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We report on the clinical course and histopathologic muscle alterations of five patients diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis, who underwent biopsy due to their muscle manifestations. The five patients were females and only one was less than 40 years of age. Proximal muscle weakness was presented by all and only two patients complained of myalgia. Only normal values of serum muscle enzymes were detected. Electromyography revealed diverse findings such as normal, myopathic and neuropathic patterns. Granuloma was not present in one muscle biopsy. Two patients thoroughly recovered by taking only prednisone and one patient required a methotrexate addition for 3 months before becoming asymptomatic. The other two patients received azathioprine, one due to steroid side effects but without a satisfactory evolution, and the other to strengthen the prednisone régime, with excellent results.Relatamos o curso clínico e as alterações histopatológicas musculares de 5 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de neurossarcoidose, os quais foram submetidos à biópsia por apresentarem sintomatologia muscular. As cinco pacientes eram do sexo feminino e apenas uma com menos de 40 anos. Todas apresentavam fraqueza muscular proximal e apenas duas pacientes se queixaram de mialgia. Valores normais de enzimas musculares foram encontrados em todos os casos. A eletromiografia identificou vários padrões tal como normal, miopático e neuropático. Apenas uma paciente não apresentou granuloma na biópsia muscular. Das cinco pacientes, duas apresentaram melhora completa apenas usando prednisona. Uma paciente necessitou o acréscimo de metotrexato por 3 meses antes de se tornar assintomática. As outras duas pacientes fizeram uso de azatioprina, uma devido a efeitos colaterais do corticóide mas sem evolução satisfatória, e a outra para reforçar a terapia com prednisona com excelente resposta.

We report on the clinical course and histopathologic muscle alterations of five patients diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis, who underwent biopsy due to their muscle manifestations. The five patients were females and only one was less than 40 years of age. Proximal muscle weakness was presented by all and only two patients complained of myalgia. Only normal values of serum muscle enzymes were detected. Electromyography revealed diverse findings such as normal, myopathic and neuropathic patterns. Granuloma was not present in one muscle biopsy. Two patients thoroughly recovered by taking only prednisone and one patient required a methotrexate addition for 3 months before becoming asymptomatic. The other two patients received azathioprine, one due to steroid side effects but without a satisfactory evolution, and the other to strengthen the prednisone régime, with excellent results.

Inovações técnicas e tecnológicas têm liderado a expansão das indicações de uso das abordagens endoscópicas endonasais para a extirpação de lesões malignas do trato nasossinusal e base do crânio. OBJETIVO: Analisar criticamente a literatura disponível sobre o uso de abordagens endoscópicas endonasais incluindo indicações, limitações, técnicas cirúrgicas, desfecho oncológico e qualidade de vida. MÉTODO: Várias técnicas endoscópicas endonasais foram analisadas segundo a origem e extensão local das lesões malignas nasossinusais e da base do crânio, incluindo a porção anterior da base do crânio, nasofaringe, clívus e fossa infratemporal. A literatura disponível foi também avaliada em função dos desfechos. CONCLUSÃO: As abordagens endoscópicas endonasais são parte integrante do arsenal terapêutico desenvolvido para abordar neoplasias malignas do trato nasossinusais e da base do crânio. Em casos adequadamente selecionados, esta abordagem produz resultados oncológicos semelhantes com menor morbidade do que as abordagens abertas tradicionais. Não obstante, abordagens minimamente invasivas devem ser consideradas como complemento às abordagens abertas estabelecidas, ainda necessárias na maioria dos tumores mais avançados.

We report the case of a young woman who presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea due to an undiagnosed and untreated pituitary adenoma. The tumor had extended well beyond sella turcica and caused bony erosion. The patient initially refused surgery and was treated with bromocriptine and a radiation therapy. CSF leakage did not improved and she was submitted to surgery by the transsphenoidal approach with removal of a tumor mass located in sphenoid sinus and sellar region. Origin of the leak was localized and repaired with fascia lata and a lumbar subarachnoid drain was left in place for 5 days. After 4 years she has normal serum PRL levels and no rhinorrhea. The management, complications and mechanisms involved in this rare condition are discussed.

We report the case of a young woman who presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea due to an undiagnosed and untreated pituitary adenoma. The tumor had extended well beyond sella turcica and caused bony erosion. The patient initially refused surgery and was treated with bromocriptine and a radiation therapy. CSF leakage did not improved and she was submitted to surgery by the transsphenoidal approach with removal of a tumor mass located in sphenoid sinus and sellar region. Origin of the leak was localized and repaired with fascia lata and a lumbar subarachnoid drain was left in place for 5 days. After 4 years she has normal serum PRL levels and no rhinorrhea. The management, complications and mechanisms involved in this rare condition are discussed.Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que se apresentou com fístula liquórica devido a macroadenoma de hipófise sem diagnóstico e/ou tratamento prévio. O tumor estendia-se além dos limites da sela túrcica, causando erosão óssea. A paciente inicialmente recusou tratamento cirúrgico e foi então tratada com bromocriptina e radioterapia convencional. O fluxo de liquor da fístula não diminuiu e desta feita a paciente concordou com a realização da cirurgia. Realizou-se acesso transesfenoidal com remoção da massa tumoral do seio esfenoidal e selar. A origem da fístula foi reparada com enxerto autólago de fascia lata. Drenagem liquórica lombar foi utilizada por 5 dias. Atualmente, após 4 anos de seguimento, a paciente se apresenta com níveis normais de prolactina e sem sinais de fístula liquórica. Discutimos o mecanismo fisiopatológico desta rara apresentação dos tumores hipofisários bem como seu manejo e complicações.

Between 1993 and 1999, 44 patients submitted to resection of an expansible intradural extramedullary lesion who filled protocol requirements of appropriate follow up were studied. Patients were constituted by 43.2% female and 56.8% male. The mean age was 32.9 years old. Lesion most common location was at the thoracic spine, with 45.5% of the cases, followed by the lumbar level with 18.2%. Tumor extension varied from 1 to 7 vertebral segments, with an average of 2.5 levels. Schwannoma, with 65,9% of the cases, was the most frequent lesion, followed by meningioma with 20.5%. There were 2 cases of neurofibroma and 1 case of paraganglioma, neuroenteric cyst, metastasis and malignant schwannoma. The evolution was of improvement in 56.8%, stability in 31.8% and of worsening in 11.4%. There was no mortality related to the surgical procedure. All cases of worsening had total resection and they had lesions located in the thoracic segment. Total resection is the ideal modality of surgical treatment. However, at the thoracic level, where the peculiarities of spine irrigation prevail, surgical morbidade may be higher (p=0.014).

Cavernomas are vascular malformations that typically affect the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. They are angiographically occult lesions that depend on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for their diagnosis, presenting a hypointense perilesional ring caused by hemossiderin deposition as seen in T2 sequences. The ventricular location is rare, and image features may differ. We present two cases with diagnosis made only by histopathologic examination, due to a lack of classic image findings. Cavernous hemangiomas must be included in the differential diagnosis of intraventricular tumors, and total surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Perilesional ring as demonstrated by MRI, must not be expected when dealing with such lesions.

Granulocytic sarcoma is a solid tumor, composed by granulocytic precursor cells at various levels of differentiation, located at an extra-medullary site. It is associated with acute myeloid leukemia, and its presence reveals a bad prognostic factor. The treatment usually consists of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A case of an intracranial granulocytic sarcoma occurring six months after a bone marrow transplant in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia is reported. The patient presented with headache and left hemiplegia caused by a large fronto-parietal lesion with significant mass effect. After a complete surgical resection there was a full recovery of the deficit. The patient completed radiotherapy and chemotherapy with no evidence of disease after three months of follow-up. Surgery is indicated in the presence of progressive neurological deficit. Surgical decompression may provide rapid improvement and therefore, affect quality of survival.

Between 1993 and 1999, in the Divisions of Neurosurgery of the Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças and the Hospital de Clínicas in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 35 patients harboring intramedullary spinal cord tumors who were submitted to microsurgery were analyzed. There were 24 males (68.6%) and average age was 32.9 years. The main location, with 40% of cases, was the thoracic level, followed by cervical and cervico-thoracic levels with 25.7%. Neurological exam, carried out between 6 and 12 months after surgery, showed that 42.9% of patients improved, 34.3% were stable and 22.9% presented neurological worsening. Total resection was obtained in 57.2% of cases and subtotal in 37.1%. In 5.7% of patients a biopsy was the accomplished procedure. Total resection was more often obtained among patients with ependymomas (13 out of 17) than with astrocytomas (5 out of 12). However, degree of resection and tumor histology did not interfere in postoperative morbidity. Factors as sex, age and tumor's size also did not demonstrate significance in predicting prognostic after surgery, whereas tumor in a thoracic level was associated with higher morbidity (p=0.021).

Entre 1993 e 1999, foram analisados 35 pacientes submetidos a microcirurgia para remoção de tumor intramedular nos Serviços de Neurocirurgia do Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças e do Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba - PR. A população foi composta por 68,6% de pacientes do sexo masculino; a média de idade era de 32,9 anos. A localização tumoral mais frequente foi torácica em 40% dos casos, seguida pela região cervical e cervicotorácica em 25,7%. Ao exame neurológico realizado entre 6 a 12 meses do pós-operatório, 42,9% dos pacientes demonstraram melhora, 34,3% permaneceram estáveis e 22,9% dos casos apresentaram piora. A ressecção foi total em 57,2% dos casos e subtotal em 37,1%. Em 5,7% dos pacientes, foi realizada apenas biópsia para diagnóstico. O grau de ressecção completa foi maior nos ependimomas (13 de 17 casos) e menor nos astrocitomas (5 de 12 casos). Entretanto, o grau de ressecção e o tipo histológico não interferiram na morbidade pós-operatória. Fatores como sexo, idade e tamanho do tumor também não demonstraram importância na evolução após a cirurgia. A localização torácica do tumor foi associada a maior morbidade cirúrgica (p=0,021).

BACKGROUND The ideal approach to the treatment of soft cervical disc herniation remains controversial. Recent reports emphasize several variations of anterior cervical approaches, including the introduction of instrumentation techniques. New issues have been raised and modern neurosurgeons seem to be less familiar with the posterior approach. The objective of this study was to analyze the results obtained by surgical treatment via a posterior approach of soft cervical disc herniation. METHOD Fifty-one patients who underwent laminectomy/flavectomy and disc removal for the treatment of soft cervical disc herniation in the period of 1990 to 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. Relief of pain and motor and sensory improvement were the criteria used to measure the success of the procedure. RESULTS Most of the patients presented with acute radiculopathy. Radicular involvement was as follows: 25 cases-C7 root, 19 cases-C6 root, 4 cases-C5 root, and 3 cases-C8 root. Total relief of pain was obtained in 49 of 51 patients (96%). Motor improvement was obtained in 35 of 46 patients (76%) and sensory improvement in 22 of 35 patients (62.8%) in the short term. The mean time of hospitalization was 3 days. There was no mortality and no morbidity. CONCLUSION The advantage of this method, in selected cases, over the classical anterior approach, is that there is no need for grafting, thus avoiding the additional pain and possible complications at the donor and receptor sites, while obtaining similar results.