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1. Association between severe acute malnutrition during childhood and blood pressure during adulthood in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: the Lwiro cohort study

Author: Pacifique Mwene-Batu, Daniel Lemogoum, Laurène de le Hoye, Ghislain Bisimwa, Michel P. Hermans, Jimmy Minani, Gaylord Amani, Guy-Quesney Mateso, Justin Cirhuza Cikomola, Michelle Dramaix, and Philippe Donnen
Subjects: Long-term, Childhood acute malnutrition, Hypertension, Follow-up, DR Congo, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Introduction Little is known about the long-term outcomes of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) during childhood. As such, this study aims to explore the association between childhood SAM and blood pressure (BP) in adulthood in a context without nutrition transition. Methodology We identified 524 adults (Median age: 22 years) who were treated for SAM during childhood in Eastern DRC between 1988 and 2007. They were compared with 407 age-and-sex matched subjects with no history of SAM in the community. The variables examined for this study were the systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure (PP), as well as high blood pressure (HBP) defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or use of BP-lowering drug(s) in adulthood. For comparison, linear and logistic regression models were used for analysing continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Results Of the 524 exposed located, 145 were selected according to age. A total of 97 unexposed were recruited. Compared to unexposed, exposed had slightly higher SBP and PP after adjusting for occupation, body mass index (BMI) and food consumption [SBP = 1.4 mmHg (− 2.2, 4.8) and PP = 2.6 mmHg (− 0.3, 6.0)]. However, their DBP was lower than that of the unexposed [− 1.6 mmHg (− 4.6, 1.5)]. MBP and creatinine levels were similar between the two groups. The prevalence of HBP adjusted for age was higher among exposed than unexposed (9.7% vs 5.3%). In addition, the odds of having HBP was higher among exposed than unexposed, however the observed difference was not statistically significant [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.9 (0.7, 5.6)]. Finally, using multiple regression analysis, although the effect was not significant, SAM was a major contributor to HBP [adjusted OR 3.1 (0.9,10.9), p = 0.064], while only male gender and higher BMI (overweight/obesity) emerged as independent predictors of HBP among this young study population. Conclusions This study suggests that an episode of SAM in childhood has a weak impact on BP variability in young Congolese adults (from DRC) living in an environment without nutrition transition. However, people who experienced a period of SAM tended to have a higher prevalence of HBP and a much higher risk of developing HBP than unexposed. Additional multicentre studies involving a larger cohort would provide greater understanding of the impact of SAM on the overall risk of BP disorders during adulthood.
Published: 2021
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2. Epidemiology of acutely decompensated systolic heart failure over the 2003–2013 decade in Douala General Hospital, Cameroon

Author: Daniel Lemogoum, Félicité Kamdem, Hamadou Ba, William Ngatchou, Guillaume Hye Ndindjock, Anasthase Dzudie, Yves Monkam, Sidick Mouliom, Michel P. Hermans, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, and Philippe van deBorne
Subjects: Acute heart failure, Epidemiology, Prognosis, Cameroon, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Abstract Aims Acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) (ADHF) is a common cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide. This study explores the epidemiology and prognostic factors of ADHF in Cameroonian patients. Methods and results This was a retrospective study conducted between January 2003 and December 2013 from the medical files of patients followed at the intensive care and cardiovascular units of Douala General Hospital in Cameroon. Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biological data were collected from 142 patients (58.5% men; mean age 58 ± 14 years) hospitalized for ADHF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), whose left ventricular ejection fraction was 12 mg/L (87.5%, n = 124); hyperuricaemia >70 mg/L (84.9%, n = 121); elevated serum creatinine (65.6%, n = 93); anaemia (59.1%, n = 84); hyperglycaemia on admission >1.8 g/L (42.3%, n = 60); and hyponatraemia
Published: 2021
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3. Prognostic factors of the lethality of stroke at the Sourô Sanou University Teaching Hospital (CHUSS) of Burkina Faso.

Author: Hervé B.N. Kpoda, Léon G.B. Savadogo, Délwendé R.S. Samadoulougou, Isidore T Traoré, Serge M.A. Somda, Daniel Lemogoum, Issiaka Sombié, Athanase Millogo, Michèle Dramaix, and Philippe Donnen
Subjects: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Published: 2022
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4. Follow-up of a historic cohort of children treated for severe acute malnutrition between 1988 and 2007 in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

Author: Pacifique Mwene-Batu, Ghislain Bisimwa, Gaylord Ngaboyeka, Michelle Dramaix, Jean Macq, Daniel Lemogoum, and Philippe Donnen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND:It is well documented that treatment for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is effective. However, little is known about the long-term outcomes for children treated for SAM. We sought to trace former SAM patients 11 to 30 years after their discharge from hospital, and to describe their longer-term survival and their growth to adulthood. METHODS:A total of 1,981 records of subjects admitted for SAM between 1988 and 2007 were taken from the archives of Lwiro hospital, in South Kivu, DRC. The median age on admission was 41 months. Between December 2017 and June 2018, we set about identifying these subjects (cases) in the health zones of Miti-Murhesa and Katana. For deceased subjects, the cause and year of death were collected. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the death-related factors. For the cases seen, age- and gender-matched community controls were selected for a comparison of anthropometric indicators. RESULTS:A total of 600 subjects were traced, and 201 subjects were deceased. Of the deceased subjects, 65·6% were under 10 years old at the time of their death. Of the deaths, 59·2% occurred within 5 years of discharge from hospital. The main causes of death were malaria (14·9%), kwashiorkor (13·9%), respiratory infections (10·4%), and diarrhoeal diseases (8·9%). The risk of death was higher in subjects with SAM, MAM combined with CM, and in male subjects, with HRs* of 1·83 (p = 0·043), 2.35 (p = 0·030) and 1.44 (p = 0·013) respectively. Compared with their controls, the cases had a low weight (-1·7 kg, p = 0·001), short height [sitting (-1·3 cm, p = 0·006) and standing (-1·7 cm, p = 0·003)], short legs (-1·6 cm, p = 0·002), and a small mid-upper arm circumference (-3·2mm, p = 0·051). There was no difference in terms of BMI, thoracic length, or head and thoracic circumference between the two groups. CONCLUSION:SAM during childhood has lasting negative effects on growth to adulthood. In addition, these adults have characteristics that may place them at risk of chronic non-communicable diseases later in life.
Published: 2020
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5. Association of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure and risk factors associated with hypertension among Cameroonian pygmies and bantus: a cross-sectional study

Author: Daniel Lemogoum, William Ngatchou, Claude Bika Lele, Cecile Okalla, Marc Leeman, Jean-Paul Degaute, and Philippe van de Borne
Subjects: Urinary sodium excretion, Hunter-gatherer lifestyle, Blood pressure, Hypertension, Pygmy, Bantu, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Abstract Background High salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) and hypertension risk. This study aimed to examine association of urinary sodium excretion with BP and hypertension correlates among Cameroonian pygmies under hunter-gatherer subsistence mode and Bantus, living in urban area under unhealthy behavioral habits. Methods In this cross-sectional cluster sampling study, we randomly enrolled rural pygmies living in Lolodorf and urban Bantus living in Douala. The World Health Organization steps questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and lifestyle data. Height, weight, BP and single overnight spot urine samples were obtained in all participants. BP was measured in triplicate. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion was determined by flame photometry. Data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results We included 150 Pygmies and 150 Bantus aged 38 ± 12 years and 33 ± 11 years, respectively (p
Published: 2018
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6. Prélèvement de plaquettes pour la chirurgie cardiaque: première expérience d'aphérèse à l'Hôpital Général de Douala

Author: William Ngatchou, Isabelle Drezen, Felicité Kamdem, Gisèle Imandy, Cecile Okalla, Albert Nkana, Jean Pierre Hacquebard, Pierre Origer, Joseph Sango, Daniel Lemogoum, Sidiki Mouliom, Anastase Dzudie, Henri Ngote, Romuald Hentchoya, Junette Metogo, Olivier Germay, Eugène Belley Priso, Jean Luc Jansens, Henry Luma, and Tome Nadjovski
Subjects: chirurgie cardiaque, aphérèse, plaquettes, trima, transfusion, douala, Medicine
Abstract: La chirurgie cardiaque sous circulation extracorporelle (CEC) est régulièrement associée à la perte d'une quantité importante de sang. Une bonne anticipation de ces pertes sanguines et une bonne hémostase peropératoire sont reconnues comme moyens permettant de limiter ces saignements post opératoires. Jusqu'à ce jour, la compensation des besoins en plaquettes des patients opérés sous CEC dans notre service se faisait par transfusion de sang total ou de concentrés plaquettaires prélevés à partir de plusieurs donneurs. Nous rapportons la première expérience de prélèvement de concentrés plaquettaires par la technique d'aphérèse à l'hôpital Général de Douala.
Published: 2018
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7. Application of the Canadian C-Spine rule and nexus low criteria and results of cervical spine radiography in emergency condition

Author: William Ngatchou, Jeanne Beirnaert, Daniel Lemogoum, Cyril Bouland, Pierre Youatou, Ahmed Sabry Ramadan, Regis Sontou, Maimouna Bol Alima, Alain Plumaker, Virginie Guimfacq, Claude Bika, and Pierre Mols
Subjects: cervical spine x-ray, emergency, quality, Medicine
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Canadian C Spine Rule (CCR) and the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (Nexus) low criteria are well accepted as guide to help physician in case of cervical blunt trauma. METHODS: we aimed to evaluate retrospectively the application of these recommendations in our emergency department. Secondly we analyzed the quality of cervical spine radiography (CSR) in an emergency setting. RESULTS: 281 patients with cervical blunt trauma were analyzed retrospectively. The CCR and the NEXUS rules were respected in 91.2% and 96.8% of cases respectively. No lesions were found in 96.4% of patient. A lesion was present in 1.1% of patient and suspected in 2.5% of patient. The quality of CSR was adequate in only 37.7% of patient. The poor quality of CSR was due either to the lack of C7 vertebrae visualization in 64.6% or other lower vertebrae in 28%. Other causes included the absence of open mouth view (8%), the absence C1 vertebrae visualization (3.4%), artifact in 2.3% and the absence of lateral view in 0.6% of patient. CONCLUSION: CCR and NEXUS are widely used in our emergency department. The high rate of inadequate CSR reinforces the debate about it's utility in emergency condition.
Published: 2018
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8. Hypoxemia after pneumothorax exsufflation: a case report

Author: William Ngatchou, Gildas-paulin Yondou Sadjo, Daniel Lemogoum, Pierre Youatou, Ahmed Sabry Ramadan, Regis Sontou, Maimouna Bol Alima, Alain Plumacker, Virginie Guimfacq, Pierre Mols, and Michèle Ngassa
Subjects: pneumothorax, re-expansion, oedema, hypoxemia, Medicine
Abstract: We describe a 36-year-old patient who was admitted to the emergency ward for acute dyspnea due to a spontaneous pneumothorax. He was successfully drained but shortly after presented a severe hypoxemia due to pulmonary oedema secondary to pulmonary re-expansion. The physiopathology behind this complication is still unknown. We will try to describe this complication and its predictive factors.
Published: 2017
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9. Cannabis body packing : a case report

Author: William Ngatchou, Daniel Lemogoum, Basile Essola, Ahmed Ramadan, Michele Ngassa, Virginie Guimfacq, Pierre Mols, and Pierre Youatou Towo
Subjects: cannabis, bodypacking, mule, Medicine
Abstract: Drug traffic is a major concern worldwide. We report a case of a 27-year old male who presented with a diffuse abdominal plain to the emergency department. Abdominal X-ray demonstrated multiple foreign bodies along the intestinal tract, which were found to be cannabis packets. The patient was treated conservatively with a good result.
Published: 2016
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10. Central haemodynamics reveal significant potential for prevention in Black hypertensive patients born and living in sub-Saharan Africa

Author: Birinus Ezeala-Adikaibe, Yan-Ping Liu, Daniel Lemogoum, Benedict C. Anisiuba, Marius K. Kamdem, Joseph Kaptue, Chinwuba K. Ijoma, Lutgarde Thijs, Augustine N. Odili, Kei Asayama, Jan A. Staessen, Jean-René M’Buyamba-Kabangu, and Ifeoma I. Ulasi
Subjects: Arterial stiffness, Augmentation index, Black Africans, Prevention, Pulse wave velocity, Specialties of internal medicine, RC581-951, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: Few studies assessed arterial stiffness in Black hypertensive patients born and living in sub-Saharan Africa, where cardiovascular disease reaches epidemic proportions. Methods: The Newer versus Older Antihypertensive Agents in African Hypertensive Patients (NOAAH) trial is currently recruiting native African patients to compare the efficacy of various antihypertensive drugs given once daily as single-pill combinations. Two centres engaged in pulse wave analysis and measured carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Statistical methods included single and multiple linear regressions. Results: Of 172 patients screened, 116 entered the ancillary study on central haemodynamics (51.3% women; mean age 52.7 years; untreated blood pressure 147.6/87.1mmHg). The augmentation indexes were higher (p0.844) in both sexes. pAI and cAI increased with female sex and mean arterial pressure, but decreased with heart rate and body mass index. cPP increased with age and mean arterial pressure. PWV increased with age and mean arterial pressure. Patients with measurements above the age-specific thresholds determined in healthy Black South Africans amounted to 0 for cAI, 1 (1.2%) for cPP, and 11 (18.3%) for PWV. Conclusion: NOAAH patients have measures of arterial stiffness similar to those of a healthy Black reference population with determinants as reported in the literature. Our observations highlight the potential for the prevention of irreversible arterial damage by timely treating sub-Saharan hypertensive patients to target blood pressure levels.
Published: 2011
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11. Epidemiology of acutely decompensated systolic heart failure over the 2003–2013 decade in Douala General Hospital, Cameroon

Author: William Ngatchou, Philippe van de Borne, Félicité Kamdem, Daniel Lemogoum, Guillaume Hye Ndindjock, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Anasthase Dzudie, Yves Monkam, Michel P. Hermans, Sidick Mouliom, Hamadou Ba, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, and UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Epidemiology, Population, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Hospitals, General, Ventricular Function, Left, 03 medical and health sciences, Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists, 0302 clinical medicine, Intensive care, Internal medicine, Original Research Articles, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research Article, Cameroon, education, Aged, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, Ejection fraction, business.industry, Mortality rate, Cardiogenic shock, Acute heart failure, Stroke Volume, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Prognosis, Hypertensive heart disease, Blood pressure, lcsh:RC666-701, Heart failure, Cardiology, Female, business, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Failure, Systolic
Abstract: Aims Acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) (ADHF) is a common cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide. This study explores the epidemiology and prognostic factors of ADHF in Cameroonian patients. Methods and results This was a retrospective study conducted between January 2003 and December 2013 from the medical files of patients followed at the intensive care and cardiovascular units of Douala General Hospital in Cameroon. Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biological data were collected from 142 patients (58.5% men; mean age 58 ± 14 years) hospitalized for ADHF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), whose left ventricular ejection fraction was 12 mg/L (87.5%, n = 124); hyperuricaemia >70 mg/L (84.9%, n = 121); elevated serum creatinine (65.6%, n = 93); anaemia (59.1%, n = 84); hyperglycaemia on admission >1.8 g/L (42.3%, n = 60); and hyponatraemia
Published: 2021

12. Impact of Low Birth Weight on Early Vascular Aging and Cardiometabolic Phenotypes in Later Life Among Cameroonian Adults

Author: Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Marie Solange Ndom Idejen, Aurel Rank Teuguia Sikamo, Jacques Doumbe, Danielle Christiane Kedy Mangamba, Michel P. Hermans, Daniel Lemogoum, Philippe van de Borne, and William Ngatchou
Subjects: business.industry, Birth weight, Overweight obesity, Physiology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Phenotype, 03 medical and health sciences, Low birth weight, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Vascular aging, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Pulse wave velocity
Abstract: Background Evidence suggests that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk in adulthood, including increased arterial stiffness, a marker of early vascular aging (EVA) assessable by pulse wave velocity (PWV), obesity and glucose homeostasis abnormalities. The present study aimed to explore the late impact of LBW on PWV and cardiometabolic phenotypes among young adult Cameroonians. Methods The study evaluated 120 subjects (mean age: 26 ± 5 years; 54% male sex) at the Cameroon Heart Institute, Douala, Cameroon, between January and June 2018. Birth weight (BW) and gestational age, sociodemographic, anthropometrics and fasting capillary blood glucose were recorded in all participants. Blood pressure (BP) and PWV were measured using an automatic oscillometric device (Mobil-O-Graph®). Multiple-adjusted linear regression was used to determine predictive factors for PWV. For assessment of potential impact of BW on EVA, PWV was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Results 28 participants (23.3%) of the study sample had LBW (
Published: 2020

13. Factors predicting in-hospital all-cause mortality in COVID 19 patients at the Laquintinie Hospital Douala, Cameroon

Author: Marie Solange Ndom Ebongue, Daniel Lemogoum, Laurent Mireille Endale-Mangamba, Blaise Barche, Christian Eyoum, Styve Hermane Simo Yomi, David Mekolo, Vincent Ngambi, Jacques Doumbe, Christiane Medi Sike, Jerome Boombhi, Grace Ngondi, Christian Biholong, Josephine Kamdem, Liliane Mbenoun, Calixthe Kuaté Tegeu, Armel Djomou, Anastase Dzudie, Felicité Kamdem, Ferdinand Ndom Ntock, Liliane Kuaté Mfeukeu, Eugène Sobngwi, Ida Penda, Richard Njock, Noel Essomba, Jean Cyr Yombi, William Ngatchou, UCL - SSS/IREC/SLUC - Pôle St.-Luc, UCL - (SLuc) Centre de prise en charge (H.I.V.), UCL - (SLuc) Département de médecine interne et services associés, and UCL - (SLuc) Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie de l'appareil locomoteur
Subjects: Male, SARS-CoV-2, Predictors, SARS COV-2, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, COVID-19, Hospitals, Infectious Diseases, Humans, Female, Cameroon, Hospital Mortality, Prospective Studies, Mortality, COVID 19
Abstract: Despite being a global pandemic, little is known about the factors influencing in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to provide data on in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a single large center in Cameroon. A hospital-based prospective follow-up was conducted from March 18 to June 30, 2020, including patients >18 years with positive PCR for SARS-COV-2 on nasopharyngeal swab admitted to the Laquintinie Douala hospital COVID unit. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were assessed using Kaplan Meir survival curves and Weibull regression for the accelerated time failure model. Statistical significance was considered as p
Published: 2022

14. PS-BPC12-4: HYPERTENSION IN CAMEROONIAN RURAL AND URBAN PYGMIES AND BANTUS OF THE SOUTHERN REGION

Author: Yves Hako, Claude Bika, Cecile Okala, Jean II Dissongo, Jean Paul Degaute, Jean Rene Mbuyamba Kabangu, Philippe Van de Borne, and Daniel Lemogoum
Subjects: Physiology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2023

15. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nuno Lunet, Thor Aspelund, Caroline H.D. Fall, Antonio Cabrera de León, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Holger Theobald, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Mihai Gafencu, Tandi E. Matsha, Ana B. Crujeiras, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Weili Yan, Dominique Hange, Bekbolat Zholdin, Frédéric Gottrand, Jorge Mota, Jana Námešná, Stevo Popovic, Louise Eriksen, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Juergen Breckenkamp, Mathilde Kersting, Yi Song, Martin McKee, Aleksandra Gomula, Rafaela Rosário, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Azim Nejatizadeh, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Juan P. González-Rivas, Vedrana Sember, Stephen T. McGarvey, Jukka T. Salonen, Patrick Pasquet, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Amelia C. Crampin, Ramin Heshmat, Violeta Iotova, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Oye Gureje, Aletta E. Schutte, João Luiz Bastos, Anelise Reis Gaya, Konrad Jamrozik, Dalia Luksiene, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Diego Vanuzzo, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, Albertino Damasceno, Davood Khalili, Simona Bo, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Dominique Cottel, Markku Peltonen, Fikru Tullu, Ana Isabel Rito, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Annette J. Dobson, Christopher T. Cowell, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Farahnaz Joukar, Mostafa K. Mohamed, Mostafa Qorbani, Jeongseon Kim, Helmut Schröder, Machi Suka, Natasja M. van Schoor, Jussi Kauhanen, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Yong Tao, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Kazem Mohammad, Yanina Zócalo, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Jianfeng Wu, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Monika Zuziak, Eldridge Ferrer, Anette Varbo, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Kenneth James, Elena Sacchini, Pascal Bovet, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tania Lopez, Ya Xing Wang, Wojciech Drygas, Jody C Miller, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Chung T Nguyen, Nimmathota Arlappa, Edwige Landais, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jeannette Klimont, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Jost B. Jonas, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Bahman Cheraghian, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Bo Werner, M. Arfan Ikram, Breige A. McNulty, Christa Meisinger, Clara Homs, Namuna Shrestha, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Alicia Matijasevich, Alison J Price, Ala'a Alkerwi, Kristine H. Allin, Lorenza Pilotto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Marianna Noale, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Peter Willeit, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Freda Pitakaka, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Cristina Padez, Sarah P. Garnett, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Jonathan Giovannelli, Christina Howitt, Marleen E. Hendriks, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Gretchen A Stevens, Luís B. Sardinha, David Goltzman, Jenny M. Kindblom, Karina Mary de Paiva, Yousef Khader, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Rajendra Pradeepa, Yi-Ting Lin, Martin Neovius, Juan Francisco Miquel, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Anil Poudyal, Marzieh Katibeh, Tanja Stocks, Veronica Mocanu, Ulla Roggenbuck, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Mary Simon, Christine Cameron, Hamid Hakimi, Kamel Ajlouni, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Iulia Jurca Simina, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Frederick C. W. Wu, Peter Kristensen, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Martijn Huisman, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Yves Kameli, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Matthias Bopp, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Rod Jackson, Johan Van der Heyden, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Allan G. Hill, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Stela McLachlan, Ulrike Gehring, Ranko Stevanovic, Nagalla Balakrishna, Lekhraj Rampal, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, Saeid Eslami, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, G. K. Mini, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Rosemarie Martin, Nahla Hwalla, Wei Zheng, Hoang Van Minh, Edward D Janus, Laetitia Huiart, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Fred Paccaud, Marcia Makdisse, Aye Aye Sein, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Jesús Ibarluzea, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Laura Lauria, Argyro Karakosta, Dragana P Jovic, Jun Hata, Elio Riboli, Piotr Bandosz, Xun Tang, Parvina Mukhtorova, Jean Dallongeville, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Anne Tjønneland, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Dusan Grafnetter, Mette Rasmussen, Daniel Weghuber, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Martine Vrijheid, Johann Willeit, Motahareh Kheradmand, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Lechaba Tshepo, Dongfeng Gu, Hyeon Chang Kim, Vilmundur Gudnason, Maria Forsner, Peter Bjerregaard, Leon A. Simons, Rachael McLean, Japhet Killewo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Y Nikitin, Eng Joo Tan, Jean Claude Mbanya, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Renata Kuciene, Kairat Davletov, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Guy De Backer, Soheir H Ahmed, Nicholas J. Wareham, Sai Yin Ho, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Myriam Galfo, Susana Cararo Confortin, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Catterina Ferreccio, Fabio Galvano, Leila Houti, Daniel Bia, Annika Rosengren, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Fernando Rigo, Angela Spinelli, Scott B. McLean, Shirin Djalalinia, Marie Kunešová, Boban Mugoša, Sania Nishtar, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Helle-Mai Loit, Antonis Zampelas, Altan Onat, Maciej Banach, Shohreh Naderimagham, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Yin Guo, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Parasmani Dasgupta, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Inge Huybrechts, Raimund Erbel, Jari Jokelainen, Ana P. Ortiz, Stefan Kiechl, Emmanuel Cohen, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Laura Censi, Iqbal Bata, Geetha R Menon, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Domenico Palli, Ana Azevedo, Slawomir Koziel, Benoît Salanave, Parinaz Mehdipour, Shu Ti Chiou, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Jin Soo Moon, Ming-Hui Zhao, Urho M. Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Judith Benedics, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Agnès Le Port, Reza Homayounfar, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Tai Hing Lam, Yn-Tz Sung, Jürgen König, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Karen Morgan, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Cynthia M. Pérez, Ilse Khouw, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Dong Wook Shin, Genc Burazeri, Ausra Petrauskiene, Charles Sossa Jérome, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, José Boggia, Daniela Galeone, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Han Cg Kemper, Rahman Shiri, Stefaan Demarest, Else Karin Grøholt, San-Lin You, Adelheid Weber, Juha Auvinen, Aida Pilav, Sibel Gogen, Suzanne N Morin, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hana Zamrazilová, Frank Claessens, Karien Stronks, Helen Gonçalves, Tahir Aris, Luis Revilla, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Zhamilya Battakova, Jing Liu, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Priscilla Duboz, Sandjaja, Tiina Laatikainen, Rafel Ramos, Sareh Eghtesad, Judith Simons, Orn Olafsson, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Aung Soe Htet, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Paul Elliott, Soon-Woo Park, Angel R. Gonzalez, Ying-Wei Wang, Rob M. van Dam, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Lynell V Maniego, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Maria Dorobantu, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, Honor Bixby, Prakash C. Gupta, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Eugene Sobngwi, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jurate Medzioniene, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Antonia Trichopoulou, Tania Tello, Francesco Branca, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Suzanne C. Ho, Toomas Veidebaum, Rebecca Goldsmith, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Alibek Mereke, Marta Buoncristiano, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Anne Juolevi, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Jordi Sunyer, Manu Raj, Chaoqiang Jiang, Sofia Malyutina, Efthymios Kapantais, Maria Lazo-Porras, Maung Maung Than Htike, Michael Hobbs, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Merike Liivak, Johan G. Eriksson, Margarita Samoutian, Andreia N. Pizarro, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jean Woo, Kaspar Staub, Maria Teresa Menzano, Mojtaba Farjam, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Mohammad El-khateeb, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Oscar Noboa, Thomas Waldhör, Garry Brian, Simona Costanzo, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ioannis Pagkalos, Ivan Pećin, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Yuna He, Matsuda Fumihiko, Bharathi Viswanathan, Ali Reza Safarpour, Wei Cheng Lo, Abdullatif Husseini, Jiang He, Liv Elin Torheim, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Aicha Soumare, Astrid Petersmann, Tomasz Grodzicki, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Eha Nurk, Bhawesh Koirala, Ana Jelakovic, Suhad Bahijri, Freja B Kampmann, Qi Sheng You, Marika Ferrari, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Aline Wagner, Olfa Saidi, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Dong Wook Kim, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Tom Wilsgaard, Maria Avdicova, Moesijanti Soekatri, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Paola Russo, Uruwan Yamborisut, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Kirsten Mehlig, Christina Mavrogianni, Raluca Pop, Lèlita Santos, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Iná S. Santos, Georg Lappas, Alberto Palloni, Malay K. Mridha, Andrzej Pajak, Marta García-Solano, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Rute Santos, Anders Grøntved, Lucjan Szponar, Mihaela Vladulescu, Chien-An Sun, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Maria Nordendahl, Elaine M. Dennison, Jeonghee Lee, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Xu Ma, Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Valéria Regecová, Cláudia S. Minderico, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Vesselka Duleva, Rui Ornelas, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Cesar G. Victora, Lijuan Liu, Rody G. Sy, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ali Ahmadi, Antonio Pedro Graça, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Pawel Kurjata, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Neil Murphy, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Prashant Mathur, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Yannis Manios, Majid Shirani, Rosemary B. Duda, Liis Nelis, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Wichai Aekplakorn, Alun Evans, Andrzej Wiecek, Lars Lind, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Bernardo L. Horta, Macia Enguerran, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Kumiko Ohara, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Hermann Brenner, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Espen Bjertness, Jutta Stieber, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Joel G. R. Roy, Aryeh D. Stein, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Vera Musil, Amaneh Shayanrad, Marcel Goldberg, Ramon O. Jimenez, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Jolanda Hyska, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Elin Kolle, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Michelle Holdsworth, Felipe F. Casanueva, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Niels Wedderkopp, Eva Corpeleijn, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Larissa Pruner Marques, Slavica Sović, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Alexandra Cucu, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Janine Clarke, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Dimitrios Papandreou, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Ben Schöttker, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Abbas Dehghan, Leanne M. Riley, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Alisha N. Wade, Zhamyila Usupova, Arnaud Chiolero, Oonagh Markey, Jacqueline Ramke, Elena Bogova, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nguyen D Nguyen, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Nalan Uysal, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Krista Fischer, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Ramiro Guerrero, Farnam Mohebi, Tran Quoc Bao, Flávio Danni Fuchs, Salim Berkinbayev, Enisa Kujundzic, Sari Voutilainen, Farzad Hadaegh, Robert Lundqvist, Saeid Safiri, Iraj Mohebbi, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Gonzalo Valdivia, Magdalena Korzycka, Rajiv T Erasmus, Masanori Iwasaki, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Quang Ngoc La, Ricky Eddie, Petra Rust, Daniela Rodrigues, Dirk De Bacquer, Karen Sparrenberger, Agneta Sjöberg, Thet Thet Mu, Katarzyna Dereń, Cora L. Craig, Jorge Motta, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Visnja Djordjic, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Pradeep Joshi, Daan Kromhout, Marius B. Bjertness, Stefano Marventano, Juel Jarani, Alireza Khosravi, Eva Martos, David De Ridder, Lizzy M. Brewster, Nico Dragano, Liam Smeeth, Kenji Shibuya, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Hashem Jaddou, Grzegorz Sobek, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Abu Am Hanif, Elaine M. Murtagh, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Graziella D'Arrigo, Kyungwon Oh, Heiner Boeing, Regina Heidinger-Felso, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Balkish M. Naidu, Avula Laxmaiah, Ana M. B. Menezes, Marie Eliasen, Francesco Pistelli, Yuan He, Dusko Bjelica, José A. Casajús, Guang Ning, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jochanan Stessman, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Wenhua Zhao, Sok King Ong, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Mattias Johansson, Samuel C. Dumith, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Yih Chung Tham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Constance Schultsz, Santiago F. Gomez, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Pierre Traissac, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Abdullah Alkandari, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Silvana Donoso, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paola Nardone, Alberto Barceló, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Anjani Kumar Jha, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Claudia M. Hormiga, Maria Tsigga, Zivka Dika, Indrapal I. Meshram, Ei Ei K. Nang, Ian Rouse, Rusidah Selamat, Paul Korrovits, Grethe S. Tell, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Frank J Rühli, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Tara Coppinger, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. Fuchs, Muhammad Islam, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Gowri Mahasampath, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Hanna Tolonen, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Laura Torres-Collado, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Cynthia Robitaille, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Nikhil D. Patel, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Son Thai Pham, Simona Giampaoli, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Merete Osler, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, Giota Touloumi, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Luis Serra-Majem, Jonathan E. Shaw, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Yuki Fujita, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Deepak Amarapurkar, Deepa Weerasekera, Diana A. Santos, Marjeta Majer, Herman Schargrodsky, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Jesús Vioque, Marisa K. Sophiea, Teresa Shamah-Levy, María Dolores Chirlaque, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Stefan Söderberg, Isabel O. Oliveira, Joanne Katz, Xingwang Ye, Christophe Tzourio, Marie Zins, Aneta Weres, Ulrich Keil, Haiquan Xu, Akihiro Yoshihara, Rachel Dankner, Gabriella Gruden, Maroje Sorić, Hanspeter Stamm, Kim Overvad, Yanping Li, Carsten Oliver Schmidt, Christa L. Lilly, Veikko Salomaa, Gilad Twig, Senthil K Vasan, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Ari Voutilainen, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Anja Schienkiewitz, Nader Saki, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Juraci Almeida Cesar, Pedro J Ortiz, Delphine De Smedt, Luciana Zaccagni, Lynne M. Boddy, Jie Hao, David Alejandro González-Chica, Romana Roccaldo, Sara Magnacca, Peter Stehle, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Gry Skodje, Maryam Keramati, Tabara Yasuharu, Ali Ghanbari, Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva, Takuro Furusawa, Felicia Cañete, Kari Kuulasmaa, Justina Vaitkeviciute, (NCD-RisC), NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, Imperial College London, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Middlesex University [London], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut 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Chiara Donfrancesco , Silvana P Donoso , Angela Döring , Maria Dorobantu , Ahmad Reza Dorosty , Kouamelan Doua , Nico Dragano , Wojciech Drygas , Jia Li Duan , Charmaine A Duante , Priscilla Duboz , Rosemary B Duda , Vesselka Duleva , Virginija Dulskiene , Samuel C Dumith , Anar Dushpanova , Vilnis Dzerve , Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk , Ricky Eddie , Ebrahim Eftekhar , Eruke E Egbagbe , Robert Eggertsen , Sareh Eghtesad , Gabriele Eiben , Ulf Ekelund , Mohammad El-Khateeb , Jalila El Ati , Denise Eldemire-Shearer , Marie Eliasen , Paul Elliott , Reina Engle-Stone , Macia Enguerran , Rajiv T Erasmus , Raimund Erbel , Cihangir Erem , Louise Eriksen , Johan G Eriksson , Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña , Saeid Eslami , Ali Esmaeili , Alun Evans , David Faeh , Albina A Fakhretdinova , Caroline H Fall , Elnaz Faramarzi , Mojtaba Farjam , Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo , Farshad Farzadfar , Mohammad Reza Fattahi , Asher Fawwad , Francisco J Felix-Redondo , Trevor S Ferguson , Romulo A Fernandes , Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Thomas Ferrao , Marika Ferrari , Marco M Ferrario , Catterina Ferreccio , Eldridge Ferrer , Jean Ferrieres , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Anna Fijalkowska , Günther Fink , Krista Fischer , Leng Huat Foo , Maria Forsner , Heba M Fouad , Damian K Francis , Maria do Carmo Franco , Ruth Frikke-Schmidt , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio D Fuchs , Sandra C Fuchs , Isti I Fujiati , Yuki Fujita , Matsuda Fumihiko , Takuro Furusawa , Zbigniew Gaciong , Mihai Gafencu , Andrzej Galbarczyk , Henrike Galenkamp , Daniela Galeone , Myriam Galfo , Fabio Galvano , Jingli Gao , Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera , Marta García-Solano , Dickman Gareta , Sarah P Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Anelise Reis Gaya , Andrea Gazzinelli , Ulrike Gehring , Harald Geiger , Johanna M Geleijnse , Ali Ghanbari , Erfan Ghasemi , Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Tiffany K Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Glen 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, Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Freja B Kampmann , Kodanda R Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Argyro Karakosta , Line L Kårhus , Khem B Karki , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han Cg Kemper , Andre P Kengne , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Davood Khalili , Kay-Tee Khaw , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse Msl Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Dong Wook Kim , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny M Kindblom , Heidi Klakk , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , 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, Luxia Zhang , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Dong Zhao , Ming-Hui Zhao , Wenhua Zhao , Shiqi Zhen , Wei Zheng , Yingfeng Zheng , Bekbolat Zholdin , Maigeng Zhou , Dan Zhu , Marie Zins , Emanuel Zitt , Yanina Zocalo , Julio Zuñiga Cisneros , Monika Zuziak , Majid Ezzati , Sarah Filippi, Epidemiology, Iurilli, Maria LC, Zhou, Bin, Bennett, James E, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Sophiea, Marisa K, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Solomon, Bethlehem D, Taddei, Cristina, Danaei, Goodarz, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Savin, Stefan, Cowan, Melanie J, Bovet, Pascal, Damasceno, Albertino, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Hayes, Alison J, Ikeda, Nayu, Jackson, Rod T, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Liu, Jing, Miranda, J Jaime, Saidi, Olfa, Sebert, Sylvain, Sorić, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Gregg, Edward W, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, 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Cynthia, Roccaldo, Romana, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L, Rosario, Rafaela V, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel GR, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rühli, Frank J, Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Moreno, Emma Ruiz, Rusakova, Iuliia A, Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sacchini, Elena, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safiri, Saeid, Saki, Nader, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, null, Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Lèlita C, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Sanz, Sara Santo, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savva, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sein, Aye Aye, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Victor, Serra-Majem, Lui, Servais, Jennifer, Ševcíková, Ludmila, Shalnova, Svetlana A, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shirani, Majid, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skodje, Gry, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinu, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanovic, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Dori, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Syddall, Holly E, Sylva, René Charle, Szklo, Moyse, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Lii, Tamosiunas, Abdona, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thomas, Nihal, Thuesen, Betina H, Tichá, Lubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Matie, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021

16. Prognostic Factors of the Lethality of Stroke at the Sourô Sanou University Teaching Hospital of Burkina Faso

Author: Hervé B.N. Kpoda, Léon G.B. Savadogo, Délwendé R.S. Samadoulougou, Isidore T. Traoré, Serge M.A. Somda, Daniel Lemogoum, Issiaka Sombié, Athanase Millogo, Michèle Dramaix, and Philippe Donnen
Subjects: Adult, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Neurology, Burkina Faso, Facial Paralysis, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospitals, Teaching, Prognosis, Ischemic Stroke, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Introduction: Stroke is a major public health concern. It is a frequent pathology, 80% of which is of ischemic origin. Approximately 86% of all stroke deaths worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to investigate prognostic factors for in hospital lethality of stroke cases admitted in a public university hospital in Burkina Faso. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study with a descriptive and analytical aim on adults admitted for a stroke confirmed by a brain scan at the Sourô Sanou University Teaching Hospital (CHUSS) of Bobo-Dioulasso over the period from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013. Results: The proportion of cases confirmed by the brain CT scan was 32% of all patients admitted for stroke in the CHUSS. The overall case fatality was 27.6%. This lethality was more pronounced in patients with hemorrhagic stroke (35.8%) compared to patients with ischemic stroke (22.4%). Median survival was higher in patients with ischemic stroke than those with hemorrhagic one (36 and 25 days, respectively) with a statistically significant difference (p value = 0.001). In multivariate analysis and hemorrhagic stroke (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.25; CI 95%: 1.41–3.61), an altered state of consciousness (HR: 1.90; CI 95%: 1.20–2.99) and the presence of central facial paralysis (HR: 1.67; CI 95%: 1.04–2.67) are factors that increased significantly the lethality. Conclusion: The study has identified three prognostic factors of lethality that are the hemorrhagic stroke type, the altered state of consciousness, and the central facial paralysis. Given the high case fatality, it is important to develop and implement effective prevention and management strategies adapted to the resources for the optimal control of stroke in Africa.
Published: 2021

17. Relatively low mortality rate of COVID-19 in Cameroon: what if age was the main factor?

Author: Jc Yombi, Ngou M. Temgoua, William Ngatchou, Eugene Sobngwi, Daniel Lemogoum, Charles Kouanfack, and L. Mfeukeu-Kuate
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Mortality rate, General Medicine, Biology, Virology
Published: 2021

18. Prevalence, Awareness and Control of High Blood Pressure in a Semi-Urban Area of Cameroon: An Analysis of May Measurement Month 2019 Screening Results

Author: Lionel Armel Bala, Patrick Soume Adala, Christian Ngongang Ouankou, Alida Tchamba Choumi, Daniel Lemogoum, Dieudonné Danwe, and Sylvie Ndongo Amougou
Subjects: Blood pressure, Semi urban, Low and middle income countries, business.industry, District hospital, Disease risk, Global health, Medicine, Statistical analysis, Disease, business, Demography
Abstract: Background: High blood pressure (HBP) is a global health crisis. More than one billion people in the world suffer from HBP and most of them live in low and middle income countries where the prevalence is increasing. Un-awareness, low treatment and control rates are the main barriers to the fight against this disease and the associated cardiovascular disease risk. Aims: To highlight the importance of measuring blood pressure and identify and reduce the blood pressure (BP) of those who require an intervention to lower their BP according to current guidelines. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A HBP screening was organized in two market places and at the district hospital of a semi-urban area in Cameroon during three days—from the 28th to the 30th May 2019. We included all people aged at least 18 years and who accepted to take part to the study. We used a predesigned form and electronic blood pressure machines for the screening. HBP was defined as having a BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medications. All statistical analysis were done using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Results: We included 200 people in the study. Women were more represented in our sample (57.5%) and the median age was 40 years [30 - 51]. More than a third of the participants had not taken their BP in the past year and 16% of them had never measured their BP. HBP was detected in 49 (24.5%) people among whom 25 (51.0%) were aware of their condition. Among those who were aware they had HBP, 17 (68.0%) were taking antihypertensive medications and as a single drug regimen in most cases (64.7%). BP was controlled in 9/17 (52.9%) people. Conclusion: Nearly one quarter of people living in semi-urban area in Cameroon has HBP. We have found in this area a high rate of unawareness and undertreatment of HBP.
Published: 2019

19. HYPERTENSION IN CAMEROONIAN RURAL AND URBAN PYGMIES AND BANTUS OF THE SOUTHERN REGION

Author: Yves Hako, Claude Bika, Cecile Okala, Jean Ii Dissongo, Jean-René M’buyamba Kabangu, Jean Paul Degaute, Philippe Van De Borne, and Daniel Lemogoum
Subjects: Physiology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2022

20. Severe acute malnutrition in childhood, chronic diseases and human capital in adulthood in the Democratic Republic of Congo: the Lwiro Cohort Study

Author: Jean Macq, Michèle Dramaix, Daniel Lemogoum, Pacifique Mwene-Batu, Michel P. Hermans, Gaylord Amani Ngaboyeka, Ghislain Bisimwa, Philippe Donnen, UCL - SSS/IRSS - Institut de recherche santé et société, and UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition
Subjects: Adult, Male, Waist, Adolescent, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Overweight, Child Nutrition Disorders, Cohort Studies, AcademicSubjects/MED00160, chronic diseases, Young Adult, AcademicSubjects/MED00060, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, follow-up, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, childhood acute malnutrition, long-term, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Cardiovascular Disease Risk, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, medicine.disease, Obesity, Original Research Communications, Malnutrition, chemistry, Chronic Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Female, Glycated hemoglobin, Metabolic syndrome, medicine.symptom, business, DR Congo, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Background: Little is known about the long-term outcome of children treated for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) after nutritional rehabilitation. Objectives: To explore the association between SAM in childhood, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and low human capital in adulthood. Methods: We identified 524 adults (median age: 22 y) who were treated for SAM during childhood in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo between 1988 and 2007. They were compared with 407 community unexposed age- and sex-matched subjects with no history of SAM. The variables of interest were cardiometabolic risk markers for NCDs and human capital. For the comparison, we used linear and logistic regressions to estimate the association between SAM in childhood and the risk of NCDs and ordinal logistic regression for the human capital. Results: Compared with unexposed subjects, the exposed participants had a higher waist circumference [1.2 (0.02, 2.3) cm; P = 0.015], and a larger waist-to-height ratio [0.01 (0.01, 0.02) cm; P < 0.001]. On the other hand, they had a smaller hip circumference [-1.5 (-2.6, -0.5) cm; P = 0.021]. Regarding cardiometabolic markers for NCDs, apart from a higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [0.4 (0.2, 0.6); P < 0.001], no difference was observed in other cardiometabolic markers for NCD between the 2 groups. Compared with unexposed participants, exposed participants had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (crude OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.54; P = 0.010) and visceral obesity [adjusted OR: 1.44 (1.09, 1.89); P = 0.001]. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight, and dyslipidaemia was similar in both groups. Last, the proportion of malnutrition survivors with higher socioeconomic status level was lower. Conclusion: SAM during childhood was associated with a high risk of NCDs and lower human capital in adulthood. Thus, policymakers and funders seeking to fight the global spread of NCDs in adults in low-resource settings should consider the long-term benefit of reducing childhood SAM as a preventive measure to reduce the socioeconomic burden attributable to NCDs., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2021
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21. Association between Severe Acute Malnutrition during Childhood and Variability in Blood Pressure during Adulthood in Low- and Middle-income Countries: The Lwiro Cohort Study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Author: Gaylord Amani, Jimmy Minani, Michel P. Hermans, Daniel Lemogoum, Ghislain Bisimwa, Laurène de le Hoye, M. Dramaix, Pacifique Mwene-Batu, Justin Cirhuza Cikomola, Guy-Quesney Mateso, and Phillipe Donnen
Subjects: Blood pressure, Low and middle income countries, business.industry, Environmental health, media_common.quotation_subject, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Medicine, business, Democracy, Cohort study, media_common
Abstract: Introduction: Little is known about the long-term outcomes of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) during childhood. As such, this study aims to explore the association between childhood SAM and blood pressure (BP) variability in adulthood in a context without nutrition transition. Methodology: We identified 524 adults (Median age: 22 years) who were treated for SAM during childhood in Eastern DRC between 1988 and 2007. They were compared with 407 community unexposed age-and-sex matched with no history of SAM. The variables examined for this study were the systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) and pulse (PP) blood pressures, as well as high blood pressure (HBP) in adulthood. For comparison, linear and logistic regression models were used for analysing continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Results: Of the 524 exposed located, 145 exposed were selected according to age. A total of 97 unexposed were recruited. Compared to unexposed, exposed had slightly higher SBP and PP after adjusting [SBP = 1.4 mm Hg (-2.2, 4.8) and PP = 2.6 mm Hg (-0.3, 6.0)]. However, their mean DBP was lower that of among the unexposed [ -1.6 mm Hg (-4.6, 1.5)]. MBP and creatinine levels were comparable between the two groups. The prevalence of HBP adjusted for age was higher among exposed than unexposed (9.7% vs 5.3%). In addition, the odds of having HBP was higher among exposed than unexposed, however the difference was not statistically significant [ORa 1.9 (0.7, 5.6)]. Finally, using multiple regression, although the effect was not significant, SAM was a major contributor to HBP [OR 3.1 (0.9,10.9), p = 0.064], while being male and higher BMI were the only independent predictors among the young population of this study. Conclusions: There was no significant impact from an episode of SAM during childhood on BP variability in young adults in a context without nutrition transition. However, people who experienced a period of SAM had a higher prevalence of HBP and a much higher risk of developing HBP than unexposed. Additional multicentre studies involving a larger cohort would provide greater understanding of the impact of SAM on the overall risk of BP disorders during adulthood.
Published: 2020

22. Author response: Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Abdul Basit, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Soile E. Puhakka, Hongsheng Bi, Ari Voutilainen, Davood Khalili, Bin Zhou, Dermot O'Reilly, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bahareh Kheiri, Thein Thein Htay, Simona Giampaoli, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Simona Bo, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Holly E. Syddall, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Leng Huat Foo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Merete Osler, Laura Torres-Collado, Manu Raj, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Aneta Grajda, Anette Varbo, Kazem Mohammad, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Shu Ti Chiou, Iuliia A Rusakova, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Hamid Hakimi, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Yanina Zócalo, Freda Pitakaka, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Marie Kunešová, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Yannis Manios, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Sibel Gogen, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kristine H. Allin, Ana Azevedo, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Gretchen A Stevens, Dickman Gareta, Holger Theobald, Anja Schienkiewitz, Bekbolat Zholdin, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Ulla Roggenbuck, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Eero Kajantie, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mary Simon, Prakash C. Gupta, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Cristina Padez, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Sarah P. Garnett, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Suhad Bahijri, Christina Mavrogianni, Mihaela Vladulescu, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Rui Ornelas, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Slawomir Koziel, Shohreh Naderimagham, Jari Jokelainen, Stephen T. McGarvey, Patrick Pasquet, Farnam Mohebi, Nader Saki, Aida Pilav, Azim Nejatizadeh, Marianna Noale, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Luís B. Sardinha, Laura Lauria, Jun Hata, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Nils Lehmann, Elio Riboli, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Luis Serra-Majem, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Lekhraj Rampal, Zhamilya Battakova, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Fikru Tullu, Aung Soe Htet, Angel R. Gonzalez, Annette J. Dobson, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Annika Rosengren, Sania Nishtar, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Stefano Marventano, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Shukri F. Mohamed, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Soon-Woo Park, Ana Isabel Rito, David Goltzman, W. M. 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Capanzana, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Jonathan Giovannelli, Stela McLachlan, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Senthil K Vasan, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Dongfeng Gu, Tomas Vega, Hynek Pikhart, Päivi Mäki, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Christina Howitt, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Jenny M. Kindblom, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, G. K. Mini, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Vilmundur Gudnason, Loreto Santa Marina, Kairat Davletov, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Nicholas J. Wareham, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jussi Kauhanen, Breige A. McNulty, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Stefan Kiechl, Alicia Matijasevich, Boban Mugoša, Srinivasan Kannan, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Cynthia M. Pérez, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Dominique Hange, João Luiz Bastos, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Thomas Waldhör, Ioannis Pagkalos, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Peter Vollenweider, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Aya Mostafa, Fangfang Chen, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Arvind Pandey, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Rusidah Selamat, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paul Korrovits, Paola Nardone, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Alberto Barceló, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Constance Schultsz, Frank J Rühli, Santiago F. Gomez, Tara Coppinger, Muhammad Islam, Pierre Traissac, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Abdullah Alkandari, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Cynthia Robitaille, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Silvana Donoso, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, Son Thai Pham, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Giota Touloumi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Yi Song, Jianfeng Wu, Jeannette Klimont, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Martine Vrijheid, Susana Cararo Confortin, Antonis Zampelas, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ausra Petrauskiene, Juha Auvinen, Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Magdalena Klimek, Luís Lopes, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Maria Lc Iurilli, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Rainford J. Wilks, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Hanno Ulmer, Deepak Amarapurkar, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Massimo Salvetti, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Sabina Zambon, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Lauren Lissner, Kamarul Imran Musa, Deepa Weerasekera, Bihungum Bista, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, and Alison J. Hayes
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), medicine.disease, Obesity, Geography, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Published: 2020

23. Electrocardiographic safety of daily Hydroxychloroquine 400mg plus Azithromycin 250mg as an ambulatory treatment for COVID-19 patients in Cameroon

Author: Joelle Sobngwi, Magellan Guewo, Jean Claude Mbanya, Eric Walter Pefura Yone, Lauriane Fomete, Alain Menanga, Charlotte Moussi Omgba, Daniel Lemogoum, Christian Ngongang Ouankou, Sylvain Zemsi, Samuel Kingue, Jacqueline Ze Minkande, Paul Owono Etoundi, Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Eugene Sobngwi, William Ngatchou, Armel Zemsi, Antoinette Ntsama Assiga, Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate, Charles Kouanfack, Yves Wasnyo, Ahmadou Musa Jingi, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Pierre Ongolo Zogo, Pierre Joseph Fouda, Skinner Lekelem, Jan René Nkeck, Jean Cyr Yombi, and Thierry Ntandzi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, QT interval, Internal medicine, Ambulatory, Cohort, Heart rate, Medicine, business, Prospective cohort study, education, medicine.drug
Abstract: ObjectiveTo determine the early electrocardiographic changes in a cohort of ambulatory cameroonian COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin.DesignProspective study.SettingTreatment centres of the city of Yaounde, Cameroon, from May 7th to 24th 2020.ParticipantsWe enrolled 51 consecutive confirmed COVID-19 on RT-PCR who having mild forms of COVID-19 and treated by hydroxychloroquine 200mg twice daily during seven days plus Azithromycin 500 mg the first day and 250 mg the remaining 4 days as per national standard.Main outcomes measuresThe primary end-point was the change in QTc interval between day 0 (D0), day 3 (D3) and day 7 (D7). Secondary endpoints were changes in all other cardiac electrical conductivity patterns and the occurrence of clinical arrhythmic events during the course of treatment.ResultsThe population (29 men and 22 women) was aged 39 ± 11 years (range 17 to 61 years). Mean Tisdale score was 3.35±0.48. No significant change from baseline (D0) of QTc was observed at D7 (429±27 ms at D0 versus 396±26 ms at D7; p=0.27). A reduction of heart rate was observed between the D0 and D7 (75±13 bpm versus 70±13 bpm, p = 0.02) with increased QRS duration between D0 and D7 (95±10 ms versus 102±17 ms, p = 0.004). No symptomatic arrhythmic events occurred during the treatment course.ConclusionsNo life-threatening modifications of the QT interval was observed in non-severe COVID-19 patients treated ambulatory with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Studies are needed in critical-ill and older patients.
Published: 2020
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24. How to manage surgical patients during and early after COVID-19 pandemic: a practical approach for low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)

Author: Fabrice Stephane Arroye Betou, Jean Cyr Yombi, William Ngatchou, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Daniel Lemogoum, Joel Noutakdie Tochie, UCL - SSS/IREC/SLUC - Pôle St.-Luc, and UCL - (SLuc) Service de médecine interne générale
Subjects: education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, Surgical team, Isolation (health care), business.industry, Public health, Population, COVID-19, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Letter to the Editors, Triage, low-and middle-income countries, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Health care, Humans, Medicine, Surgery, Medical emergency, Elective surgery, Elective Surgical Procedure, education, business, Developing Countries
Abstract: To the editors of the Pan African Medical Journal Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is a global public health problem with major economic and social consequence of tremendous importance. Since the identification of its first case in Wuhan, Hubei, China in end December 2019, the exponential and rapid spread of the disease over all continents led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic in March, 11, 2020. Since, then several governement and non-governmental organizations pay a serious attention on this pandemic [1]. Moreover, the rapid spread of the pandemic is very challenging for its control by placing enormous pressure on all health care systems worldwide [2], and on frontline healthcare workers who are rapidly altering their professional responsibilities to help meet hospital needs. Limitation of staff members, redeployment of healthcare providers in the COVID-19 units, priority allocation of material and financial resources to fight COVID-19, limitation of the number of outpatient consultations have all contributed to a global health economic crisis [3]. It is estimated that health care workers (HCW) comprise between 4% and 19% of all reported COVID-19 cases in Europe and China [4]. Their risk of being contaminated is particulary high when treating non diagnose COVID-19 people due to shortage in the material of testing and further increased by the suboptimal personal protective equipment (PPE) available for health personnel in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) [5]. Surgeons are particularly affected due to the wide variety of procedures they perform, many of which are conducted routinely in the outpatient setting. Urgent measures are warranted to avert health specialist from being infected or dying of COVID-19. This ensures that we have readily available healthy surgeons, anesthesiologists, intensivists and nurses for an adequate perioperative management of COVI-19 patients with surgical pathologies. Considering the important role of surgical teams during the COVID-19 pandemic many scientific societies have set-up guidelines to curb the prevalence of COVID-19 among surgical teams. Some of these recommendations strategies include postponing all elective surgical procedures, triage of patients to identify those at risk of COVID-19, compulsory surgical care of COVID-19 patients surgical emergencies, a constant supply of adequate PPE for the surgical team, wearing of a face mask by the COVID-19 patient during the entire surgical intervention. Designated COVID-19 operating areas (COA) must be allocated for COVID-19 patients requiring an emergency surgery. Patients transit to and from the COA must be as quick as possible [6]. Zheng L and colleagues have also put forth a protocol of emergency surgery based on three level of stratified risks: (i) For confirmed and suspected COVID-19 patients, surgeons need to report to the hospital´s epidemiology department, infection control department, and operating room before they undergo surgery and then transfer a separate path to a negative pressure room, then to an isolation area. (ii) For high-risk COVID-19 patients who have to undergo surgery, after their preoperative preparation is completed, the anesthesiologist, nurse, and surgeon all follow protective measures for anesthesia and surgical procedures. After the surgery, the patients return to the original isolation ward according to the original transfer route. (iii) For low-risk COVID-19 patients, the general protection measures are needed for anesthesia and surgical procedures. After the operation, patients are transferred to their original ward according to the original transfer route [7]. In LLCs, surgical interventions are generally expensive for the general population [8] and the reduction of elective surgery may contribute to inflate this cost. Of note, the setting in which surgical interventions are performed, might be an important risk to acquire COVID-19. Thus, it is urgent to propose some practical strategies and resource-sensitive and context specific guidelines to reduce the spread of the disease in the operating room. Pending to resource availability and constraints, these strategic recommendations could be summarized in nine points as follow: 1) Adequate triage of all patients who undergo surgical intervention by assessing fever or respiratory signs; 2) Addressing all suspected patients to a specific unit for rapid diagnostic testing; 3) Interim cancelation of postponing of all elective surgery for confirmed cases; 4) Multidisciplinary operative staff meeting should be organized by video-communications or webinars; 5) Social distancing during clinical examination ; 6) Patients should wear their masks during all the peri-operative time (pre-operative consultation, during the entire surgical intervention and thereafter in the post-operative recovery unit) ; 7) The surgical team should have a constant and readily supply of PPE; 8) Sterilization of all surgical equipments and the operating room after surgery, especially after operating COVID-19 confirmed case; 9) Restrictions of family and friends visits to the patient in the postoperative period. A few couples of days succeeding the COVID-19 confinement in some high-income countries the pandemic of higher risk of transmission of COVID-19 increased in the general population as well as several surgical services given that no curative treatment nor vaccine for COVID-19 has been discovered yet. Hence, the surgical workforce or surgical team is continuously being re-inforced through psychological support to prevent physical and emotional exhaustion; enhancing their healthcare leadership and capacity building skills; regular clear communication between surgeons, between surgeons and anesthesiologists and between the surgical team and surgical patients; continuous refresher courses for the surgical teams on PPE; securing enough PPE to protect both the surgical patient and surgical team; continuous compliance to preventive measures such as hand washing before and after surgery; respecting social distancing during the surgical intervention [9]. While emergency surgical procedures will need to continue to be performed using PPE, elective or non-essential surgeries might still remain unfeasible in LMICs due to a shortage of PPE for the surgical human resources [10]. The following checklist proposed by the Royal College of Surgeons in the UK should help in prioritization of surgical interventions and resources adapted to local healthcare system: adequate timing for elective surgery, adequate supply and use of PPE, availability of interdependent service like anesthesiology, critical care or pathology; availability of local testing kits or laboratories for COVID-19, availability of an accurate assessment of the surgical workload by surgical sub-specialties, provision of a minimal risk environment that includes ward areas, operating room and post-anesthesia care units with adequate facilities to care for COVID-19 patients with surgical pathologies as well as to avert infection amongst the surgical team; adequate theatre capacity to meet the surgical service demands; ensuring an adequate supply of a surgical workforce in good physical and mental health; local coordination and availability of recovery management team in place (with multi-professional and multidisciplinary clinical input), to provide coordination and oversight of relevant policies and communications [9]. In poor resource settings, this flexible tool could also be used in order to limit spread of COVID-19 infection in surgical context. Conclusion COVID-19 is a real public health challenge for global healthcare system, impacting severely surgical services. This devastating pandemic calls for urgent readaption and reorientation of health policies and health system to comply with the incident pressing health needs in LMICs. This include implementation of practical context-specific and resources-sensitive guidelines to curb and reduce the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the surgical teams and improve the surgical care of COVID-19 patients living in underserved settings, even during and early after this pandemic. Competing interests All authors declare no competing interests.
Published: 2020

25. Electrocardiographic Safety of Daily Hydroxychloroquine 400mg Plus Azithromycin 250mg as an Ambulatory Treatment for COVID-19 Patients in Cameroon

Author: Eric Walter Pefura Yone, Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Alain Menanga, Lauriane Fomete, Jean Claude Mbanya, Thierry Ntandzi, S. Kingue, Charles Kouanfack, Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate, William Ngatchou, Pierre Joseph Fouda, Sylvain Zemsi, Jean Cyr Yombi, Christian Ngongang Ouankou, Joelle Sobngwi, Yves Wasnyo, Daniel Lemogoum, Skinner Lekelem, Jan René Nkeck, Paul Owono Etoundi, Ahmadou Musa Jingi, Magellan Guewo, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Antoinette Tsama Assiga, Eugene Sobngwi, Armel Zemsi, Pierre Ongolo-Zogo, Charlotte Moussi Omgba, and Jacqueline Ze Minkande
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, QT interval, Internal medicine, Heart rate, Cohort, Ambulatory, medicine, business, education, Prospective cohort study, medicine.drug
Abstract: Objective: To determine the early electrocardiographic changes in a cohort of ambulatory cameroonian COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine plus Azithromycin. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Treatment centres of the city of Yaounde, Cameroon, from May 7th to 24th 2020. Participants We enrolled 51 consecutive confirmed COVID-19 on RT-PCR who having mild forms of COVID-19 and treated by hydroxychloroquine 200mg twice daily during seven days plus Azithromycin 500 mg the first day and 250 mg the remaining 6 days. Main Outcomes Measures: The primary end-point was the change in QTc interval between the day 0 (D0), the day 3 (D3) and the day 7 (D7). Secondary end-points were modifications of all other cardiac electrical conductivity patterns and the occurrence of clinical arrhythmic events during the treatment course. Results: The mean age of the population was 39 ± 11 years (ranged between 17 to 61 years). The male gender was predominant (n=29 ; 56.86%). The mean Tisdale score was 3.35±0.48. The modification of QTc was not statistically significant between the D0 and the D7 (429±27 ms versus 396±26 ms ; p value= 0.27). There were statistical electrocardiographic changes in mean heart rate and QRS duration between the D0 and the D7. A reduction of heart rate was observed between the D0 and D7, 75±13 bpm versus 70±13 bpm (p value= 0.02). There were also a statistically significant increased of the QRS duration between D0 to D7 ; 95±10 ms versus 102±17 (p value= 0.004). No symptomatic arrhythmic events occurred during the treatment course. Conclusions: No life-threatening modifications of the QT interval was observed in non-severe COVID-19 patients treated ambulatory with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in Cameroon. More studies are needed particularly in critical-ill and older patients. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by the National Committee on Research Ethics for Human Health in cameroon before the conduct of the study (N°2020/05/1505/L/CNERSH/SP).
Published: 2020

26. Arterial stiffness in black African ancestry patients with chronic kidney disease living in Cameroon

Author: Philippe van de Borne, Ruth Dione Mboule, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Luc M. Van Bortel, Michel P. Hermans, Marie Patrice Halle, Félicité Kamdem, Daniel Lemogoum, Marie Solange Doualla, Henry Luma, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, and UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Arterial Stiffness (AS), medicine.medical_treatment, 030232 urology & nephrology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Medicine, Mobil-O-graph, Cameroon, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), Pulse wave velocity, Dialysis, Subclinical infection, business.industry, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Blood pressure, Hemodialysis, cardiovascular system, Arterial stiffness, Cardiology, Original Article, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, circulatory and respiratory physiology, Kidney disease
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), a direct measure of arterial stiffness (AS) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study assessed the patterns of PWV among Cameroonian patients with CKD in whom that marker of early vascular aging has not been explored so far. METHODS: We enrolled 150 Black African patients (mean age: 52±15 years, 56.7% males) with CKD in a cross-sectional study conducted at Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and biologic variables, blood pressure (BP) and PWV were recorded in all participants. Estimated aortic PWV was measured using a Mobil-O-Graph automatic brachial oscillometric device. RESULTS: PWV increased with aging (P
Published: 2018

27. Arterial stiffness and cardiometabolic phenotype of Cameroonian Pygmies and Bantus

Author: Christian Melot, Philippe van de Borne, Marc Leeman, William Ngatchou, Michel P. Hermans, Daniel Lemogoum, Luc M. Van Bortel, Virginie Guimfacq, and Jean-Claude Wautrecht
Subjects: Adult, Male, Central Venous Pressure, Physiology, Human Migration, Black People, Bantu languages, Rainforest, Pulse Wave Analysis, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, Vascular Stiffness, 0302 clinical medicine, Vascular stiffness, Heart Rate, Risk Factors, Sodium urine, Ethnicity, Prevalence, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Arterial Pressure, Cameroon, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Potassium urine, Life Style, Metabolic Syndrome, Waist-Hip Ratio, business.industry, Life style, Cholesterol, HDL, Sodium, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Lipoproteins, LDL, Phenotype, Apolipoprotein B-100, Potassium, Arterial stiffness, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Pygmies living in the Central African rainforest with a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle have a low incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Because of progressive loss of traditional habitat and ancestral lands, some Pygmies have migrated to urban areas and adopt specific Bantu lifestyles such as increased salt consumption and a sedentary way of life. We tested the hypothesis that migrant Pygmies could present with hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics different from those of traditional in-situ Pygmies and possibly closer to those of Bantu farmers.The study included 148 Pygmies (94 traditional and 54 migrants) and 164 Bantus. Peripheral and central hemodynamics, aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index corrected for heart rate (AIx) were measured, as well as fasting lipid profile. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion was also measured on a morning spot.Compared to Bantus, Pygmies had lower height (even between men and women, but men were taller than women in the three groups), weight, waist and hip circumference, peripheral and central blood pressure, total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B100 levels, sodium urinary excretion, and lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. By contrast, they had a higher waist-to-hip ratio, and higher triglycerides levels, as compared to Bantu farmers. PWV and AIx did not differ between Bantus and Pygmies. Compared to traditional in-situ Pygmies, migrant Pygmies were not taller when adjusted for sex, had lower brachial and central blood pressure, higher PWV (adjusted for mean arterial pressure, BMI, and sex), and higher apolipoprotein B100 levels. In the whole population, multivariable analysis revealed that PWV was independently associated with age, weight, height, mean arterial pressure, total cholesterol, and hip circumference, whereas AIx was independently related to age, sex, height, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and group (from Bantu farmers to Pygmies).Comparisons between Bantus and Pygmies, and between migrant Pygmies and traditional in-situ Pygmies, showed mixed results, with favorable and deleterious hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics in all groups. This could be due to increased contacts between these populations, which blunt the expected differences and because the beneficial effects of the hunter-gatherer subsistence mode of traditional in-situ Pygmies are counterbalanced by unhealthy behavioral habits.
Published: 2018

28. Periodontitis Increases Risk of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease in Diabetics Subjects Living in Cameroon

Author: Eno Belinga Lawrence, Essama, primary, Ekouta Noel Desiree, Mbango, additional, Abena Elvire, Nokam, additional, Nloo Alain Patrick, Essam, additional, Williams, Bell Ngan, additional, Dang Gabriel, Abanda, additional, Mvogo Come, Ebana, additional, Messanga Charles, Bengondo, additional, and Daniel, Lemogoum, additional
Published: 2020
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29. Glucose homeostasis abnormalities among Cameroon patients with newly diagnosed hypertension

Author: Michel P. Hermans, Caroline Kenmegne, Elvis Temfack, Yvette Ngo Nouga, Félicité Kamdem, M.S. Doualla, Daniel Lemogoum, Henry Luma, Fernando Kemta Lepka, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, and UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Provisional diabetes, medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Impaired fasting glycemia, Blood Pressure, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Newly diagnosed, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Logistic regression, Gastroenterology, Prediabetic State, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Internal Medicine, medicine, Homeostasis, Humans, Glucose homeostasis, Cameroon, Cardiovascular risk factors, business.industry, Glucose homeostasis abnormalities, Diabetes, Blood Pressure Determination, Cholesterol, LDL, Fasting, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Lipids, Abnormal glucose homeostasis, Confidence interval, Cross-Sectional Studies, Blood pressure, Endocrinology, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: The authors assessed the frequency of glucose homeostasis abnormalities among 839 Cameroonians with newly diagnosed hypertension (mean age: 50.8±11 years; 49.9% female) in a cross‐sectional survey conducted at the Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon. In all participants, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipids were recorded. Impaired fasting glycemia was described as an FPG level between 100 and 125 mg/dL and provisional diabetes as an FPG level ≥126 mg/dL. The FPG was 101±30 mg/dL. The overall proportion of abnormal glucose homeostasis was 38.3%, while 7.7% of patients (n=65) had known diabetes. A total of 23.7% (n=199) had impaired fasting glycemia and 6.8% (n=57) had provisional diabetes. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–2.06), age older than 55 years (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15–2.09), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol >1 g/L (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00–1.82) were independently associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis (all P
Published: 2017

30. Association Of Diabetes With Sleep Duration and Quality in Urban and Rural Cameroonian Community Dwellers

Author: Elysée Claude BIKA LELE, Jacques Narcisse DOUMBE, Philippe VAN DE BORNE, Thierry MESSOMO, EDISARI MBANGO, Michel HERMANS, Jean Paul DEGAUTE, Marc LEEMAN, Hugo Bertrand MBATCHOU, William NGATCHOU, and Daniel LEMOGOUM
Abstract: Background Sleep disorders are known to be linked with numerous cardiovascular co-morbidities like diabetes. The prevalence and impact of sleep quality and duration on diabetes in the Cameroonian population is not well established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the separate and combined roles of sleep duration and quality on diabetes mellitus in the urban and rural Cameroonian population.Methods This was a cross-sectional prospective survey conducted in 249 rural and 250 urban community dwellers in Cameroon aged 18 years and older. Sleep duration (SD) and quality were self-reported using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Poor sleep quality was considered for PSQI score>5 and short SD was considered ≤6h. Diabetes mellitus was considered for fasting blood glucose≥126mg/dL and/or being on glucose-lowering medication(s). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of sleep duration and quality with diabetes.Results mean age was 36±12years with 39.1% male participants. Frequency of diabetes was 8.2% and was similar between urban and rural participants (10% vs 6.4% respectively; p=0.188). Frequency of poor sleep quality was 50.3% and was similar in urban and rural groups (48.2% vs 52.4% respectively, p=0.395). Short SD represented 30.5% of the sample and was more frequent in the urban than rural group (36.1% vs 24.8% respectively, p=0.006). Short SD was significantly associated with diabetes (OR 2.62, 95%CI 1.38 – 5.00) while poor sleep quality was not significantly associated with diabetes. Poor sleep quality combined with short SD was strongly associated with diabetes (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.23- 5.79).Conclusion there is a necessity to take into account sleep duration and quality in the management of diabetes
Published: 2019

31. Late mortality after cardiac interventions over 10-year period in two Cameroonian government-owned hospitals

Author: Alain Menanga, William Ngatchou, Jean-Luc Jansens, Didier De Cannière, Jacques Berré, Sidiki Mouliom, Daniel Lemogoum, Albert Kana, Joseph Sango, Romuald Hentchoua, Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate, Henry Ngote, Pierre Origer, Samuel Kingue, Aminata Coulibaly, Eugene Belley Priso, Maimouna Bol Alima, Félicité Kamdem, Ahmadou Musa Jingi, Marie Solange Doualla, Jean Jacques Hacquebard, Anastase Dzudie, Henry Luma, and Duplex François Ewane
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, business.industry, Mortality rate, medicine.medical_treatment, Généralités, Outcomes, Cardiac surgery, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Prosthesis, Late mortality, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Valve replacement, Cardiac interventions, medicine, Original Article, Cameroon, 030212 general & internal medicine, General hospital, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Cardiac Tumors, Chronic constrictive pericarditis
Abstract: Background: Cardiac surgery is a growing activity in Sub-Saharan Africa, however, data related to long-term mortality are scarce. We aimed to analyze outcome data of cardiac interventions in two hospitals in Cameroon over 10 years' period. Methods: we conducted a retrospective analytical and descriptive study at the Douala General Hospital and Yaoundé General Hospital. All patients operated between January 2007 and December 2017, or their families were contacted by phone between January and April 2018 for a free of charges medical examination. Results: Of a total of 98 patients operated during the study period, 8 (8.2%) were lost to follow-up. Finally, 90 patients [49 (54.4%) women and 41 (45.6%)] men were included. The mean age was 49±22 years (range, 13-89 years). The surgical indications were valvular heart diseases in 37 (41.1%) cases, congenital heart diseases in 11 (12.2%) cases, chronic constrictive pericarditis in 4 (4.4%) cases, and intra cardiac tumor in 1 (1.1%) case. Valve replacement was the most common type of surgery carried out in 37 (41.1%) cases-mostly with mechanical prosthesis. Pacemaker-mostly dual-chambers were implanted in 36 (40.0%) patients. The median follow-up was 26 months. The overall late mortality was 5.7%, and the overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 95.5% and 94.4% respectively. The overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years for mechanical valve prosthesis were 93.3% and 90% respectively. The survival at 10 years was 100% for patients with bioprosthesis. The survival rates at 10 years were 94.1% and 100% respectively for dual and single chamber pacemaker. Conclusions: Long-term outcome of cardiac surgery in hospitals in Cameroon are acceptable with low mortality rate. However, outcome metrics beyond mortality should be implemented for a prospective data collection., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2019

32. Impact of Sleep Duration and Quality on the Burden of Diabetes Among Urban and Rural Community Dwellers in Cameroon

Author: William Ngatchou, Marc Leeman, Philippe van de Borne, Thierry Messomo, Marc Dandji, Daniel Lemogoum, Basile Essola, Jean-Paul Degaute, and Michel P Hermans
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, General Medicine, Type 2 diabetes, medicine.disease, Sleep in non-human animals, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Quality (business), business, education, Demography, media_common
Abstract: Background: Sleep disorders are known to be linked with numerous cardiovascular comorbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence and impact of sleep quality and duration on diabetes in the Cameroonian population is not well established. This study evaluates the isolated and combined contribution of two aspects of sleep (duration and quality) on glucose homeostasis in an urban and rural Cameroonian population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective survey conducted among 249 rural and 250 urban community dwellers in Cameroon aged ≥18 years. Self-reported sleep duration (SD) and quality were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Poor sleep quality was considered for PSQI score>5 and short SD was considered≤ 6h. Diabetes was considered for fasting blood glucose>126mg/d Land/or use of glucose-lowering medications. Results: Mean age was 36±12 years, and men accounted for 39.1%. Frequency of poor sleep quality was 50.3% and was similar in urban and rural groups (48.2% vs 52.4% respectively, p=0.395). Short SD was present in 30.5% of subjects and was more frequent among urban dwellers (36.1% vs 24.8% in rural, p=0.006, respectively). Short SD was significantly associated with diabetes (OR 2.62, 95%CI 1.38-5.00). Although the frequency of diabetes was higher in participants with poor sleep quality compared to those with PSQI ≤5 (10% vs 6.5%, respectively), the observed difference was not significant (p>0.05). The combination of poor sleep quality and short SD was strongly associated with diabetes (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.23-5.79). Conclusion: This survey demonstrates a significant association between short sleep duration as well as the combination of short sleep duration and poor sleep quality with type 2 diabetes prevalence. It is appropriate to consider sleep quality and duration as potentially modifiable variables associated with the presence or management of diabetes in these Cameroonian populations.
Published: 2021

33. Association of urinary sodium excretion with blood pressure and risk factors associated with hypertension among Cameroonian pygmies and bantus: a cross-sectional study

Author: William Ngatchou, Philippe van de Borne, Claude Elysée Bika Lele, Jean-Paul Degaute, Marc Leeman, Cecile Okalla, and Daniel Lemogoum
Subjects: Male, lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Cardiologie et circulation, Cross-sectional study, Physiology, Rural Health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Hunter-gatherer lifestyle, 0302 clinical medicine, Urinary sodium excretion, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Cameroon, 030212 general & internal medicine, Transients and Migrants, Age Factors, Middle Aged, Pygmy, Hypertension, Blood pressure, Population study, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Diastole, Black People, Natriuresis, Excretion, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, medicine, Humans, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Risk factor, Salt intake, Angiology, business.industry, Sodium, Urban Health, Feeding Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, lcsh:RC666-701, Potassium, Bantu, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Background: High salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) and hypertension risk. This study aimed to examine association of urinary sodium excretion with BP and hypertension correlates among Cameroonian pygmies under hunter-gatherer subsistence mode and Bantus, living in urban area under unhealthy behavioral habits. Methods: In this cross-sectional cluster sampling study, we randomly enrolled rural pygmies living in Lolodorf and urban Bantus living in Douala. The World Health Organization steps questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and lifestyle data. Height, weight, BP and single overnight spot urine samples were obtained in all participants. BP was measured in triplicate. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion was determined by flame photometry. Data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results: We included 150 Pygmies and 150 Bantus aged 38±12 years and 33±11 years, respectively (p< 0.0001). Compare to Bantus, pygmy's height and weight were respectively: 1.54±0.09 m vs 1.72±0.12 m; and 54.4±9.2 kg vs 77.2±14.8 kg, all p< 0.0001. Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 3.3% among Pygmies and 28% among Bantus (p< 0.0001). Age-adjusted systolic and diastolic BP were lower in Pygmies than in Bantus (107±12 vs 119±17 mmHg and 71±11 vs 78±13 mmHg respectively, all P< 0.0001). BP increased with age but to a lesser extent in Pygmies (all p< 0.01). Urinary sodium excretion was lower in Pygmies than in Bantus (46.9±32.4 vs 121.5±61.0 mmol/l, p< 0.0001). Systolic and diastolic BP were positively associated with urinary sodium excretion in Bantus (all p< 0.05). In the two groups, urinary potassium excretion was similar, and was not related to blood pressure. In the total study group and in Bantus taken separately, urinary sodium excretion was higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Multivariable logistic regression showed that urinary sodium excretion, Bantu status and age emerged as independent determinants of hypertension in the whole study group (OR (95%CI): 1.012 (1.005-1.018); 11.408 (3.599-36.165); 1.095 (1.057-1.135) respectively, p< 0.0001). Conclusion: Hunter-gatherer pygmies exhibit low level of urinary sodium excretion related to low rate of hypertension and slower BP increase with age. Salt intake was a major driver of hypertension in our study population. Our findings highlight the need of efforts to implement nationwide prevention programs promoting risk factor screening and healthier lifestyles including reduction of dietary salt intake in Cameroonian., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

34. Application of the Canadian C-Spine rule and nexus low criteria and results of cervical spine radiography in emergency condition

Author: Pierre Youatou, William Ngatchou, Cyril Bouland, Pierre Mols, Maimouna Bol Alima, Claude Bika, Jeanne Beirnaert, Daniel Lemogoum, Ahmed Sabry Ramadan, Regis Sontou, Virginie Guimfacq, Alain Plumaker, and UCL - (SLuc) Département cardiovasculaire
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Spinal Injuries -- diagnostic imaging, Wounds, Nonpenetrating -- diagnostic imaging, Cervical spine X-ray, emergency, quality, Wounds, Nonpenetrating, Poor quality, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Radiography -- methods, Humans, Medicine, Open mouth, Retrospective Studies, High rate, business.industry, Research, Cervical spine radiography, General surgery, fungi, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, General Medicine, Emergency department, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Radiography, Spinal Injuries, Emergency condition, Blunt trauma, Cervical Vertebrae, Female, Emergencies, Cervical Vertebrae -- diagnostic imaging -- injuries, Emergency Service, Hospital, business, Nexus (standard), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The Canadian C Spine Rule (CCR) and the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (Nexus) low criteria are well accepted as guide to help physician in case of cervical blunt trauma., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

35. Prevalence and Correlates of Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities in the Far-North Region Cameroon

Author: Philippe van de Borne, Michel Michel Hermans, William Ngatchou, Marc Leeman, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Nicolas Preumont, Jean-Paul Degaute, Daniel Lemogoum, Philippe Donnen, Pierre Amta, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, and UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Environmental health, medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Urban, Far-North Region, Rural, Prediabetes, Cameroon, medicine.symptom, education, business, Abdominal obesity, Glucose Homeostasis Abnormalities
Abstract: Background: Evidence indicates a growing burden of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (namely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes) in Cameroun. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of glucose homeostasis abnormalities (GHA) in the Far-North region of Cameroon, where these variables have not been explored so far. Methods: We included in this population-based cross-sectional survey 461 participants living urban area (Maroua) and 428 dwellers living in rural area (Tokombere) aged at least 18 years, using a multistage-cluster sampling frame. In all participants, we recorded sociodemographic, medical history, clinical data and fasting blood (capillary) glucose (FBG). Diabetes was considered for FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL or being on glucose-lowering medications, and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) for FBG 100 - 125 mg/dL. Results: The overall age-standardized prevalence of GHA, IFG and diabetes was 33.6%, 21.7% and 11.9%, respectively. Those data were similar between urban and rural areas. Determinants of GHA were age, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. IFG was only related to abdominal obesity, while diabetes was related to age, family history of diabetes, overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension. Conclusion: Glucose homeostasis abnormalities are alarmingly high in Far North Cameroon. Efforts are needed to promote healthier lifestyles and initiate diabetes-screening campaigns in Cameroon.
Published: 2018

36. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among rural and urban dwellers of the Far North Region of Cameroon

Author: Nicolas Preumont, William Ngatchou, Michel P. Hermans, Philippe van de Borne, Marc Leeman, Pierre Amta, Pascal Bovet, Philippe Donnen, Félicité Kamdem, Claude Elysée Bika Lele, Daniel Lemogoum, Jean-Paul Degaute, and Albertino Damasceno
Subjects: Adult, Male, Rural Population, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Urban Population, Physiology, Cross-sectional study, MEDLINE, Health knowledge, Blood Pressure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cameroon, Young adult, business.industry, Awareness, Middle Aged, Blood pressure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Rural population
Abstract: To assess the prevalence and determinants of high blood pressure (BP) and awareness, treatment, and control rates in the Far North Region of Cameroon, where these variables have not been explored so far.In total, 889 individuals (41.5% women) aged at least 18 years participated in a cross-sectional survey conducted in Maroua (urban area) and Tokombere (rural area) from November 2014 to May 2015, using a multistage cluster sampling frame. Anthropometric variables, BP, and fasting capillary glucose were assessed in all participants. Hypertension was defined as BP at least 140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive therapy and BP control as BP less than 140/90 mmHg. Prevalence estimates were age standardized to the Cameroon population.The prevalence of hypertension was 37.8% (rural: 34%; urban: 41.2%; men: 38.8%; women: 37.9%). Hypertension was associated with urban environment (odds ratio: 1.42; 95%; confidence interval 1.06-1.89), age at least 70 years (4.06; 2.02-6.14), male sex (4.06; 2.02-6.14), abdominal obesity (2.36; 1.54-3.61), and high blood sugar (2.01; 1.31-3.08). Among individuals with hypertension, 18.6% (rural: 17.9%; urban: 19.5%) were aware of having high BP. Among those aware, 29.3% (rural: 17.3%; urban: 36.3%) reported receiving treatment, of whom 16.3% (rural: 22.6%; urban: 4.2%) had BP controlled. Awareness, treatment, and BP control levels were higher in women than men.Hypertension is highly prevalent in Far North Cameroon and awareness, treatment, and control rates are low. Efforts to improve detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in Cameroon are needed.
Published: 2017

37. A Needs Assessment of Sub-Sahara African National Hypertension Organizations for Hypertension Prevention and Control Programs

Author: Mark L. Niebylski, Daniel Lemogoum, Tej K. Khalsa, Kimbree A. Redburn, and Norm R.C. Campbell
Subjects: business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Control (management), Health Maintenance Organizations, Hypertension prevention, Health Services Accessibility, Cross-Sectional Studies, Policy Statement from the World Hypertension League, Nursing, Risk Factors, Hypertension, Needs assessment, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, Epidemics, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Africa South of the Sahara, Needs Assessment, Societies, Medical
Published: 2015

38. Report of the International Society of Hypertension Teaching Seminar organized by the International Society of Hypertension Africa Regional Advisory Group

Author: B.J.C. Onwubere, Antonio Coca, Ikechi G. Okpechi, Neil R Poulter, Albertino Damasceno, Brian Rayner, Rhian M. Touyz, Yakoob K Seedat, Jene-Rene M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Ruan Kruger, Daniel Lemogoum, Kadiri S, Aletta E. Schutte, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding, and National Institute for Health Research
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Hypertension control, Physiology, business.industry, education, MEDLINE, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology, humanities, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, health services administration, Family medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Hypertension diagnosis, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: The International Society of Hypertension (ISH), in fulfilment of its mission of promoting hypertension control and prevention and also of advancing knowledge globally, organizes hypertension teaching seminars or 'summer schools' worldwide through the ISH Regional Advisory Groups. In Africa, seven of such seminars have been organized. This is a report of the eighth seminar held in Maputo, Mozambique, April, 2016. The seminar was attended by over 65 participants from 11 African countries. The Faculty consisted of 11 international hypertension experts. The eighth African hypertension seminar was a great success as confirmed by a pre- and post-test questionnaire.
Published: 2016

39. Hypoxemia after pneumothorax exsufflation: a case report

Author: Daniel Lemogoum, William Ngatchou, Virginie Guimfacq, Michèle Ngassa, Alain Plumaker, Regis Sontou, Pierre Mols, Ahmed Sabry Ramadan, Pierre Youatou, Gildas-paulin Yondou Sandjo, Maimouna Bol Alima, and UCL - (SLuc) Service de chirurgie cardiovasculaire et thoracique
Subjects: Adult, Male, Physique de l'état solide, Case Report, Pulmonary Edema, oedema, re-expansion, Hypoxemia, Pulmonary oedema, Severe hypoxemia, Humans, Medicine, Pneumothorax, re-expansion, oedema, hypoxemia, Hypoxia, hypoxemia, Re-expansion, Re expansion, business.industry, Pneumothorax, Métallurgie, General Medicine, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Oedema, Dyspnea, Anesthesia, Acute Disease, Drainage, Exsufflation, medicine.symptom, Emergency Service, Hospital, Acute dyspnea, business, Complication
Abstract: We describe a 36-year-old patient who was admitted to the emergency ward for acute dyspnea due to a spontaneous pneumothorax. He was successfully drained but shortly after presented a severe hypoxemia due to pulmonary oedema secondary to pulmonary re-expansion. The physiopathology behind this complication is still unknown. We will try to describe this complication and its predictive factors., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2017

40. Cardiovascular risk factors among the inhabitants of an urban Congolese community: results of the VITARAA Study

Author: Michèle Dramaix, L. Thijs, P Bayauli, Jean-René M’Buyamba-Kayamba, Jan A. Staessen, J R M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean P. Degaute, Robert Fagard, M.S. Ditu, and Daniel Lemogoum
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, Overweight, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Obesity, education, education.field_of_study, Proteinuria, business.industry, Diabetes, Généralités, Anthropometry, Stepwise regression, medicine.disease, Urban Africans, Blood pressure, Risk factors, Hypertension, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Objective: The objective is to assess cardiovascular risk profile in an urban Congolese population. Design and Methods: From July 2007 to March 2008, we investigated 1824 inhabitants (≥. 10. year old) randomly recruited from the Adoula quarter (Kinshasa, Congo). Measurements included: anthropometry, medical history and lifestyle habits via questionnaire, blood pressure and pulse rate (Omron M6, HEM 7001E), blood glucose, plasma lipids, and semi-quantitative proteinuria tests. We used stepwise logistic regression to model the odds for hypertension and diabetes. Results: In 1292 adult participants ≥. 20. years (56.6% women, mean age 37. ±. 15. years), the prevalence of hypertension and known diabetes was 30.9% and 4.2%, respectively. Among participants with hypertension respectively 46.6%, 29.3% and 18.3% were aware, on treatment and controlled. Control was better among women and subjects below age 55, but lower in overweight/obese subjects. The odds for hypertension independently increased with age (. P, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2014
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41. Prehypertension, Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult Congolese Urban Dwellers: Results of the Vitaraa Study

Author: J R M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René M’Buyamba-Kayamba, Bompeka François Lepira, Mpandamadi Symphorien Ditu, Mwasa Pascal Bayauli, Daniel Lemogoum, Robert Fagard, and Jean-Paul Degaute
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Age adjustment, Blood lipids, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Prehypertension, Blood pressure, Physical therapy, Medicine, Metabolic syndrome, medicine.symptom, business, Dyslipidemia, Demography
Abstract: Objective: To assess the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension, their determinants and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Congolese urban dwellers. Methods: From July 2007 to March 2008, we collected information on lifestyle habits, medical history and anthropometric data in 1292 household members of Adoula Quarter, Kinshasa, aged 20 years or more, 731 women (56.6%). We obtained measurements of BP, blood glucose, serum lipids and qualitative proteinuria. We defined blood pressure categories according to JNC7 classification and used logistic regression analyses to assess their independent determinants. We obtained age adjustment of continuous and categorical variables using GLM and Genmod procedures, respectively. Results: Prehypertension was observed in 30.3% of subjects, 34.9% of men and 26.7% of women (P = 0.0045). The prevalence of hypertension amounted to 30.9% with no difference between genders. Participants with prehypertension had average age, BMI and waist circumference intermediate between those with normal BP and hypertensive subjects. Their glucose and lipids levels were similar to those of normotensives. The prevalence of prehypertension amounted to 33% at age 20 - 29 years and decreased to 16.7% at ≥60 years whereas the prevalence of hypertension increased from 11.2% to 71.4%. The rates of diabetes mellitus were similar accross blood pressure catogo- ries whilst prevalences of overweight/obesity, abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome significatively increased (P = 0.05 or less). Among participants with prehypertension, 73% had two or more additional cardiovascular risk factors. In the logistic model the probability of prehypertension was higher in men (OR: 1.429; 95% CI: 1.099 - 1.857) and participants with overweight/obesity (OR: 1.666; 1.146 - 2.422), lower in participants aged ≥ 55 years (0.427; 0.267 - 0.683) and those with high fruit intake (0.691; 0.488 - 0.977). The probability of hypertension was higher in participants aged ≥ 55 years (OR: 6.988; 4.561 - 10.706), overweight/obesity (2.263; 1.704 - 3.004), those with high vegetables consumption (1.152; 1.003 - 1.324) and faster pulse rate (1.013; 1.002 - 1.025). Conclusion: Our results suggest that fruit consumption and control of over-weight are important issues for prevention of cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa where high blood pressure is the main driver of the current epidemic.
Published: 2014

42. Cardiometabolic Phenotype and Arterial Stiffness in HIV-Positive Black African Patients

Author: Philippe van de Borne, Emiline Tiogou, Jean-Paul Degaute, Michel P. Hermans, Marc Leeman, Euloge Yagnigni, Charles Kouanfack, Daniel Lemogoum, Valérie Ndobo, Elisabeth Nga, Luc M. Van Bortel, and William Ngatchou
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Waist, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Arterial stiffness, Aortic stiffness, Metabolic syndrome, Lipid profile, business, Pulse wave velocity
Abstract: Objective: To test the hypothesis that Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Black patients is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors that may increase aortic stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV). Methods: We matched 96 Cameroonian Controls to 238 (Un) treated HIV-positive patients [HIV] for age. In each participant, aortic PWV (ComplioR), blood pressures (BP), lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FPG) were measured. Results: Waist circumference was lower in HIV than in Controls (both p g·dl-1), and of diabetes (FPG > 125 mg·dl-1) were higher in HIV than in the Controls (50% vs 27%, and 23% vs 1%, respectively; both p p = 0.02). Fasting triglycerides (TG) and the atherogenic dyslipidemia ratio [log(TG)/HDL-C] were higher in HIV than in the Controls (both p p > 0.05). HIV patients exhibited a twice-higher prevalence of MetS (AHA/NHLBI score 33/5) than that of the Controls (41% vs 21%; p 0.01). Similarly, severity of MetS phenotype was higher in HIV as compared to the Controls (2.14% vs 1.59%; p p = 0.036). Conclusions: HIV infection is associated with higher prevalence of MetS and its phenotype in Black African patients that may induce increased aortic stiffness.
Published: 2014

43. Resources for Blood Pressure Screening Programs in Low Resource Settings: A Guide From the World Hypertension League

Author: Sailesh Mohan, Lyne Cloutier, Tej K. Khalsa, Birinder K. Mangat, Roger R. Jean-Charles, Marcelo Orias, John Kenerson, Norm R.C. Campbell, Adel E. Berbari, Xin-Hua Zhang, Eugênia Velludo Veiga, Daniel Lemogoum, and Mark L. Niebylski
Subjects: HIPERTENSÃO, medicine.medical_specialty, Low resource, business.industry, Health Policy, International Cooperation, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Blood Pressure Determination, League, Blood pressure, Policy Statement from the World Hypertension League, Family medicine, Hypertension, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Internal Medicine, Screening programs, Physical therapy, medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Published: 2015

44. Increased burden and severity of metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness in treatment-naïve HIV+ patients from Cameroon

Author: Michel P. Hermans, Emiline Tiogou, Charles Kouanfack, Euloge Yagnigni, William Ngatchou, Daniel Lemogoum, Philippe van de Borne, Elisabeth Nga, Pierre Ndobo, UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, and UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, HIV Infections, Gastroenterology, arterial, Severity of Illness Index, Stiffness, stiffness, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Pharmacology (medical), Cameroon, Pulse wave velocity, Original Research, Metabolic Syndrome X, Hematology, General Medicine, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Middle Aged, Metabolic syndrome, Lipids, medicine.anatomical_structure, Hypertension, Arterial, Biological Markers, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Aortic Diseases, Pulse Wave Analysis, metabolic syndrome, Vascular Stiffness, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Arterial Pressure, Dyslipidemias, Lung, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HIV, Aortic Augmentation Index, medicine.disease, Impaired fasting glucose, Vascular Health and Risk Management, Endocrinology, Blood pressure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Case-Control Studies, Arterial stiffness, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its therapy are associated with increased aortic stiffness and metabolic syndrome (MetS) phenotype in Caucasian patients. We hypothesized that, independently of antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection in native black African patients is associated with increased burden of cardiometabolic risk factors that may accelerate arterial structural damage and translate into increased aortic stiffness., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2013

45. Cannabis body packing : a case report

Author: Michèle Ngassa, Virginie Guimfacq, Pierre Mols, Ahmed Sabry Ramadan, Basile Essola, Pierre Youatou Towo, Daniel Lemogoum, and William Ngatchou
Subjects: Adult, Male, cannabis, medicine.medical_specialty, Abdominal pain, Street drugs, Physique de l'état solide, Case Report, Drug trafficking, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Drug Trafficking, Foreign Bodies, Cannabis, lcsh:R5-920, biology, business.industry, Illicit Drugs, General surgery, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, Emergency department, Métallurgie, biology.organism_classification, Bodypacking, humanities, Surgery, Abdominal Pain, mule, Intestines, medicine.anatomical_structure, Body Packing, bodypacking, Abdomen, medicine.symptom, business, Mule, lcsh:Medicine (General)
Abstract: Drug traffic is a major concern worldwide. We report a case of a 27-year old male who presented with a diffuse abdominal plain to the emergency department. Abdominal X-ray demonstrated multiple foreign bodies along the intestinal tract, which were found to be cannabis packets. The patient was treated conservatively with a good result., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2016

46. Outcome of permanent vascular access for haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease in Cameroon: results from the pilot experience of the Douala general hospital

Author: Romuald Hentchoya, Lionel Haentjens, Jean-Luc Jansens, Essola Basile, Albert Sone Mouelle, William Ngatchou, Eric Lebrun, Marie Solange Doualla, Bernard Segers, Félicité Kamdem, Henri Ngote, Nicolas Preumont, Henry Luma, Justin Kana, Philippe Dehon, Alain Watel, Alain Olinga Olinga, Jacques Berré, Pauline Etori, Samuel Ekane, Jean Pierre Haquebard, Elie Cogan, Achille Ngbwa Evina, Adamo Kasum, Gauthier Gamela, Maimouna Bol Alima, Daniel Lemogoum, Pierre Origer, Alexandra Van Uytvanck, Brown Ndofor, Aminata Coulibaly, Ousmane Bal, Eugene Belley Priso, Annie Massom, Olivier Germay, Antoine Lecain, Anastase Dzudie, and Marie Patrice Halle
Subjects: Adult, Male, Longitudinal study, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030232 urology & nephrology, Vascular access, Arteriovenous fistula, Pilot Projects, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Hospitals, General, Risk Assessment, End stage renal disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Catheters, Indwelling, Renal Dialysis, Diabetes mellitus, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Medicine, Humans, In patient, Cameroon, Longitudinal Studies, General hospital, Developing Countries, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Surgery, Female, business, Peritoneal Dialysis, Needs Assessment, Vascular Access Devices, Kidney disease, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background Chronic Kidney disease is a major health problem in the world. Native arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) is well established as the best vascular access for haemodialysis. Little is known about the outcome of AVF in sub-Saharan Africa. We aim to analyze the outcome of patients undergoing AVF creation during the pilot program established at the Douala general hospital (DGH). Method This was hospital-based, longitudinal study with a retrospective phase (April 2010-January 2014) and a prospective phase (January 2014-April 2014). All consecutive patients operated for AVF creation were included in this study. Socio-demographics data, functionality, and complications were analyzed. Results Eighty-one patients including 52 men were enrolled in this study (49 prospectively and 32 retrospectively). The mean age was 52, 3 years (range 18-81 years). Hypertension (66, 7%), diabetes (17, 3%), and HIV (8, 6%) were the most observed co-morbidities. About 96.3% of AVF were native and 3.7% were prosthetic graft. Radiocephalic AVF was performed at a rate of 77.8%. The primary function rate was 97.7% and the mean follow-up period 43.4 weeks. The overall rate of complications was 44.4% of whom 30.5% were early, 30.5% secondary, and 39% lasted. The treatment of these complications was conservative in 48.7% of cases. Conclusions The results of the pilot program of AVF creation at the DGH are encouraging. However, the sustainability of this project requires human capacity building.
Published: 2016

47. Rationale and design of the Newer Versus Older Antihypertensive Agents in African Hypertensive Patients (NOAAH) trial

Author: Jan A. Staessen, Samuel Kingue, Lutgarde Thijs, Chinwuba K. Ijoma, Ifeoma Ulasi, Philip M Kolo, BC Anisiuba, J R M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Joseph Kaptue, Hilaire J. Boombhi, Serigne Abdou Ba, Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye, Babatunde A. Omotoso, J B Mipinda, Daniel Lemogoum, Marius K. Kamdem, Augustine N. Odili, Tom Richart, Ademola Aderibigbe, Epidemiologie, and RS: CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Tetrazoles, Blood Pressure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Randomized controlled trial, Risk Factors, law, 030212 general & internal medicine, Diuretics, special populations, Valine, General Medicine, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Middle Aged, Hydralazine, 3. Good health, Drug Combinations, Valsartan, Research Design, Bisoprolol, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.drug, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Black People, Antihypertensive therapy, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Methyldopa, Amlodipine, Intensive care medicine, health policy and outcome research, Africa South of the Sahara, Antihypertensive Agents, Aged, business.industry, randomized clinical trial, Blood pressure, Diuretic, business
Abstract: Background. Sub-Saharan Africa experiences an epidemic surge in hypertension. Studies in African Americans led to the recommendation to initiate antihypertensive treatment in Blacks with a diuretic or a low-dose fixed combination including a diuretic. We mounted the Newer versus Older Antihypertensive Agents in African Hypertensive Patients (NOAAH) trial to compare in native African patients a fixed combination of newer drugs, not involving a diuretic, with a combination of older drugs including a diuretic. Methods. Patients aged 30-69 years with uncomplicated hypertension (140-179/90-109 mmHg) and two or fewer associated risk factors are eligible. After a 4-week run-in period off treatment, 180 patients will be randomized to once daily bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide 5/6.25 mg or amlodipine/valsartan 5/160 mg. To attain and maintain blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg during 6 months of follow-up, the doses of bisoprolol and amlodipine in the combination tablets will be increased to 10 mg/day with the possible addition of α-methyldopa or hydralazine. NOAAH is powered to demonstrate a 5-mmHg between-group difference in sitting systolic pressure with a two-sided p-value of 0.01 and 90% power. NOAAH is investigator-led and complies with the Helsinki declaration. Results. Six centers in four sub-Saharan countries started patient recruitment on September 1, 2010. On December 1, 195 patients were screened, 171 were enrolled, and 51 were randomized and followed up. The trial will be completed in the third quarter of 2011. Conclusions. NOAAH (NCT01030458) is the first randomized multicenter trial of antihypertensive medications in hypertensive patients born and living in sub-Saharan Africa. ispartof: Blood Pressure vol:20 issue:5 pages:256-266 ispartof: location:England status: published
Published: 2011

48. Hypertension artérielle chez l’adulte Congolais du Sud Kivu : résultats de l’étude Vitaraa

Author: M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Masumbuko Be, Jean-Paul Degaute, Philippe Bianga Katchunga, M'buyamba-Kayamba, Daniel Lemogoum, Zacharie Kashongwe, and Kabinda Jm
Subjects: education.field_of_study, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Mortality rate, Population, General Medicine, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Comorbidity, Blood pressure, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adult urban and rural Congolese subjects. METHODS We obtained anthropometric data and information on life habits and medical history in 699 people ≥ 20 years, 444 in an urban, 255 in a rural setting. We determined the body mass index and recorded two blood pressure measurements that were averaged for analysis. Hypertension was BP ≥ 140/90mmHg, awareness and/or use of antihypertensive treatment. Diabetes mellitus was self-reported diagnosis or a casual glycemia ≥ 200mg/dL. We assessed the probability of hypertension in stepwise multiple logistic analysis, and awareness, and control of hypertension. RESULTS We found higher (P 55 years: 2.35; P
Published: 2011

49. Policy Statement of the World Hypertension League on Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement Devices and Blood Pressure Measurement in the Clinical or Community Setting

Author: Mark Gelfer, George S. Stergiou, Eoin O'Brien, Xin-Hua Zhang, Martin G. Myers, Sailesh Mohan, Daniel T. Lackland, John G. Kenerson, Adel E. Berbari, Lyne Cloutier, Birinder K. Mangat, Norm R.C. Campbell, Daniel Lemogoum, Tej K. Khalsa, Eugênia Velludo Veiga, and Mark L. Niebylski
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Equipment Design, HIPERTENSÃO (FISIOPATOLOGIA), World health, Blood pressure, Policy Statement from the World Hypertension League, Hypertension, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Internal Medicine, Physical therapy, medicine, Hum, Humans, Community setting, Theology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Campbell N R, 1999, Blood Press Monit, V4, P71, DOI 10.1097-00126097-199902000-00003; CAMPBELL NRC, 1994, CAN J PUBLIC HEALTH, V85, pS18; CAMPBELL NRC, 1994, CAN J PUBLIC HEALTH, V85, pS12; Campbell NRC, 2005, AM J HYPERTENS, V18, P1522, DOI 10.1016-j.amjhyper.2005.05.002; Campbell NRC, 2001, BLOOD PRESS MONIT, V6, P133, DOI 10.1097-00126097-200106000-00003; Daskalopoulou SS, 2012, CAN J CARDIOL, V28, P270, DOI 10.1016-j.cjca.2012.02.018; De Jong W, 2009, SCENIHR, P1; de Greeff A, 2010, J HUM HYPERTENS, V24, P58, DOI 10.1038-jhh.2009.29; Kaczorowski J, 2011, BRIT MED J, V342, DOI 10.1136-bmj.d442; Kearney PM, 2004, J HYPERTENS, V22, P11, DOI 10.1097-01.hjh.0000098149.7095679; Lim SS, 2013, LANCET, V380, P2224, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(12)61766-8; MCKAY DW, 1990, J HUM HYPERTENS, V4, P639; Myers MG, 2012, J HYPERTENS, V30, P1894, DOI 10.1097-HJH.0b013e3283577b05; Myers MG, 2010, HYPERTENSION, V55, P195, DOI 10.1161-HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.141879; Myers MG, 2011, BRIT MED J, V342, DOI 10.1136-bmj.d286; National Clinical Guidelines Centre, 2004, NCI CANC B, V1, P1; O'Brien E, 2005, J HYPERTENS, V23, P697, DOI 10.1097-01.hjh.0000163132.84890.c4; O'Brien E, 2003, J HYPERTENS, V21, P821, DOI 10.1097-01.hjh.0000059016.82022.ca; O'Brien E, 2003, BLOOD PRESS MONIT, V8, P19, DOI 10.1097-01.mbp.0000057012.67622.de; Padfield PL, 2010, HYPERTENSION, V56, P1038, DOI 10.1161-HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.161737; Padfield PL, 2009, J HYPERTENS, V27, P216, DOI 10.1097-HJH.0b013e32831fda4e; Parati G, 2005, BLOOD PRESS MONIT, V10, P3, DOI 10.1097-00126097-200502000-00002; Parati G, 2010, HYPERTENSION, V56, P1047, DOI 10.1161-HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160408; Pickering TG, 2005, HYPERTENSION, V45, P142, DOI 10.1161-01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e; Roubsanthisuk W, 2007, BLOOD PRESS MONIT, V12, P61, DOI 10.1097-MBP.0b013e3280b08317; Rouse A, 2001, J HUM HYPERTENS, V15, P587, DOI 10.1038-sj.jhh.1001241; Sliwa K, 2011, LANCET, V378, P647, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(11)60131-1; Stergiou GS, 2009, J HUM HYPERTENS, V23, P794, DOI 10.1038-jhh.2009.20; Stergiou GS, 2012, J HYPERTENS, V30, P537, DOI 10.1097-HJH.0b013e32834fcfa5; Stergiou GS, 2011, BLOOD PRESS MONIT, V16, P67, DOI 10.1097-MBP.0b013e32834331e7; Taylor J, 2013, EUR HEART J, V34, P2108; World Health Organization, 2012, 12 WHO; World Health Organization, 2013, 139 WHO, P1; World Health Organization, 2005, 126 WHO, P1; YONG PG, 1987, J CLIN MONITOR, V3, P155, DOI 10.1007-BF01695937
Published: 2014

50. Acute Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Effects of Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Author: Philippe van de Borne, Atul Pathak, Christophe Janssen, Olivier Xhaet, Daniel Lemogoum, B Najem, Anne Houssiere, Nicolas Cuylits, UCL - SSS/IREC/MONT - Pôle Mont Godinne, and UCL - (MGD) Service de cardiologie
Subjects: Adult, Male, Nicotine, Sympathetic nervous system, Sympathetic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular System, Double-Blind Method, Heart Rate, Heart rate, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Nicotinic Agonists, Hypoxia, Muscle, Skeletal, business.industry, Respiration, Apnea, Hypoxia (medical), Nicotine replacement therapy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Blood pressure, Anesthesia, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Aortic body, medicine.drug
Abstract: Sympathetic overactivity is implicated in the increased cardiovascular risk of cigarette smokers. Excitatory nicotinic receptors are present on peripheral chemoreceptor cells. Chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies increase ventilation (Ve), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and sympathetic nerve activity to muscle circulation (MSNA) in response to hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increases MSNA and chemoreceptor sensitivity to hypoxia. Sixteen young healthy smokers were included in the study (8 women). After a randomized and blinded sublingual administration of a 4-mg tablet of nicotine or placebo, we measured minute Ve, HR, mean BP, and MSNA during normoxia and 5 minutes of isocapnic hypoxia. Maximal voluntary end-expiratory apneas were performed at baseline and at the end of the fifth minute of hypoxia. Nicotine increased HR by 7±3 bpm, mean BP by 5±2 mm Hg, and MSNA by 4±1 bursts/min, whereas subjects breathed room air (all P P P P 2 saturation during hypoxia and the apneas remained unaffected. In conclusion, sympathoexcitatory effects of NRT are not because of an increased chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia. NRT increases myocardial oxygen consumption in periods of reduced oxygen availability.
Published: 2006

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