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COVID-19 stay-at-home (SAH) orders were impactful on adolescence, when social interactions affect development. This has the potential to change adolescent trauma. A post-hoc multicenter retrospective analysis of adolescent (13-17 years-old) trauma patients (ATPs) at 11 trauma centers was performed. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on injury date: historical control (CONTROL:3/19/2019-6/30/2019, before SAH (PRE:1/1/2020-3/18/2020), and after SAH (POST:3/19/2020-6/30/2020). The POST group was compared to both PRE and CONTROL groups in separate analyses. 726 ATPs were identified across the 3 time periods. POST had a similar penetrating trauma rate compared to both PRE (15.8% vs 13.8%, P = .56) and CONTROL (15.8% vs 14.5%, P = .69). POST also had a similar rate of suicide attempts compared to both PRE (1.2% vs 1.5%, P = .83) and CONTROL (1.2% vs 2.1%, P = .43). However, POST had a higher rate of drug positivity compared to CONTROL (28.6% vs 20.6%, P = .032), but was similar in all other comparisons of alcohol and drugs to PRE and POST periods (all P > .05). Hence ATPs were affected differently than adults and children, as they had a similar rate of penetrating trauma, suicide attempts, and alcohol positivity after SAH orders. However, they had increased drug positivity compared to the CONTROL, but not PRE group.

The analysis of brain function in resting-state network (RSN) models, which has been found in the functional connectivity pattern of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), is sufficiently powerful for studying large-scale functional integration of the brain. Although there has been an increasing interest in the relatively higher frequency of rs-fMRI data, the network architecture has been regarded as the same through different frequency bands in RSN-based research. This study examined whether the network architecture changes with frequency. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal was decomposed into four frequency bands (ranging from 0.007 Hz to 0.438 Hz), for each of which the clustering algorithm was applied. The best clustering number was selected for each frequency-band based on the overlap ratio with task activation maps provided by Neurosynth. The results demonstrate that (1) resting-state BOLD signals have frequency-specific network architecture, that is, the networks finely subdivided in the lower frequency bands are integrated into fewer networks in higher frequency bands rather than reconfigured, and (2) the default mode network(DMN) is the only associative network that has a strong enough architecture to survive the increasing noise in higher frequency bands. These findings provide a novel framework that enables a better understanding of brain function through the multiband frequency analysis of ultra-slow rs-fMRI data.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed hospitals, forcing adjustments including discharging patients earlier and limiting intensive care unit (ICU) utilization. This study aimed to evaluate ICU admissions and length of stay (LOS) for blunt trauma patients (BTPs).MethodsA retrospective review of COVID (3/19/20-6/30/20) versus pre-COVID (3/19/19-6/30/19) BTPs at eleven trauma centers was performed. Multivariable analysis was used to identify risk factors for ICU admission.Results12,744 BTPs were included (6942 pre-COVID vs. 5802 COVID). The COVID cohort had decreased mean LOS (3.9 vs. 4.4 days, p=0.029), ICU LOS (0.9 vs. 1.1 days, p0.05). On multivariable analysis, the COVID period was associated with decreased risk of ICU admission (OR=0.82, CI 0.75-0.90, p&nbsp

Pelagic fish embryos are thought to float in or near surface waters for the majority of their development and are presumed to have little to no control over their mobility, rendering these embryos at high risk for damages associated with surface stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We recently challenged these long-standing paradigms by characterizing a potential mechanism of stressor avoidance in early-life stage mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) in which embryos sense external cues, such as UVR, and modify their buoyancy to reduce further exposure. It is unknown whether embryos of other marine fish with pelagic spawning strategies have similar capabilities. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated buoyancy change in response to UVR in three additional species of marine fish that utilize a pelagic spawning strategy: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), and cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Embryos of all three species displayed increased specific gravity and loss of buoyancy after exposures to environmentally relevant doses of UVR, a response that may be ubiquitous to fish with pelagic embryos. To gain further insight into this response, we investigated recovery of buoyancy, oxygen consumption, energy depletion, and photolyase induction in response to UVR exposures in at least one of the three species listed above.

Individualized treatment of acute stroke depends on the timely detection of ischemia and potentially salvageable tissue in the brain. Using functional MRI (fMRI), it is possible to characterize cerebral blood flow from blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signals without the administration of exogenous contrast agents. In this study, we applied spatial independent component analysis to resting‐state fMRI data of 37 stroke patients scanned within 24 hr of symptom onset, 17 of whom received follow‐up scans the next day. Our analysis revealed “Hypoperfusion spatially‐Independent Components” (HICs) whose spatial patterns of BOLD signal resembled regions of delayed perfusion depicted by dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. These HICs were detected even in the presence of excessive patient motion, and disappeared following successful tissue reperfusion. The unique spatial and temporal features of HICs allowed them to be distinguished with high accuracy from other components in a user‐independent manner (area under the curve = 0.93, balanced accuracy = 0.90, sensitivity = 1.00, and specificity = 0.85). Our study therefore presents a new, noninvasive method for assessing blood flow in acute stroke that minimizes interpretative subjectivity and is robust to severe patient motion., This article presents a new, noninvasive method for assessing blood flow in acute stroke that minimizes interpretative subjectivity and is robust to patient motion.

We studied an accelerated longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults (n=223, two time points) to investigate dynamic reconfigurations in myeloarchitecture. Intracortical profiles were generated using magnetization transfer (MT) data, a myelin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging contrast. Mixed-effect models of depth specific intracortical profiles demonstrated two separate processes i) overall increases in MT, and ii) flattening of the MT profile related to enhanced signal in mid-to-deeper layers, especially in heteromodal and unimodal association cortices. This development was independent of morphological changes. Enhanced MT in mid-to-deeper layers was found to spatially co-localise specifically with gene expression markers of oligodendrocytes. Interregional covariance analysis revealed that these intracortical changes contributed to a gradual differentiation of higher-order from lower-order systems. Depth-dependent trajectories of intracortical myeloarchitectural development contribute to the maturation of structural hierarchies in the human neocortex, providing a model for adolescent development that bridges microstructural and macroscopic scales of brain organisation.

Ocean acidification (OA), the process by which increasing atmospheric CO 2 is absorbed by the ocean, lowering the pH of surface waters, has been shown to affect many marine organisms negatively. It has been suggested that organisms from regions with naturally low pH waters, such as upwelling areas, could serve as models for future effects of OA and may be adapted to increased p CO 2 levels. In this study, we examined the effects of OA on yellowfin tuna, a highly pelagic species that spawns in the eastern tropical Pacific, an area that includes regions of strong upwelling events. Larvae reared at decreasing pH levels (pH 8.1, 7.6, 7.3 and 6.9) showed increasing organ damage in the kidney, liver, pancreas, eye and muscle, which correlated with decreased growth and survival. These findings complement earlier studies on organ damage in Atlantic cod and herring larvae and demonstrate that OA may have detrimental effects on fish larvae, regardless of their pre-exposure to low pH waters.

To investigate the dietary effect of taurine on the larval stage of tuna species, Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) and yellowfin tuna (YFT), larvae were reared until 16 days after hatching (dAH) and 14 dAH, respectively, and replicate samples were fed either non-taurine-enriched rotifers (T-0) or rotifers enriched with 800 mg taurine L−1 (T-800). Most PBF and YFT larvae were at the preflexion stage until 7 and 8 dAH, and there were no differences in the growth performance and total protein content of larvae between the T-0 and T-800 groups (t-test; P > 0.05). Thereafter, however, for larvae of both species, these parameters in the T-800 group significantly increased with enhanced notochord development compared to those in T-0 group (t-test; P

To develop techniques for seedling production of yellowfin tuna, the behavior of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and gonadogenesis were examined at 1-30 days post hatching (dph) using morphometric analysis, histological examination, and in situ hybridization. Immediately after hatching, PGCs were located on the dorsal side of the posterior end of the rectum under the peritoneum of the larvae, and at 3 dph they came into contact with stromal cells. PGCs and stromal cells gradually moved forward from the anus prior to 5 dph. At 7-10 dph, germ cells were surrounded by stromal cells and the gonadal primordia were formed. In individuals collected at 12 dph, PGCs were detected by in situ hybridization using a vasa mRNA probe that is a germ-cell-specific detection marker. The proliferation of germ cells in the gonadal primordia began at 7-10 dph. We observed double the number of germ cells at 30 dph (22 ± 3.2 cells), compared to that at 1 dph (11 ± 2.1 cells). Therefore, based on our data and previous reports, the initial germ cell proliferation of yellowfin tuna is relatively slower than that of other fish species.

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are resulting in increasing absorption of CO2 by the earth׳s oceans, which has led to a decline in ocean pH, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). Evidence suggests that OA may have the potential to affect the distribution and population dynamics of many marine organisms. Early life history processes (e.g. fertilization) and stages (eggs, larvae, juveniles) may be relatively more vulnerable to potential OA impacts, with implications for recruitment in marine populations. The potential impact of OA upon tuna populations has not been investigated, although tuna are key components of pelagic ecosystems and, in the Pacific Ocean, form the basis of one of the largest and most valuable fisheries in the world. This paper reviews current knowledge of potential OA impacts on fish and presents results from a pilot study investigating how OA may affect eggs and larvae of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares. Two separate trials were conducted to test the impact of pCO2 on yellowfin egg stage duration, larval growth and survival. The pCO2 levels tested ranged from present day (~400 μatm) to levels predicted to occur in some areas of the spawning habitat within the next 100 years (

Early-stage mortality due to surface water tensionrelated death and due to sinking to the tank bottom was investigated for yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (YFT), larvae. Different aeration rates and rearing water surface conditions were examined to evaluate the effect on larval survival, swim bladder inflation and growth. The percentage survival of yolk sac larvae was significantly higher when the rearing water surface was covered with fish oil at aeration rates of 0 and 50 mL min 1 . The highest mortality occurred at the highest aeration rate of 250 mL min 1 regardless of surface water condition. A second experiment was conducted twice under different water surface conditions: the water surface was covered by fish oil (FO), skimmed of fish oil (SS), and was not treated (NC). The percentage survival was not significantly different between treatments after 7 days of feeding. In contrast to the survival, the proportion of larvae with inflated swim bladders was significantly higher for the NC and SS groups than that of the FO group. Results of these experiments indicate that the addition of oil to the rearing water surface without its removal interferes with the initial swim bladder inflation in YFT larvae. These results also indicate that YFT larvae need to obtain (gulp) air at the water surface for initial swim bladder inflation, and success of initial swim bladder inflation may be crucial for their survival.

The genetic population structure of the Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis and the yellowfin tuna (YFT) T. albacares in the North Pacific Ocean was investigated. The polymorphism of microsatellite (SSR) loci and sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region (mtCR) were analyzed for 71 samples of PBF from Japan and Mexico and 45 samples of YFT from Japan and Panama. In the SSR analyses, both single-locus (−0.010 to 0.008 in PBF and −0.023 to 0.020 in YFT) and global multilocus (0.003 in PBF and −0.002 in YFT) F ST values among the geographic populations were low and not significant in these species. In the mtCR analyses, neither the neighbor-joining tree nor the minimum spanning network showed genetic differentiation among the geographic populations in each species. The pairwise F ST values among the geographic populations of them (−0.005 in PBF and −0.020 to −0.014 in YFT) were low and not significant. Our SSR and mtCR data suggested that genetic differentiations were not evident among the eastern and western populations in the North Pacific Ocean either in PBF or in YFT. Mismatch distributions, demographic parameters, and neutrality tests suggested that sudden population expansion of PBF and YFT in the North Pacific Ocean occurred 628,000–731,000 and 450,000–525,000 years ago, respectively.

We determined the optimal water temperature and oxygen ranges for survival, development, and growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) eggs and yolk-sac and first-feeding larvae by conducting a series of experiments between 2004 and 2006 at the Achotines Laboratory on the Pacific coast of the Republic of Panama. Based on the results of our experiments, yolk sac and first-feeding yellowfin larvae exhibited lethal limits for their survival at temperatures less than 21 °C and greater than 33 °C. Embryos hatched alive at all temperatures tested except 36 °C; however, larvae were malformed after hatching at temperatures 27 °C. Within the temperature range for survival and normal development, mean specific growth rates in weight for larvae after 2 days of feeding maintained at mean temperatures of 21.3 °C, 26.6 °C, 27.5 °C, and 31.5 °C were 1.8%, 20.9%, 27.2%, and 45.0%, respectively. The optimal range of temperatures for rapid growth and moderate to high survival in first-feeding larvae was from about 26° to 31 °C. Lethal conditions (100% mortality) for larvae after hatching and shortly after the onset of first feeding occurred at dissolved oxygen concentrations of < 2.2 mg O2 L−1 (< 34% oxygen saturation) at temperatures between 26° and 29 °C. Significantly lower survival first occurred for first-feeding larvae when the larvae were exposed to dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.65 mg O2 L−1 (40.4% oxygen saturation). Based on our experimental results, critical depths for survival of yolk-sac and first-feeding yellowfin larvae within the Panama Bight of the Pacific Ocean would occur at depths less than 30 m during the upwelling season and at depths less than 50 m during the reduced upwelling season, based on temperature alone. Limiting oxygen levels may occur at depths greater than 30 m during the upwelling season and greater than 50 m during the reduced upwelling season.

The yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares ) is a circumtropical/subtropical marine species that supports major fisheries throughout its range. Tuna ranching – an activity that currently relies on fish captured from the wild – has rapidly expanded, thus placing even greater pressure on wild tuna stocks worldwide. Although captive propagation of tunas has proven feasible, hatchery technologies for YFT need improvement to increase larval survival. The onset of exogenous feeding is a critical phase during which digestive processes develop rapidly. Therefore, the present research was undertaken to examine size-dependent changes in YFT fertilized eggs and in 23, 25 and 34 mm (total length) early juveniles with respect to the development of digestive capacity, biochemical composition and amino acid (AA) profiles as indicators of larval nutritional requirements for AAs. To this end, the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, lipase and α-amylase were determined spectrophotometrically. Activities of the analyzed enzymes were greater in the YFT than in similar-age/size marine fish of other species. In YFT, enzyme activities progressively increased as fish grew, resulting in significantly different ( P P ≤ 0.001–0.05) from that of eggs. Histidine, taurine and alanine were the most prevalent AAs in the free pool; whereas, arginine's free pool concentration increased substantially from egg to juvenile stages (2.2 to 12.7 nmol/mg, respectively). These results support the hypothesis of precocious digestive capacity for scombrid fish. Observed AA patterns suggest that strategies for feeding larval and juvenile YFT in aquaculture should incorporate higher levels of specific AAs during early development to support rapid growth and diminish the threat of starvation or cannibalism. Although this information is useful for understanding feeding processes in juvenile YFT, more research is necessary to fully characterize these processes in the various stages from egg to juvenile, leading to the development of balanced diets that would allow for early weaning from live prey.

The effects of adding a probiotic Bacillus spp. blend on shipping bag water quality and survival of yolk sac larvae of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares during a 24-h mock shipment were investigated. To better detect effects on water quality, the trial was designed without the utilization of available chemical water quality or temperature modulators. Shipping water salinity (30.7–31.0‰) and temperature (24.0–26.7°C) reflected conditions utilized during larval rearing. Probiotic incorporation (15 mL/L, about 1.5 × 106 colony-forming units/mL) resulted in significantly lower final concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia in comparison with the control. Significantly higher final mean dissolved oxygen concentration observed in the probiotic treatment could have resulted from stress reduction. Although no statistical difference was detected in larval survival upon termination of the trial, improvements in water quality (reduced total ammonia nitrogen and increased dissolved oxyg...

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キハダマグロ仔魚の生残に対する乱流の影響を調べるため, 水槽実験を行った。乱流強度は, 仔魚を入れた水槽でエアーストーンにより生じさせた気泡の量を変えることによって設定した。その結果, 仔魚の生残が良くなる最適な乱流強度が, キハダマグロ仔魚に存在することが分かった。この乱流強度は乱流エネルギー散逸率に換算して1～2×10-8m-2s-3程度であり, このことは赤道域に位置するキハダマグロ産卵場の表層混合層内が, 仔魚の生残に適した環境であることを示している。

A land-based culture facility for research on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares , was developed at the Achotines Laboratory in the Republic of Panama. Six concrete tanks, and seawater and life support systems were built to maintain a yellowfin broodstock. On average, 50% of the yellowfin caught survived capture and handling, and approximately 30% became broodstock in Tank 1 (17 m diameter, 6 m depth) or Tank 2 (8.5 m diameter, 3 m depth). Each fish was tagged with a microchip implant tag, then weighed, measured, and injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) prior to stocking. Daily rations of primarily market squid, Loligo opalescens , and Pacific thread herring, Opisthonema spp., were regulated based on the feeding activity and energy requirements of the fish. Feeding activity of the broodstock decreased when the water temperatures decreased, and the fish ate decreasing daily rations and increasing calories with increasing size. Spawning occurred in both tanks within 6–8 months of capture. Spawning first occurred in Tank 1 when 24 females ranged in size from 6 to 16 kg and 65 to 93 cm fork length (FL). Spawning was intermittent during the first 2 months and occurred near daily thereafter. Tank size appeared to affect survival rates, the types of mortalities that occurred, and the growth of the fish. Survival rates after 1 year in captivity were higher, and the fish were larger, on average, in Tank 1 than in Tank 2. Most of the mortalities in Tank 1 were the result of wall strikes, which occurred more frequently after the fish reached their highest density of 0.64 kg m −3 and sizes greater than 96 cm FL and 19 kg. Non-linear growth models were fitted to the initial stocking sizes and final sizes of fish that died or were removed from Tank 1 during 1996–1999. Estimated growth rates in length (11–48 cm year −1 ) for fish between 51 and 150 cm FL decreased with increasing length. Estimated growth rates in weight ranged from 9 to 19 kg year −1 for fish less than 19 kg and 20–23 kg year −1 for fish greater than 19 kg. The results of this work demonstrate that the stable environment of a land-based culture facility may be the preferred system for long-term maintenance of a yellowfin broodstock.

Mitochondrial DNA genotypes of captive broodstock of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were compared with those of their offspring in order to monitor spawning frequency and periodicity. Among 38 broodstock individuals, 27 genotypes were observed, 18 of which established a single individual’s identity. Spawned eggs and hatched larvae were collected on 48 sampling days over a period of 1 year. Among 538 eggs and larvae analyzed, 10 genotypes were observed; eight of them established a single female’s identity, and two types were shared by two females. The spawning profiles of these females were determined by observing the occurrence of these genotypes in the offspring. Based on the dates when genotypes first occurred and on growth trajectories estimated for individual fish, the size of a female at first spawning was estimated to be 12–28 kg and 75–112 cm. Usually, multiple females spawned on a given date. The same genotypes were observed on almost any sampling day throughout the year. The results indicated that some individual females were capable of spawning almost daily for extended periods of time as long as they remained in the appropriate range of water temperatures and had sufficient food. Crown Copyright D 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Previous studies have suggested that adult tunas have only two visual pigments in their retinas - a rod pigment with a wavelength at maximum absorbance (u max) around 485 nm and one with similar u max in both twin and single cones inferred from extraction data. Using microspectrophotometry we confirm the presence of a u max 483 nm visual pigment in the rods of adult yellowfin tuna and a u max 485 nm pigment in both members of the twin cones. However, all single cones contain a previously undetected violet visual pigment with u max 426 nm making the adult yellowfin tuna a photopic dichromat. The situation for larvae and early juveniles is different from that of the adults. The all single-cone retina of preflexion larvae shows a wide distribution in individual cone absorbances suggesting not only mixtures of the two adult cone pigments, but the presence of at least a third visual pigment with u max greater than 560 nm. With growth, the variation in cone absorbances decreases with convergence to the adult co...

Patients sustaining traumatic injuries are at risk for development of rhabdomyolysis. The effect of obesity on this risk is unknown. This study attempted to characterize the role of obesity in the development of rhabdomyolysis after trauma. This was a retrospective review of all trauma patients with creatine kinase (CK) levels admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at a Level I trauma center from February 2011 until July 2013. Patients were divided based on their body mass index (BMI): overweight/obese group with BMI 25 kg/m(2) or greater and nonoverweight/obese group with BMI less than 25 kg/m(2). Primary outcome was CK greater than 10,000 U/L. During the 30-month study period, 198 trauma patients with available CK levels were admitted to the SICU. The majority (27.8%) of patients were involved in a motor vehicle collision. There were 96 patients (48.4%) with BMI 25 kg/m(2) or greater and 102 (51.5%) with BMI less than 25 kg/m(2). There was no difference in creatinine levels between the two groups (1.5 ± 1.2 mg/dL vs 1.5 ± 1.4 mg/dL, P = 0.83). BMI 25 kg/m(2) or greater was independently associated with the development of CK greater than 10,000 U/L (14.6 vs 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.03; P = 0.04). Patients with BMI 25 kg/m(2) or greater are at a significantly higher risk for rhabdomyolysis after trauma. Aggressive CK level monitoring to prevent rhabdomyolysis in this population is strongly encouraged.

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism found in the S7 ribosomal protein gene introns of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was compared between a single pair of parents and their offspring. The sizes of the first intron ( RP1) and second intron ( RP2) amplified by polymerase chain reaction were 810 bp and 1400 bp, respectively. The dam and sire had different restriction types from one another in HhaI and RsaI digestions for RP1 and in DdeI, HhaI, and ScrFI digestions for RP2. Putative genotypes in both introns of 64 larvae were found to be segregated in Mendelian proportions. Genotype distributions in a wild yellowfin tuna sample ( n = 34) were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.149 to 0.388. This study presents novel Mendelian markers, which are feasible for tuna population genetic study and pedigree analysis.