tanqua Karoo.

Leatettix is a genus of small bush-dwelling grasshoppers known from the fynbos region of the Cape Province. They are distributed north through Namaqualand. One species is from near Aus, in Namibia. Four species in this genus were previously known, one as Namatettix denticornis. Twenty-nine new species are described here.

The genus Aptenopedes Scudder is revised. Two new related genera, Floritettix and Floridacris are described. Twentysix species are mapped and illustrated. Aptenopedes now encompases nine species of which five are new. Seven species or subspecies formerly included in Aptenopedes are here placed into the new genus Floritettix. Four taxa treated as subspecies of Aptenopedes aptera (borealis, coquinae, saturiba and simplex) are raised to species rank and placed in Floritettix. Two taxa treated as subspecies of Aptenopedes sphenarioides (appalachee and clara) are raised to species rank. Three new species and Aptenopedes robusta are assigned to the new genus Floridacris.

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Aim This work examines whether the history of diversification of Amphiacusta (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) in the Caribbean corresponds to a vicariant or a dispersalist model. Location The Greater Antillean islands of the Caribbean region. Methods The phylogenetic relationships among species were estimated using a procedure that directly estimates the underlying species tree from independent loci (in this case, one mitochondrial and one nuclear locus). This tree was then used to test for topological congruence with a vicariant model, and to estimate divergence times. Results The analyses based on the expected pattern of species divergence (i.e. species-tree topology) support a vicariant model. With the notable exception of a dispersal event marking the colonization of Jamaica, the timing of the events are generally consistent with a vicariant scenario, given the current taxon sampling and potential errors with dating the divergence events. Main conclusions The tendency of species to co-segregate by island suggests that intra-island diversification is common. Despite their flightlessness, species of Amphiacusta are apparently capable of long-distance dispersal, such as colonization from the Puerto Rican/Virgin Island bank to Jamaica. The topology of the species tree is consistent with a vicariant model of divergence, and the dates of divergence between island groups are generally consistent with an island–island vicariance model. A strict island–island vicariance scenario can, however, be rejected because of inferred dispersal events such as the colonization of Jamaica. Nevertheless, the biogeographic tests suggest that most of the diversity was generated under a combination of intra-island diversification and island–island vicariance. Additional sampling of taxa will be needed to verify this hypothesized scenario. Our findings indicate that Amphiacusta presents an ideal opportunity for examining the role of sexual selection in promoting diversification, which would complement the large number of studies focused on adaptive divergence of Caribbean taxa.

A new nemobiine cricket from Anak Krakatau in the Sunda Strait (Pteronemobius krakatau n. sp.) and a new grylline from Clarion Island in the eastern Pacific (Gryllus alexanderi n. sp.) are illustrated and described.

This paper reports on a recent biotic survey of the Fiji Islands (Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey) sponsored by the Schlinger Foundation and the National Science Foundation. A total of 52 new species and 11 new genera of crickets are added to the previously known 21 species and 16 genera. All of the new taxa are from the four largest islands: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, and Kadavu. [For data on HOLOTYPES see Postscript on page 218].

Thirty-nine new species of Cardiodctatylus Saussure are described from the western Pacfic region—between Tonga and Samoa in the East and Ishigaki Island near Taiwan. Much collecting through the Pacific indicates that the genus does not extend east of Samoa. Species of Mikluchomaklaia, Madasumma, Landreva, Lebinthus and Modicogryllus are also described.

Twenty-one new species are described in a new genus, Mexitettix. Another new genus, Mexacris, is erected for two species previously placed in Phaedrotettix. Both new genera are known only from eastern Mexico — from Coahuila south to Vera Cruz. Mexitettix extends south to Hidalgo. Both species consist of entirely flightless species whose forewings are small pads which extend from the prontum to cover the auditory tympana. Mexitettix lives among weeds and bushes in dry country, often among rocks in eroded landscapes and mountain sides.

Orthoptera is the most diverse order among the polyneopteran groups and includes familiar insects, such as grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, and their kin. Due to a long history of conflicting classification schemes based on different interpretations of morphological characters, the phylogenetic relationships within Orthoptera are poorly understood and its higher classification has remained unstable. In this study, we establish a robust phylogeny of Orthoptera including 36 of 40 families representing all 15 currently recognized superfamilies and based on complete mitochondrial genomes and four nuclear loci, in order to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses and to provide a framework for a natural classification and a reference for studying the pattern of divergence and diversification. We find strong support for monophyletic suborders (Ensifera and Caelifera) as well as major superfamilies. Our results corroborate most of the higher-level relationships previously proposed for Caelifera, but suggest some novel relationships for Ensifera. Using fossil calibrations, we provide divergence time estimates for major orthopteran lineages and show that the current diversity has been shaped by dynamic shifts of diversification rates at different geological times across different lineages. We also show that mitochondrial tRNA gene orders have been relatively stable throughout the evolutionary history of Orthoptera, but a major tRNA gene rearrangement occurred in the common ancestor of Tetrigoidea and Acridomorpha, thereby representing a robust molecular synapomorphy, which has persisted for 250 Myr., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Three new species of Trigonidium, T. manuka n.sp., T. napau n. sp. and T. molukeia n. sp. are described —first two species are from Hawaii Island, the last from Oahu.

A globally distributed cricket species, Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker), has recently been treated as a junior synonym of Gryllodes supplicans (Walker) from Sri Lanka. Examination of the male genitalia indicate that G. sigillatus is distinct from the Sri Lankan species. Two species were described from Sri Lanka — G. supplicans, and its junior synonym, G. greeni Chopard. The type of G. supplicans is lost. A syntype male of G. greeni is here designated as the neotype of G. supplicans.

The genus Melanoplus is currently subdivided into numerous species groups, mostly informally by arrangement in collections. Most of the groups need further study. This paper treats the Viridipes Group which previously included 11 species. In this paper we have described two new species: M. lilianae n. sp. and M. benni n. sp. One species, M. gracilis, probably does not belong to this group. I have included it here because its affinities with other Melanoplus species remain unknown. Like the Viridipes Group it is characterized by its green legs. The members of this group are distributed mostly east of the Mississippi River. Two species, M. sylvatica and M. beameri, are known from west of the river. Most of the species emerge as adults in the spring or early summer and some are believed to overwinter in later nymphal stages. These species also prefer woodland habitats, especially along woods margins and small openings in woods. But sometimes they may be found some distance from the woodland edge, es...

The grasshopper genus Sinaloa Scudder is composed of 8 species, 5 of which are new: S. behrens, S. nitida, S. pulchella, S. sipuri n. sp., S. uri n. sp., S. garabe n. sp., S. jubaami n. sp., and S. isena n. sp. Barytettix peninsulae from the southern tip of Baja California was incorrectly placed under Sinaloa by Bruner (1908) and Hebard (1925). The genus is known only from western Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Jalisco) where it occurs mostly in the lowlands. The species are differentiated mainly by the configuration of the male genitalia.

Patterns of colonization and diversification on islands provide valuable insights into evolutionary processes. Due to their unique geographic position and well known history, the Galapagos Islands are an important model system for evolutionary studies. Here we investigate the evolutionary history of a winged grasshopper genus to infer its origin and pattern of colonization in the Galapagos archipelago. The grasshopper genus Sphingonotus has radiated extensively in the Palaearctic and many species are endemic to islands. In the New World, the genus is largely replaced by the genus Trimerotropis. Oddly, in the Caribbean and on the Galapagos archipelago, two species of Sphingonotus are found, which has led to the suggestion that these might be the result of anthropogenic translocations from Europe. Here, we test this hypothesis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from a broad sample of Sphingonotini and Trimerotropini species from the Old World and New World. The genetic data show two distinct genetic clusters representing the New World Trimerotropini and the Old World Sphingonotini. However, the Sphingonotus species from Galapagos and the Caribbean split basally within the Old World Sphingonotini lineage. The Galapagos and Caribbean species appear to be related to Old World taxa, but are not the result of recent anthropogenic translocations as revealed by divergence time estimates. Distinct genetic lineages occur on the four investigated Galapagos Islands, with deep splits among them compared to their relatives from the Palaearctic. A scenario of a past wider distribution of Sphingonotus in the New World with subsequent extinction on the mainland and replacement by Trimerotropis might explain the disjunct distribution.

The discovery of a rare color morph in three different genera of Oedipodinae indicates that the genus Eximacris Otte and the two species included in it are synonyms of pre-existing taxa. A specimen of Dissosteira Carolina from the south rim of the Grand Canyon was discovered to have the same odd color patterns as Eximacris superbum and Eximacris phenax. Then a specimen of Trimerotropis maritima from the shore of Lake Erie was discovered to have the identical color pattern. These two discoveries led to the suspicion that the two species of Eximacris might also be color morphs of previously known species. Concerted efforts by the author to find additional specimens of superbum (only two specimens known previously) and of phenax (only one specimen known previously) were made in the two areas from which these "species" were collected (south Texas and Oklahoma). Eximacris superbum comes from a region of Texas where Spharagemon cristatum is common. And Eximacris phenax comes from within the range of Trimerotropis maritima in Oklahoma. Examination of these specimens indicates that, except for the radically different body coloration, they are identical to the species from whose ranges they come. It now appears conclusive, that a rare color morph appears in the three closely related genera, Spharagemon, Dissosteira and Trimerotropls. Consequently the following synonymy is proposed

This paper presents a systematic approach for the improvement of existing complex processes in chemical industry in order to increase their efficiency. As a result, modifications of process configurations are developed. Due to their implementation several internal stream compositions may be changed. In order to guarantee all demanded product specifications, new operating points need to be found. Hence, a method based on the global optimization algorithm MIPT has been developed in MatlabTM. The process simulation software ChemCADTM has been linked to MatlabTM in order to solve the optimization problem. The developed method is applied to a complex example process. The influence of changing feed composition on several process variables is pointed out.

Seventy six new Melanoplus species from the United States are described. These include the following groups and species: The Sanguinipes Species Group Melanoplus mantua new species, Melanoplus uinta new species Melanoplusperezi new species. Melanoplus Artimisiae Group Melanoplus cedarense new species Melanoplus tendoyense new species Dodgei Species Group Melanoplus boulderensis new species Melanoplus glymma new species Melanoplus nufioi new species Melanoplus cumbres new species Melanoplus culebra new species Melanoplus adapi new species Melanoplus hatu new species Melanoplus delano new species Melanoplus wai new species Melanoplus ourayensis new species Melanoplus douglasi new species Melanoplus pahgre new species Melanoplus atangi new species Melanoplus betangi new species Melanoplus gothicus new species Melanoplusflechado new species Femurnigrum Species Group Melanoplus janus new species Melanoplus empusa new species Melanoplus mogollona new species Melanoplus withingtoni new species Melanoplu...

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses crickets, which are insects in the order Orthoptera that comprise the ensiferan family Gryllidae. Crickets have long thread-like antennae, two slender tactual abdominal cerci, three tarsal segments, and some bulbous sensory setae basally on the insides of the cerci. No other insects share all these features; the last is closest to a single defining trait, shared by only certain Stenopelmatidae. The forewings of crickets, when present, are typically stiff and leathery; the hind wings are membranous and fold fan-like under the forewing when not being used. They occur almost everywhere on the earth between the regions of taiga vegetation that start at approximately 55° North and South latitude. Some seem to feed almost entirely on vegetable matter, yet sometimes consume carrion and even ferociously kill and eat other insects. Several species frequent human dwellings and refuse heaps, most notably A. domesticus and the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus. Subterranean species feed mostly on roots and can be injurious when abundant in crops, gardens, lawns, golf courses, and newly reseeded forests.

The new genus Tergoceracris consists of six new species; all are brachypterous, semi-arboreal and montane grasshoppers. They are distinguished from all other known neotropical acridoids by having exaggerated and vertically projecting furculae in the males. Two new species are from the Dominican Republic (Tergoceracris ocampensis n. sp. and Tergoceracris ebanoverde n. sp.) and four from Puerto Rico (Tergoceracris guajataca n. sp., Tergoceracris cerropunta n. sp., Tergoceracris cayey n. sp., and Tergoceracris luquillensis n. sp.).

A species is the fundamental or basic unit of organic or biological diversity, usually characterized as a set of individuals or populations of individuals that comprise an interbreeding or potentially interbreeding unit. Speciation is the formation or origin of species, usually the formation of several new daughter species from an existing ancestral species. Keywords: allopatric; diversity; isolation; polyploidy; selection; sympatric

Speciation. Modes of speciation. Mechanisms, hybrid zones, isolating mechanisms, reinforcement .... These words, and many others associated with speciation research, often bring fear and loathing to practicing evolutionary biologists, and certainly to those of us who try to teach evolution at the undergraduate level. The reason for this is partly the material (speciation really is complicated), and partly that no one seems able to agree even on the terminology associated with speciation, let alone the proper way to study the process. For example, I often find myself using the Biological Species Concept in a classroom situation, dreading the inevitable "But what if the two taxa don't occur in sympatry?" True, one can fall back on morphospecies operational definitions, or cladistic concepts of definable monophyletic taxa, but none of these are wholly satisfying, either to me or the class. Ultimately, I often find myself simply saying that there are a lot of opinions, little resolution, and several ways of looking at the problem, and moving on before anyone gets even more frustrated. Which is a lousy way to deal with the topic that was of primary concern to Darwin, and has been a central focus of evolutionary biology ever since. In late 1987, a symposium was organized at the Academy of Natural Sciences to celebrate the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Academy. The topic of concern was speciation, and this volume, edited by Otte and Endler, contains 25 contributions covering the spectrum of speciation topics. I wasn't able to attend the symposium, but based on this book, I wish I had. It must have been wild. The book is loosely organized into seven parts; Concepts of Species, Genetic Structure of Species Boundaries, Effects of Population Structure on Speciation, two parts on the Biogeography and Ecology of Speciation (one section on Background and Theory, and one on Empirical Studies), and Evolutionary Consequences of Speciation. The seventh "part" is a concluding chapter on Conceptual and Other Problems in Speciation, where Endler sums up the conference. However, as the editors admit in the Preface, the organization is "somewhat arbitrary in that the authors wrote what they thought would be most interesting and we arranged them into groups afterwards." In essence, this book is really an eclectic collection of papers by 37 of the more interesting practitioners in evolutionary biology, providing either a review of recent results, or their philo

A new genus and species of acridid grasshopper Duartettix montanus Perez and Otte is described from high mountain valleys of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. D. montanus is very small, brachypterous and apparently the highest altitude inhabiting acridoid grasshopper in the West Indies. The genus is placed in the subfamily Melanoplinae. This is the first record of the subfamily Melanoplinae for the Greater Antilles.

A visit to Kauai in 1997 revealed a catastrophic drop in Laupala cricket populations in the Keahua region of the island. Ants, previously unknown at collection sites, were now found in large numbers. This study investigates the possible effects of ants on Laupala. Localities from Hawaii, Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, previously known to possess large cricket populations were examined for the number of crickets heard singing and the presence of ants. Cricket songs provide a method by which cricket abundance can be assessed. No sites were found to have both an abundant Laupala population and a population of Pheidole megacephala. The data suggest that in eastern Kauai the decline in crickets, and the peculiar distribution patterns observed, can be attributed to predation by this ant.

We describe one new species of Hygronemobius, two new species of Pteronemobius from the highlands of Santa Cruz and San Cristobal and a new genus and species of Trigonidiinae. The new Hygronemobius daphne and the new Trigonidiine, Jarmilaxipha ecuadorica n. gen., n. sp. are believed to have been introduced into Galapagos (from an unknown source) within the last 20 years. We provide songs for all species

Anurogryllus typhlops n. sp. is described from Isabela Island, Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. A second species, known only from a nymph, occurs on Santa Cruz Island. These are the only member of the subfamily known from Ecuador. They are blind subterranean species, and considered to be a relicts which descended from an earlier and now extinct epigean colonist.

Type.-Holotype male. South Africa: Transvaal, Luis Trichardt area, Ben Lavin Reserve, 23-09S 7-18E, 26 ii 1995 (Kriegbaum, Toms, Brozowski) Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Diagnosis.-This species differs from all others by the male calling song (see Otte 1987 for songs of other speciesthose of D. schultzei, D. zomba, and D. capensis are not known) or by the male genitalia. The latter character easily distingushes the species from all others. Etymology.-Named after the late Helmut Kriegbaum who loved the African continent and its fauna. His work and

The new genus Tainacris is erected for three new species of Eumastacids from southwestern Dominican Republic, Hispaniola. They inhabit transitional dry to humid montane forests in low to medium elevations (200 700 m) of Sierra de Neiba and mountains of the Cordille:a Central. Additionally, two new species are described in the genus Antillacris Rehn & Rehn 1939 from high humid elevations (over 1,200 m) of the same mountain systems. As revealed by its weakly sclerotized and disk shaped epiphallus, Tainacris belongs in the subfamily Episactinae, together with the two previously known Hispaniolan Eumastacids Antillacris and Espagnola Rehn & Rehn 1939. Also a new fossil genus and species of Eumastacidae (Paleomastacris ambarinus) is described from Miocene Dominican amber. Along with the new species of Tainacris and Antillacris, this fossil is compared to known extant Episactinae in Hispaniola and Central America. It represents the first fossil true grasshopper (Acridomorpha) described from amber. [

Eight species of Gryllus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae) have been discovered on the Galapagos Islands. G. galapageius Scudder is known from two islands-Santa Cruz and Santa Fe. Seven species are new: G. abingdoni n. sp. and G. pinta n. sp. from Pinta, G. genovesa n. sp. from Genovesa, G. marchena n. sp. from Marchena, G. isabela n. sp.from Isabela and Fernandina, G. abditus n. sp. widespread in the islands, and G. darwini n. sp. from Darwin.

The new genera Espagnolopsis and Espagnolina are erected for 3 new species of Eumastacid grasshoppers from south and central Dominican Republic, Hispaniola. These grasshoppers inhabit three different high mountain areas (near and over 1,000 m) of the Cordillera Central. Espagnolina is brachypterous, while Espagnolopsis is macropterous. Most distinctive of both genera are the sexual ornamentations in the form of elevated and inwardly curving spines (1 pair in Espagnolina, 2 pairs in Espagnolopsis) projecting on the dorsal surface of the last one or two abdominal tergites of the males. These structures are homologous to those seen in Espagnola Rehn & Rehn (1939), horizontally attached on the last tergite of the abdominal dorsum. As evidenced by their internal