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1. Photosynthetic Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in Drought-Stressed Common Beech and Sessile Oak from Different Provenances

Author

Antonia Vukmirović, Željko Škvorc, Saša Bogdan, Daniel Krstonošić, Ida Katičić Bogdan, Tomislav Karažija, Marko Bačurin, Magdalena Brener, and Krunoslav Sever

Subjects
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, stomatal photosynthesis limitation, non-stomatal photosynthesis limitation, phosphorus nutrition, provenance-specific drought adaptation, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Increasingly frequent and severe droughts pose significant threats to forest ecosystems, particularly affecting photosynthesis, a crucial physiological process for plant growth and biomass production. This study investigates the impact of phosphorus fertilization on the photosynthesis of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). In a common garden experiment, saplings originating from two provenances (wetter KA and drier SB provenances) were exposed to regular watering and drought in interaction with moderate and high phosphorus concentrations in the growing substrate. Results indicated that drought significantly reduced pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic performance index (PIabs) in both species. Phosphorus fertilization had a negative impact on Anet and PIabs, thus exacerbating the negative impact of drought on photosynthetic efficiency, potentially due to excessive phosphorus absorption by saplings. Provenance differences were notable, with the KA provenance showing better drought resilience. This research highlights the complexity of nutrient–drought interactions and underscores the need for cautious application of fertilization strategies in reforestation efforts under changing climatic conditions.

Published
2024
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2. Different Ecological Niches of Poisonous Aristolochia clematitis in Central and Marginal Distribution Ranges—Another Contribution to a Better Understanding of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

Author

Ivan Brzić, Magdalena Brener, Andraž Čarni, Renata Ćušterevska, Borna Čulig, Tetiana Dziuba, Valentin Golub, Irina Irimia, Bojan Jelaković, Ali Kavgacı, Mirjana Krstivojević Ćuk, Daniel Krstonošić, Vladimir Stupar, Zlatko Trobonjača, and Željko Škvorc

Subjects
poisonous plant, niche width, ethnoecology, environmental conditions, vegetation plots, ecological specialization index, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Aristolochia clematitis L. is a perennial herbaceous plant distributed throughout Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus. It has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity but not in recent times because it contains poisonous aristolochic acid, causing progressive kidney failure. The aim of this work was to study Aristolochia clematitis ecology on the basis of vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive, and to investigate the differentiation of its ecological niche using a co-occurrence-based measure of ecological specialization (ESI). The ecological niche was studied on three spatial scales: on the entire distribution area, its differentiation across 200 × 200 km grid cells and the differences between three central and three marginal regions. Our results suggest that Aristolochia clematitis has a very broad ecological niche occurring in a range of different habitats and climatic conditions, with a trend of a niche width decrease with the distance from the geographical center. The plant prefers more stable communities with less anthropogenic influence moving towards the margin of the distribution area. Specialization towards the marginal area is a result of evolutionary history, which refers to the recent anthropogenically induced spread from its original home range. A high incidence of Aristolochia clematitis in the vegetation of arable lands and market gardens as well as anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation in the distribution center corresponds to the geographical incidence of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy.

Published
2023
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3. Study of Forage Quality of Grasslands on the Southern Margin of the Pannonian Basin

Author

Andraž Čarni, Mirjana Ćuk, Daniel Krstonošić, and Željko Škvorc

Subjects
functional group, ecological strategy, grazing, mowing, vegetation, Agriculture
Abstract

Since grasslands provide many ecosystem services, there are often different opinions on their management (e.g., agronomy, ecology, botany). Multidisciplinary research on this topic is therefore needed. This article focuses on the impact of ecological conditions, functional groups, ecological strategies, floristic composition (through habitat preference of species), major floristic gradients (presented as first two NMDS axes), and the management on forage quality. We estimated the forage quality using indicator values. All of the available vegetation plots in the region on wet and mesic meadows, managed pastures, and tall-herb meadow/pasture fringes on deeper or shallower soils (i.e., grasslands) were collected, organized in a database, and elaborated according to standard procedure. We used a widely accepted grassland classification system that uses floristic composition to define grassland types. Based on an NMDS ordination diagram and according to functional groups, ecological strategies, and habitat preferences (behavior of species) and management, we defined three major groups: mesic meadows (mowed), wet meadows (mowed), and pastures (grazed). We correlated all groups’ functional groups, ecological strategies, habitat preferences (behavior of species), major floristic gradients, management, and forage quality. We found that forage quality mainly depends on moisture conditions and that nutrients and grazing are less important. Within the grasslands under consideration, mesic meadows and mesic pastures have the highest forage quality.

Published
2021
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4. Vegetation Fetures of Beech Forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija Mountains

Author

Željko Škvorc, Jozo Franjić, Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, and Ivana Alešković

Subjects
forests, Fagus sylvatica, vegetation ecology, Slavonian mountains, Croatia, Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

The Slavonianmountains have an important place in the floristic and vegetation picture of the continental part of Croatia. For the most part, the forest cover of this region consists of common beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.). Many authors have worked on defining plant communities of common beech in the northern part of Croatia in the last ten years. Even though this has greatly contributed to get a better understanding of them,many questions have remained open. This is so because the research wasmostly conducted on smaller geographical scale where local conditions (specific microhabitat, anthropogenic influences, etc.) significantly affected the phytosociological analyses. On the other hand, it is rather difficult to carry out the analyses on a larger geographical scale because many regions and/or vegetative types are still scarcely covered by relevés. The goal of this study is to analyze the floral composition of beech forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, which have not been sufficiently studied so far. The next goal is to define and draw boundaries between plant communities, and also to analyze some of the ecological and phytogeographical features. During field studies of beech forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, 88 relevés were made using central European Braun-Blanquet methodology. The relevés have been compared with the relevés of similar vegetation in the wider geographical region (N Croatia, N Slovenia, S Hungary). The analysis included 1509 published relevés of 13 associations from Slovene Phytosociological Database (Šilc 2006) and Croatian database of forests vegetation (Krstonošić et al. 2007) – Lamio orvale-Fagetum, Cardamine savensi-Fagetum, Isopyro-Fagetum, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum, Hacquetio-Fagetum, Helleboro odori-Fagetum, Carici pilosae-Fagetum, Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum, Galio odorati-Fagetum, Polysticho setiferi-Fagetum, Luzulo-Fagetum, Castaneo-Fagetum i Blechno-Fagetum. The numerical analysis of the floral composition was made (cluster analysis, NMDS), as well as the analysis of ecological variables (DCA). To describe ecological conditions, Ellenberg’s indicator values were also used. Clasification was made by cluster analyses in PC-ORD (McCune&Mefford 1999). NMDS was made by R using Vegan (Oksanen et al. 2006) and DCAwas made by CANOCO 4.02 (Ter Braak and Šmilauer 2002). Slavonian hills are situated in the eastern part of Croatia, on the border of the Pannonian and Illyrian floristic area. The area is bordered by themountains of Papuk (953ma.s.l.) and Krndija in the north-west and north, and by the mountains of Psunj (989 m a.s.l.), Požeška gora (616 m a.s.l.) and Dilj (471m a.s.l.) in the south-east and east. The average annual air temperature in the researched area is around 11 °C, and it increases from the west to the east. January is the coldest month of the year, and July is the wormest. The average annual amount of precipitation decreases from the west to the east. The geological structure is quite diverse. Most of the mountain range is made of silicate and sandstone rock, while parts of Papuk and Požeška gora, and most parts of Dilj are made of limestone and marlstone. We have established three associations of beech forests that can be divided into acidophilic beech forests (Luzulo-Fagetum), submountainous beech forests (Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum luzuletosum and caricetosum pilosae) and mountainous beech forests (Cardamino savensi-Fagetum), (Fig. 2, 3, Tab. 1). Ass. Luzulo luzuloidi-Fagetum This association has already been reported in the study area. These stands are established on acid substrates on steep slopes (Fig. 4, 5). They have very poor floral composition. Furthermore, typical stands are dominated by Luzula luzuloides and this mainly occurs on the northern slopes; there are also stands dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus, which occurs in slightly warmer habitats (cf. Tab. 1 and 2). Ass. Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum In the study region of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, two groups of relevés could be distinguished, even though there is no sharp distinction between them (Fig. 2). A more acidophilic group (subass. luzuletosum), where Festuca drymeia is dominant with a significant presence of Luzula luzuloides, comes in great complexes at higher altitudes and ismore present in the western and northern part of themountains. In the southern and eastern part, it can be found in small patches. The domination of the Carex pilosa is significant for the other group (subass. caricetosum pilosae). It can be found at lower altitudes and it ismore present in the eastern and southern part of themountains. In the floristic sense, it differs from subass. luzuletosum with a greater participation of species such as Carpinus betulus, Quercus petraea, Tilia tomentosa and others. In the area of the association, in the ditches and basins, there is a significant presence of species such as Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, etc. (Tab. 1, 2, Fig. 3, 4). Having analyzed the submountainous beech forests in the region of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, the question remains whether there are two associations, or different subassociations within the same association. To solve the status and relationship with the related associations, it is necessary to make a study that will include all submountainous beech forests in a wider geographical area. The description and systematic position of this association is a topic of much debate in phytosociological literature. We are of the opinion that none of the nomenclature combinations are satisfactory. Ass. Cardamino savensi-Fagetum Beech stands grow in the upper region of Mt. Papuk (over 700 m a.s.l.) and they can be clearly distinguished from all other studied stands by their floral composition. By comparing it with the relevés of beech forests fromliterature, it has been undeniably established that this was the case of mountainous beech forests of the suballiance Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. By its floral composition and ecological characteristics, these forests are most similar to those described under the name Cardamino savensi-Fagetum in Slovenia. Slavonian mountains are a region of well-indented relief, where various base soils, soil depths, expositions, etc., occur in a very small space. Consequently, forest plant communities appear in a delicate mosaic of different vegetation types, which often alternate and whose boundaries are usually not clear-cut. The composition of beech forest flora of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija, as well as the whole area of Slavonian mountains is characterized by a smaller number of species compared to beech forests of the Dinarian region and western Croatia. For the most part, some Illyrian species (Lamium orvala, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia, Rhamnus fallax and Euphorbia carniolica) are missing or come up very rarely, which has also been noted in some earlier studies. Sizeable regions of beech forests of Slavonian mountains are still quite inadequately explored from a phytosociological point of view. This is mainly the case with the westernmost and north-easternmost regions (Fig. 1). In order to solve the remaining open questions and to better define plant communities, it is necessary to study these regions as well.

Published
2011

5. Phenological Asynchronization as a Restrictive Factor of Efficient Pollination in Clonal Seed Orchads of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.)

Author

Jozo Franjić, Krunoslav Sever, Saša Bogdan, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, and Ivana Alešković

Subjects
pedunculate oak, clonal seed orchard, meteorological data, pollination, protogyny, receptivity, Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

The knowledge of the flowering biology of forest trees, and thus also of Pedunculate Oak, is exceptionally important when planning to mass-produce genetically high-quality seeds at clonal seed orchards (CSO) for the purpose of reforestation and restoration of forest cultures. The production of genetically high-quality seeds at CSOs, which assumes a high degree of genetic diversity, can only be guaranteed if 20 to 60 clones of different genotypes contribute to pollination (transferring of pollen from stamen to stigma). However, for a successful fertilization, which would guarantee the desired quality and quantity of seeds, phenological synchronization of the clone flowering within CSOs is also important. The beginning of pedunculate oak bud burst is under significant genetic control, which opens up the possibility to make the right selection of plus trees, with the goal of achieving a permanent phenological synchronization of flowering and flushing of clones with which the CSOs have been established. However, the effect of poor weather, such as heavy rainfall, too high or too low relative humidity of air, low temperatures, frosts, hail, etc., can sometimes disrupt favorable phenological synchronization of clones, also lowering the quality and quantity of seeds produced. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the phenological synchronization of clone flowering within CSOs, (ii) to look into the possible effect of weather on the duration of receptivity of female flowers and pollen shedding, (iii) to determine the degree of correspondence between particular phenophases of flushing and flowering.The study has been conducted at the experimental field founded in the spring of 2008 within Rasadnik Brestje (Forest Administration Zagreb, Forest Office Dugo Selo). The experimental field has been founded by planting ramet in accordance with the experimental design of randomized section system with repetitions (sections). Each clone is represented with one ramet in each section. Ramets originate from the clones of pedunculate oak, from which clonal seed orchards were founded in the regions under respective Forest Administrations (FAs) Vinkovci (VK), Našice (NA) and Bjelovar (BJ). Phenological observations of flushing and flowering were performed simultaneously, twice a week, until the leaves were fully developed on all clones, i.e. until all male flowers ceased to shed pollen or until all female flowers ceased to be receptive. The phenology of flushing was monitored in accordance with the methodology which distinguishes 7 phenophases in the flushing of pedunculate oak, while the phenology of flowering was monitored according to the methodology developed on the example of cork oak (Quercus suber L.). In this study, during the phenological monitoring of flowering, special attention was given to phenophases of male flower development, which describe the beginning and the end of pollen shedding, i.e. to phenophases of female flowers, which describe the beginning and the end of their receptivity. Microclimatic conditions during flowering (from April 7 to May 23) in 2010 were measured via automatic meteorological station set up at the experimental field.From a total of 145 clones, 103 were flowering at the experimental field in 2010, 8 of which only with male flowers, 31 only with female flowers, and 63 with both male and female flowers. Protogyny was established for the clones flowering with both male and female flowers, except for the clone VK 43 where protandry was established. The receptivity of female flowers of protogynous clones occurred on average 7 days before the male flowers began shedding pollen, while the VK 43 clone started releasing pollen a day before female flowers started to be receptive.Generally speaking for all the clones represented at the experimental field and flowering in 2010, pollen shedding started on April 15, and ended on May 22. The receptivity of female flowers started on April 13, and ended on May 13. From the moment the first clone started shedding pollen untill shedding stopped, 37 days have elapsed, while the receptive period of female flowers lasted 30 days.The receptive period of female flowers for the clones in the region of FA BJ and VK started on April 14, while this period started on April 13 for the clones in the region of FA NA. The end of the receptive period for BJ clones was recorded on May 13, for NA clones on April 20, and for VK clones on May 11. The receptive period of BJ female flowers lasted for 29 days, of NA for 9 days, and of VK for 28 days. There were two »critical» periods (the first from April 19 to 22, and the other on May 3) during which a sudden termination of receptivity in female flowers was recorded in a great number of clones. During the first period with a more pronounced effect, the termination of receptivity occurred in almost all of the clones within all three CSOs where flowers started to be receptive before April 22. The average duration of the receptive period of female flowers in all of the clones that stopped being receptive in this period amounted to 4.2 days. In the second and less pronounced period, there was a termination of receptivity of female flowers in a half of VK clones, whose receptivity mostly began after April 22. The average duration of the receptive period of female flowers, where clones stopped being receptive after May 3, amounted to 9.2 days. Considering the duration of the receptive period of female flowers, statistically significant difference has been determined among the clones whose receptivity of female flowers ended before April 22 and the clones whose female flowers stopped being receptive after April 22. The above-mentioned critical periods occurred in both cases after a sudden drop in the relative humidity of air, which was recorded on April 19 and 29, and low values of minimum air temperatures, which were recorded on April 19, 28 and 29. Shortly before or during the occurrence of »critical» periods, precipitation was also recorded.The shedding of pollen started on April 19 for the clones in the region of FA BJ and NA, while the clones in the region of FA VK started shedding pollen on April 15. BJ clones stopped shedding pollen on May 20, NA clones on May 3, and VK clones on May 13. Pollen shedding lasted 31 days in BJ clones, 14 days in NA clones, and 28 days in VK clones. Similarly to the receptivity of female flowers, two »critical» periods, when a significant number of clones stopped shedding pollen, can also be noted (the first from April 27 to 29, and the second on May 10). During the first period, most of the NA clones stopped shedding pollen. During the second period, a sudden halt in shedding pollen was recorded in almost all VK clones that started shedding pollen after May 3. The duration of pollen shedding does not differ with respect to »critical« periods when cessation of shedding occurred, and it amounts to 5.6 days for all the clones, on average. The abovementioned »critical« periods, in both cases connected with shedding of pollen, occurred during a period with high temperatures and low relative humidity of air, without precipitation.Phenological synchronization of flowering is the result of bud-burst synchronization in clones within CSOs and weather conditions, at the moment of receptivity of female flowers and shedding of pollen. In that respect, a combination of phenological synchronization of flowering and unfavorable weather conditions, which caused the sudden termination and short receptive period of female flowers, was most drastically reflected through the clones from CSO NA. Only a smaller number of clones from CSO NA could have participated in mutual pollination in 2010, while in CSOs VK and BJ most of the clones had this opportunity thanks to the unsynchronized bud burst, which had in turn enabled a number of clones to avoid unfavorable weather conditions.Based on the comparison between an average number of days that clones needed to enter each of the studied phenophases of flushing and flowering, it has been determined that the onset of the receptive period of female flowers occurred almost at the same time with phenophase of flushing L4 (first leaves are developed still mostly in the bud), the onset of pollen shedding, and the termination of receptive period of female flowers at the same time with phenophase L6 (the leaves are formed but still longitudinally curved), while the flushing phenophase L7 (the leaves are fully formed and smooth) coincided with the termination of receptivity of female flowers.The results showed that the phenological synchronization of flowering in 2010 was significantly affected by unfavorable weather conditions, which shortened the duration of the receptive period of female flowers to a greater degree, while they had no significant effect on the duration of pollen shedding period. Such course of events most severely affected the clones originating from CSO NA, which had started the period of receptivity of female flowers and pollen shedding of male flowers approximately at the same time, in contrast to the clones originating from CSOs Vinkovci and Bjelovar, which started their receptive periods of female flowers and pollen shedding periods of male flowers at different times.

Published
2011

6. Funkcionalna prilagodba lišća hrasta kitnjaka i obične bukve na različite stanišne prilike

Author

Antonia Vukmirović, Željko Škvorc, Dinka Kunac, Ida Katičić Bogdan, Daniel Krstonošić, and Krunoslav Sever

Subjects
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, morfologija lista, provenijencija, LDMC, LMA, puči, Mechanical Engineering, Forestry, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, morfologija lista, provenijencija, LDMC, LMA, puči
Abstract

Važno je znati kako će klimatske promjene utjecati na pojedine šumske vrste, a pritom je jednako važno istraživati i mjeriti značajke biljaka koje je relativno lako kvantificirati, a koje su snažno povezane s cjelokupnim funkcioniranjem biljke. Iz toga je razloga provedeno istraživanje funkcionalnih značajki lišća na petogodišnjim sadnicama obične bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) i hrasta kitnjaka (Quercus petraea /Matt./ Liebl.) porijeklom iz dviju provenijencija čija se staništa odlikuju sličnim orografskim i edafskim, a različitim klimatskim značajkama, što je posebno izraženo u količini oborine. Prema tomu, jedna je provenijencija s područja Slavonskoga Broda koja raste na staništu s manjom količinom oborine (suha provenijencija), a druga s područja Karlovca koja uspijeva na staništu s većom količinom oborine (vlažna provenijencija). Na lišću biljaka iz tih provenijencija mjerena je površina lišća (LA), gustoća puči (SD), lisna masa izražena po površini (LMA) i sadržaj suhe tvari u lišću (LDMC). Provedeno istraživanje funkcionalnih značajki lišća potvrdilo je da je hrast kitnjak u odnosu na običnu bukvu bolje prilagođen na sušne stanišne uvjete pa se može pretpostaviti da će pod utjecajem globalnih klimatskih promjena biti kompetitivniji u odnosu na običnu bukvu. Međutim, obična je bukva pokazala veću fenotipsku plastičnost koja joj može omogućiti bolju prilagodbu na buduće suše stanišne uvjete. Nadalje, utvrđeni obrazac diferencijacije sušnije i vlažnije provenijencije, uzimajući u obzir obje vrste, pokazuje njihovu ekotipsku diferencijaciju. Pri razmatranju utjecaja klimatskih promjena na prirodne populacije tih dviju vrsta treba uzeti u obzir njihovu fenotipsku plastičnost, ali i uočenu funkcionalnu ekotipsku diferencijaciju.

Published
2022
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7. Revitalization and landscape design of the park in Stari Mikanovci, Croatia; role of existing vegetation in generating new landscape solutions

Author

Monika Kamenečki, Aneta Mudronja Pletenac, Helena Miholić, Dora Tomić Reljić, Daniel Krstonošić, and Petra Pereković

Subjects
vegetation, analysis, valorisation, landscape solution, park, General Engineering
Abstract

In this paper, the procedures and indicators of systematic inventorisation and analysis of the existing vegetation of urban landscapes are presented and applied. The analysis of the vitality of existing trees was performed using the Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) method on the location of Park in Stari Mikanovci, Croatia. The results of these analyses were used as a basis for the protection and care of existing vegetation, but also their implementation in the design. For this purpose, four different conceptual solutions for the park design were formed. The process of generating different concepts tried to answer the questions: whether the maximum preservation of vegetation elements is a limiting factor in the creative phase of the design process, and whether consistent preservation of vegetation elements will generate similarities of design solutions. Four conceptual solutions were developed by four different authors who were given the same project task: (a) maximum possible preservation on the basis of analysis of the determined values of existing vegetation, and (b) uniform basic residential and recreational content of the park. All other components and features of the landscape are left as variable, arbitrary and author-determined parameters. Multi-criteria descriptive analysis of the proposed design solutions showed that the existing vegetation is not a limiting factor for the typology, diversity, disposition and degree of intervention in the creative phase of the design process.

Published
2022
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8. Phytosociological analysis of beech forests in the Žumberak and Samobor highlands (Croatia)

Author

Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, Željko Škvorc, and Jozo Franjić

Subjects
Dolomite, Plant Science, fagus sylvatica, Floristics, Fagus sylvatica, vegetation, relevés, Beech, environmental gradients, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Botany, Forestry, Vegetation, biology.organism_classification, Substrate (marine biology), croatia, Vegetation, Relevés, Environmental gradients, Fagus sylvatica, Forest communities, Croatia, Geography, Habitat, QL1-991, QK1-989, forest communities, Indicator value, Zoology
Abstract

The Žumberak and Samobor highlands are situated in the north-western part of Croatia where the characteristics of the Dinarides, the Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet. The greater part of the area is occupied by beech forests. The aim of the study was to determine the syntaxonomic affiliation of these forest communities, and to explore their floristic and main ecological features. Numerical analyses of floristic compositions were conducted on a data-set consisting of 144 new relevés and 99 relevés from the existing literature. Relevés were made following the standard Braun-Blanquet method. For descriptions of ecological conditions Ellenberg’s indicator values were used. Six plant associations and two subassociations of beech forests were established in Luzulo-Fagion and Aremonio-Fagion alliances. The higher altitudes of the studied area are occupied by ass. Cardamini savensi-Fagetum, whereas the lower altitudes are occupied by ass. Lamio orvalae-Fagetum and Hacquetio-Fagetum. Ass. Hacquetio-Fagetum spreads on southern slopes and ridges, whereas ass. Lamio orvalae-Fagetum occurs in ditches and on northern slopes. In the warmer habitats with shallow soils on a dolomite base ass. Ostryo-Fagetum occurred. A small part of the area is characterized by silicate substrate which is occupied by ass. Luzulo-Fagetum and Gentiano asclepiadeae-Fagetum.

Published
2021

9. Functional adaptation of natural sessile oak and common beech saplings on different habitat conditions

Author

Krunoslav Sever, Luka Hodak, Željko Škvorc, Jozo Franjić, Tomislav Karažija, Daniel Krstonošić, Ida Katičić Bogdan, Saša Bogdan, and Antonia Vukmirović

Subjects
Quercus petraea L, Fagus sylvatica L, drought, alometric growth relations, dry matter, fine roots, coarse roots, stem, suša, alometrijski odnosi rasta, suha tvar, sitno korijenje, krupno korijenje, stabljika, Forestry, Suša, Alometrijski odnosi rasta
Abstract

Cilj ovoga rada bio je usporediti dvije mješovite sastojine (provenijencije) obične bukve i hrasta kitnjaka, iz istočne (provenijencija Slavonski Brod - SB) i sjeverozapadne (provenijencija Karlovac - KA) Hrvatske, s obzirom na klimatske i edafske prilike te raspraviti njihov utjecaj na rast i produkciju suhe tvari prirodnog pomlatka hrasta kitnjaka i obične bukve u kontekstu njegove funkcionalne prilagodbe na prethodno spomenute stanišne prilike. Glavna razlika između provenijencija s obzirom na klimatske prilike ogleda se u prosječno većoj količini oborina na području provenijencije KA. Unatoč tomu, zbog nepovoljnog rasporeda oborina za vrijeme rasta i razvoja istraživanog pomlatka u razdoblju 2016. – 2020. godine područje provenijencije KA odlikovalo se učestalijom pojavom sušnih perioda nego područje provenijencije SB. S obzirom na edafske prilike (fizikalne i kemijske značajke tla) provenijencije se nisu značajnije razlikovale. Međutim, tlo provenijencije KA odlikovalo se nešto lakšom strukturom (manje gline i više skeleta) u odnosu na tlo provenijencije SB. Razlike između provenijencija i vrsta s obzirom na cijeli niz mjerenih parametara koji opisuju rast i produkciju suhe tvari istraživanog pomlatka uključujući i njihove alometrijske odnose ispitan je pomoću dvofaktorske ANOVA-e. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da je pomladak iz provenijencije KA ulagao više suhe tvari u rast i razvoj korijenja s posebnim naglaskom na sitno korijenje i pri tom se dublje zakorjenjivao te razvijao deblju i nižu stabljiku nego pomladak iz provenijencije SB. To ukazuje da je pomladak iz provenjencije KA funkcionalno prilagođeniji sušem staništu. Takav rezultat mogao bi biti posljedica različito ispoljene fenotipske modifikacije (reakcije na sušu) i/ili stvarnih genetskih razlika između provenijencija, što ovom prilikom nije bilo moguće točnije razlučiti. Dobivene razlike u rastu i produkciji suhe tvari između kitnjakova i bukova pomlatka odgovaraju već otprije poznatom načinu njihove funkcionalne prilagodbe na vlažnost, odnosno suhoću staništa. To znači da se kitnjakov pomladak dublje zakorjenjivao i pri tom je više suhe tvari ulagao u rast krupnog korijenja u odnosu na bukov pomladak koji se pliće zakorjenjivao i pri tom više suhe tvari ulagao u rast sitnog korijenja., The aim of this study was to examine the influence of climatic and edaphic conditions in two mixed stands (provenances) of common beech and sessile oak from eastern (Slavonski Brod - SB provenence) and northwestern (Karlovac - KA provenence) Croatia on the functional adaptation of growth and dry matter production of their natural saplings. The main differences between the provenances with regard to climatic conditions is reflected in the amount of precipitation. The amount of precipitation in the area of ​​KA provenance is much higher than in the area of ​​SB provenance (Table 1 and 2). In spite of, due to the unfavorable distribution of precipitation during the growth of the investigated saplings in the period 2016 – 2020, dry periods were more frequent in the KA provenance than in the SB provenance (Figure 1). Edaphic conditions (physical and chemical soil traits), did not significantly differ between the provenances. However, the soil of KA provenance was characterized by a slightly lighter structure (less clay and more skeletons) compared to the soil of SB provenance (Table 3 – 5 and Figure 2). Differences in growth and dry matter production, as well as in allometric growth relations between provenances and species were examined using two-way ANOVA. The obtained results indicate that the saplings from the KA provenance compared to the saplings from the SB provenance invested more dry matter in root growth (especially fine roots) and took root deeper. In addition, the saplings from the KA provenance developed a thicker and lower stem compared to the saplings from the SB provenance (Table 6 – 8). This indicates that the saplings from the KA provenance are functionally more adapted to the drought habitat. It could be the result of differently manifested phenotypic modification (drought response) and/or real genetic differences between provenances, which our research could not distinguish more accurately. The obtained differences in the growth and dry matter production between the sessile oak and the common beech saplings correspond to the already known patterns of their functional adaptation to the habitat humidity. It means that sessile oak saplings took deeper roots and invested more dry matter in the coarse roots compared to common beech saplings that took root more shallowly and invested more dry matter in the fine roots (Table 9).

Published
2022
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10. Diversity of wet and mesic grasslands along a climatic gradient on the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin

Author

Željko Škvorc, Ružica Igić, Miloš Ilić, Igor Zelnik, Dragana Vukov, Mirjana Ćuk, Andraž Čarni, Jozo Franjić, and Daniel Krstonošić

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Phytosociology, Vegetation classification, Pannonian basin, environmental gradient, macroclimate, meadows, Molinio-Arrhentheretea, pastures, phytosociology, relevés, vegetation classification, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Climatic gradient, Margin (machine learning), Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Environmental gradient, Diversity (business)
Abstract

© 2020 The Authors. Applied Vegetation Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association for Vegetation Science Questions: Which are the main wet and mesic grassland vegetation types along the climatic gradient on the southern margin of the Pannonian basin? Which are the most important environmental gradients that determine their distribution and species composition?. Location: The southern margin of the Pannonian plain (N and E Slovenia, N Croatia, N Serbia). Methods: A database of 2,575 vegetation plots originally assigned to the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea was compiled. Semi-supervised classification based on the K-means algorithm was applied to assign plots into 12 a-priori alliances and to search for new alliances. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination with Ellenberg's indicator values and bioclimatic variables were applied to show the influence of ecological conditions on species composition. The plots within each alliance were further classified into associations using the beta flexible method. Results: Classification resulted in 12 alliances recognized in the EuroVegChecklist, and two new groups appeared. The first group occurs in the eastern part of the research area, where many ruderal species appear. This group was treated as a new alliance, Salvio nemorosae-Arrhenatherion forming a vicariant syntaxon of the alliance Arrhenatherion. The second group occurs in the western part. It is a transitional group between mesic (Arrhenatherion) and wet meadows (Deschampsion) and can be treated as Alopecurion. Besides, three new associations and six new subassociations were described, together with the typification of seven associations and of three subassociations. Numerical analyses revealed floristic, ecological and geographical differentiation among analysed vegetation types. Conclusions: The communities showed typical Central European features in the western part, but their floristic and ecological conditions changed towards the eastern part, where the continental influence was more pronounced. The vegetation structure and plant species composition in the studied area were influenced by soil moisture and soil nutrient availability as well as by strong biogeographical and climatic gradients.

Published
2020
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11. Wet meadow plant communities of the alliance trifolion pallidi on the southeastern margin of the pannonian plain

Author

Igor Zelnik, Željko Škvorc, Andraž Čarni, Miloš Ilić, Dragana Vukov, Mirjana Ćuk, Daniel Krstonošić, Ružica Igić, and Jozo Franjić

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, lcsh:Hydraulic engineering, Wet meadow, Geography, Planning and Development, Endangered species, habitat, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, lcsh:TC1-978, vegetation, Vegetation type, Table (landform), Water Science and Technology, lcsh:TD201-500, Plant community, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Pannonian Plain, plant communities, meadow, Trifolion pallidi, Geography, Habitat, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The article deals with wet meadow plant communities of the alliance Trifolion pallidi that appear on the periodically inundated or waterlogged sites on the riverside terraces or gentle slopes along watercourses. These plant communities are often endangered by inappropriate hydrological interventions or management practices. All available vegetation plots representing this vegetation type were collected, organized in a database, and numerically elaborated. This vegetation type appears in the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain, which is still under the influence of the Mediterranean climate, its southern border is formed by southern outcrops of the Pannonian Plain and its northern border coincides with the influence of the Mediterranean climate (line Slavonsko Gorje-Fruška Gora-Vršačke Planine). Numerical analysis established four plant associations—Trifolio pallidi–Alopecuretum pratensis, Ventenato dubii–Trifolietum pallidi, Ranunculo strigulosi–Alopecuretum pratensis, and Ornithogalo pyramidale–Trifolietum pallidi. Each association was elaborated in detail: diagnostic plant species, nomenclature, geographical distribution, climatic and ecological conditions, and possible division into subassociations. Results are presented in a distribution map, figures resulting from numerical analysis, and a synoptic table. The hydrological gradient was found as the most important factor shaping the studied plant communities. The article also brings new field data on this vegetation type, which has not been sampled for decades and is in process of evaluation to be included as a special habitat type in the Habitat Directive.

Published
2021
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12. Odabir autohtonih aromatičnih i ljekovitih trajnica za uređenje terapijskih urbanih prostora na Mediteranu

Author

Krunoslav Sever, Franciska Erdelj, Željko Škvorc, and Daniel Krstonošić

Subjects
Aromatično bilje, ukrasno bilje, terapijski vrt, biofilni dizajn, Mediteran
Abstract

Kroz dugo vremensko razdoblje, aromatično, ljekovito, kao i začinsko bilje pronalazi svoju primjenu u različite svrhe. U novije vrijeme, kada raste svijest i potreba o sve većoj integraciji prirodnog okruženja u urbanoj sredini (biofilni dizajn), sve je aktualnije uređenje unutarnjih i vanjskih zelenih prostora s terapijskom i rehabilitacijskom namjenom. Aromatična i druga svojstva takvih biljaka potencijalnom prostoru dodaju novi aspekt (uz onaj dekorativni) u vidu jačanja motoričkih, senzoričkih, kognitivnih te socijalnih potencijala osjetljivih skupina posjetitelja, čime doprinose njihovom skladnijem životu i zdravlju. Specifičnim mirisima, raznolikošću oblika, struktura, boja i listova, ove biljke omogućuju višeosjetilni doživljaj uređenog prostora. S obzirom na svoje biološke značajke i ekološke zahtjeve, iziskuju različite stupnjeve njege i održavanja te ih u tom pogledu treba promišljeno odabrati i uklopiti u prostor koji se uređuje kako bi kontinuirano održavale svoju namjenu, kako u estetskom, tako i u terapijskom smislu, pružajući potpuni učinak za osjetila posjetitelja.

Published
2021

13. Plant composition and diversity at edges in a semi-natural forest–grassland mosaic

Author

László Erdős, Zoltán Bátori, Daniel Krstonošić, Péter János Kiss, Csaba Tölgyesi, and Željko Škvorc

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Vegetation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Ecological indicator, Geography, Habitat, Ecosystem, Indicator value, Species richness, Ecological boundary, Ecotone, Edge effect, Edge-related species, Forest edge, Habitat heterogeneity, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

As key components of landscapes, edges have received considerable scientific attention in anthropogenic ecosystems. However, edges in natural and semi-natural forest–grassland mosaics have received less attention, despite the fact that they cover a considerable proportion of these mosaic ecosystems. We studied forest edges in a semi-natural forest– grassland mosaic ecosystem of the Samobor Mountains (Croatia). Our aim was to compare the species composition, diversity and ecological indicator values of forest edges to those of the interior parts of the adjacent forest and grassland habitats. The vegetation was studied in 80 plots established in forest patch interiors, north-facing forest edges, south- facing forest edges and grassland interiors. We found that edges had a unique species composition, containing species from both the forest and the grassland interiors plus their own edge-related species (i.e. species that significantly preferred the edge habitat). These local edge-related species did not correspond to regionally-identified edge- related species. Compared to the forest and the grassland interiors, we revealed increased species richness in north-facing edges but not in south-facing edges. The mean light availability and nutrient supply indicator values of the edges were intermediate between those of the forest interiors and the grasslands. The mean soil moisture indicator values of the edges were similar to those of the grasslands. Our results show that edges form a unique component of forest–grassland mosaics, and they contribute considerably to landscape complexity, which should be taken into account during conservation decisions and habitat management.

Published
2019
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14. Novo nalazište i sintaksonomske značajke pasjega trna (Hippophaë rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae) u Hrvatskoj

Author

Daniel Krstonošić, Gabrijel Horvat, and Jozo Franjić

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Geography, biology, Botany, novo nalazište, pasji trn, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Hippophao-Berberidetum, Hrvatska, Forestry, Hippophae rhamnoides, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Pasji je trn glacijalni relikt, koji se je nakon povlačenja ledenoga pokrova širio prema sjeveru i višim planinskim po­lo­žajima. U Hrvatskoj je bio rasprostranjen u Međimurju i u Podravini (uz Muru i Dravu – Legrad, Bukovec, Dubra­va, Križovljan-grad). Vrlo je rijedak i u uzgoju ili subspontano proširen, te se još navodi i za područje Samobora, Skra­di­na, a u uzgoju je još zabilježen u Botaničkome vrtu Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Nespešu, Starom Brestju (Sesvete), uz brzu cestu Sv. Helena-Bjelovar i u Park-šumi Adica u Vukovaru. Tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća nije bilo nikakvih novih podataka o rasprostranjenosti pasjega trna u Hrvatskoj, a u dru­goj polovici 20. stoljeća, tijekom fitocenoloških istraživanja vegetacije u priobalnome pojasu rijeke Drave u široj varaždinskoj okolici Trinajstić (1964, 1994) bilježi nekoliko grmova, bez posebne fitocenološke pripadnosti. Za Hrvatsku prve podatke o fitocenološkim značajkama vrste H. rhamnoides donosi Trinajstić (2006) i to na osnovi jedne fitocenološke snimke iz koje se može jasno razabrati da ona prema svom florističkom sastavu pripada u sintaksonomskom smislu as. Hippophao-Berberidetum Moor 1958. Najnovijim istraživanjima sukcesije vegetacije u Podravini, 26. lipnja 2015. godine utvrđeno je novo nalazište vrste H. rhamnoides sjeverno od sela Veliki i Mali Bukovec (46.3070540, 16.7275400). Napravljena je jedna fitocenološka snimka (Tab. 1). Analizom fitocenološke snimke vidljivo je da je ona bogatija vrstama (25 : 15) od fitocenološke snimke Trinajstić-a (2006) i vrlo je slična snimkama Moor-a (1958). Dosad je Trinajstić-ev (2006) nalaz pasjega trna iz 1966. godine bio posljednji zabilježeni nalaz ove vrste u Hrvatskoj. Kako su hidrološkim zahvatima uništena staništa i kako je pasji trn nestao s toga prostora novi nalaz pasjega trna i nalaz as. Hippophao-Berberdetum Moor 1958 (Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950) su jedini postojeći prirodni nalazi. Iz tih razloga potrebno je naglasiti da je hrvatska flora sada bogatija za jednu vrstu prirodno rasprostranjenu, a i vegetacija Hrvatske je bogatija za jednu asocijaciju kojima treba dati odgovarajuće prirodoznanstveno značenje.

Published
2016
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15. Forest plant community changes in the Spačva lowland area (E Croatia)

Author

Željko Škvorc, Krunoslav Sever, Jozo Franjić, Danijel Cestarić, and Daniel Krstonošić

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Plant species composition, Flood myth, biology, Ecology, vegetation dynamics, plant species composition, Quercus robur, Ellenberg indicator values, Slavonia, Croatia, Plant community, Plant Science, Structural basin, biology.organism_classification, Vegetation dynamics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Vegetation types, Geography, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The forests in the Spačva Basin are a complex of lowland forests in the region of Slavonia (eastern Croatia). The present state of the forests is strongly influenced by intensive exploitation and hydro-ameliorative activities carried out in the past. The aim of this study was to consider the extent of changes in species composition, and the extent of environmental changes in forest communities of the Spačva Basin in relation to research conducted between 1969 and 1971. The species composition of four communities (Carpino betuli- Quercetum roboris, Genisto elatae- Quercetum roboris aceretosum tatarici, and caricetosum remotae, and Leucojo-Fraxinetum angustifoliae) is studied by comparing 41 old and 57 new relevés. Changes were estimated using ordinations (RDA, CCA, DCA) and changes in species frequency and cover. A general trend of moisture reduction was noticeable among all communities. All vegetation types are becoming floristically more similar. An increase in frequency and cover of flood intolerant woody species (such as Carpinus betulus, Cornus sanguinea, Tilia tomentosa, and Acer tataricum) as well as a decrease of vernal species related to wet habitats are particularly evident. The succession of all studied communities is resulting in loss of the mosaic community pattern characteristic of lowland alluvial forests.

Published
2017
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16. In vitropollen germination and pollen tube growth differences amongQuercus roburL. clones in response to meteorological conditions

Author

Krunoslav Sever, Željko Škvorc, Ivana Alešković, Jozo Franjić, Daniel Krstonošić, Snježana Kereša, Tomislav Jemrić, Saša Bogdan, and Goran Fruk

Subjects
Bud, Phenology, food and beverages, Plant Science, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, phenophases, bud burst, male flowers, air temperature, relative air humidity, Quercus robur, Catkin, Germination, Pollen, Botany, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Dormancy, Pollen tube, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The paper deals with the impact of meteorological conditions on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth during the initial phases of male flowers development of pedunculate oak. Phenological observations of male flowers and pollen sampling were performed on the field trial established with grafted pedunculate oak clones. During the investigation, weather conditions (absolute minimum and maximum daily air temperature, minimum absolute relative humidity of air and amount of precipitation) were recorded by an automatic meteorological station installed at the field trial. Influence of meteorological conditions on pollen germination and pollen tube growth was studied in the following stages of male flower: (i) during the last ten days of flower buds dormancy, (ii) during their swelling, (iii) during the bud burst and beginning of male catkins elongation, (iv) during the final stage of male catkins elongation. Pollen germination after incubation times of 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours ranged from 0, 0 to 8, 9 % ; from 0, 0 to 55, 6 % ; from 0, 0 to 59, 3 % and from 5, 9 to 90, 7 %, respectively. Pollen tube lengths after the same incubation times ranged from 15, 3 to 45, 0 μm, from 17, 0 to 88, 3 μm, from 20, 9 to 101, 9 μm and from 39, 9 to 241, 1 μm, respectively. High temperatures and low relative air humidity during the bud burst and beginning of male catkins elongation reduced pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Weather conditions did not significantly affected pollen germination and pollen tube growth during the swelling of flower buds, as well as in the final stage of male catkins elongation.

Published
2012
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17. European Vegetation Archive (EVA): an integrated database of European vegetation plots

Author

Ioannis Tsiripidis, Dmytro Dubyna, Emin Uğurlu, Federico Fernández-González, Svetlana Aćić, Valerijus Rašomavičius, Anna Kuzemko, Jiří Danihelka, Wolfgang Willner, Christian Berg, Mirjana Ćuk, Pavel Dan Turtureanu, Erwin Bergmeier, Aaron Pérez-Haase, Vadim Prokhorov, Deniz Işık Gürsoy, Zoltán Botta-Dukát, Hristo Pedashenko, John Janssen, Martin Kleikamp, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Martin Jiroušek, S. M. Yamalov, Viktor Onyshchenko, Ilona Knollová, Urban Šilc, Jörg Ewald, Henry Brisse, Xavier Font, Didem Ambarlı, John S. Rodwell, Andraž Čarni, Tatiana Rogova, Lynda Weekes, Solvita Rūsiņa, Gunnar Seidler, Tetiana Dziuba, Milan Chytrý, Desislava Sopotlieva, Risto Virtanen, Nikolai Ermakov, Riccardo Guarino, Maria Pilar Rodríguez-Rojo, Florian Jansen, Michele De Sanctis, Zygmunt Kącki, Domas Uogintas, Itziar García-Mijangos, Ute Jandt, Jürgen Dengler, Úna FitzPatrick, Jens-Christian Svenning, Eszter Ruprecht, Idoia Biurrun, Kiril Vassilev, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Stephan M. Hennekens, Tomáš Peterka, Laura Casella, Zvjezdana Stančić, Jonathan Lenoir, Iva Apostolova, Flavia Landucci, Milan Valachovič, Fabio Attorre, Joop H.J. Schaminée, Renata Ćušterevska, Corrado Marcenò, Valentin Golub, Grzegorz Swacha, János Csiky, Patrice de Ruffray, Tatiana Lysenko, Vitaliy Kolomiychuk, Rense Haveman, Luis Carlón, Emiliano Agrillo, Ali Kavgaci, W. Bernhard Dickoré, Els De Bie, Željko Škvorc, Vassiliy Martynenko, Dana Michalcová, Roberto Venanzoni, Rosario G. Gavilán, Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund, Pierangela Angelini, Giuliano Fanelli, Jozef Šibík, Juan Antonio Campos, Yulia Vashenyak, Rasmus Ejrnæs, Adrian Indreica, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Daniel Krstonošić, Zora Dajić Stevanović, Chytrý, M., Hennekens, S., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Knollová, I., Dengler, J., Jansen, F., Landucci, F., Schaminée, J., Aćić, S., Agrillo, E., Ambarlı, D., Angelini, P., Apostolova, I., Attorre, F., Berg, C., Bergmeier, E., Biurrun, I., Botta-Dukát, Z., Brisse, H., Campos, J., Carlón, L., Čarni, A., Casella, L., Csiky, J., Ćušterevska, R., Dajić Stevanović, Z., Danihelka, J., De Bie, E., de Ruffray, P., De Sanctis, M., Dickoré, W., Dimopoulos, P., Dubyna, D., Dziuba, T., Ejrnaes, R., Ermakov, N., Ewald, J., Fanelli, G., Fernández-González, F., Fitzpatrick, Ú., Font, X., García-Mijangos, I., Gavilán, R., Golub, V., Guarino, R., Haveman, R., Indreica, A., Işık Gürsoy, D., Jandt, U., Janssen, J., Jiroušek, M., Kącki, Z., Kavgacı, A., Kleikamp, M., Kolomiychuk, V., Krstivojević Ćuk, M., Krstonošić, D., Kuzemko, A., Lenoir, J., Lysenko, T., Marcenò, C., Martynenko, V., Michalcová, D., Moeslund, J., Onyshchenko, V., Pedashenko, H., Pérez-Haase, A., Peterka, T., Prokhorov, V., Rašomavičius, V., Rodríguez-Rojo, M., Rodwell, J., Rogova, T., Ruprecht, E., Rūsiņa, S., Seidler, G., Šibík, J., Šilc, U., Škvorc, Ž., Sopotlieva, D., Stančić, Z., Svenning, J., Swacha, G., Tsiripidis, I., Turtureanu, P., Uğurlu, E., Uogintas, D., Valachovič, M., Vashenyak, Y., Vassilev, K., Venanzoni, R., Virtanen, R., Weekes, L., Willner, W., Wohlgemuth, T., Yamalov, S., and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, International Association for Vegetation Science, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Ecoinformatic, 01 natural sciences, Ecoinformatics, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Vegetació, Ecology, Environmental resource management, PE&RC, Vegetation plot, Europe, Centralized database, Geography, Cartografia de la vegetació, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, medicine.symptom, Geographic coordinate system, Europa, Releve, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, European Vegetation Survey, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biodiversity informatics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Plot (graphics), Relevé, Database, Phytosociological data, Vegetation database, medicine, biodiversity informatics, database, ecoinformatics, european vegetation survey, international association for vegetation science, phytosociological data, relevé, vegetation database, vegetation plot, ecology, nature and landscape conservation, management, monitoring, policy and law, Vegetatie, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Vegetation mapping, Vegetation, business.industry, 15. Life on land, Defensie, Taxon, Biodiversity informatic, Integrated database, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, business, Vegetation (pathology), 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Biurrun, Idoia/0000-0002-1454-0433; Rojo, Maria Pilar Rodriguez/0000-0001-5449-9386; Ermakov, Nikolai/0000-0001-7550-990X; De Sanctis, Michele/0000-0002-7280-6199; Svenning, Jens-Christian/0000-0002-3415-0862; Virtanen, Risto/0000-0002-8295-8217; Agrillo, Emiliano/0000-0003-2346-8346; Onyshchenko, Viktor/0000-0001-9079-7241; Marceno, Corrado/0000-0003-4361-5200; Willner, Wolfgang/0000-0003-1591-8386; Fernandez-Gonzalez, Federico/0000-0003-1234-4065; Jansen, Florian/0000-0002-0331-5185; Swacha, Grzegorz/0000-0002-6380-2954; Dengler, Jurgen/0000-0003-3221-660X; Guarino, Riccardo/0000-0003-0106-9416; Sopotlieva, Desislava/0000-0002-9281-7039; Venanzoni, Roberto/0000-0002-7768-0468; Chytry, Milan/0000-0002-8122-3075; Kuzemko, Anna/0000-0002-9425-2756; Danihelka, Jiri/0000-0002-2640-7867; Kuzemko, Anna/0000-0002-9425-2756; Venanzoni, Roberto/0000-0002-7768-0468; Gavilan, Rosario G./0000-0002-1022-445X; Jansen, Florian/0000-0002-0331-5185; Wohlgemuth, Thomas/0000-0002-4623-0894; Svenning, Jens-Christian/0000-0002-3415-0862; Sibik, Jozef/0000-0002-5949-862X; Casella, Laura/0000-0003-2550-3010; Lenoir, Jonathan/0000-0003-0638-9582; Attorre, Fabio/0000-0002-7744-2195; Kacki, Zygmunt/0000-0002-2241-1631; Jandt, Ute/0000-0002-3177-3669; Carni, Andraz/0000-0002-8909-4298; Jirousek, Martin/0000-0002-4293-478X; GARCIA-MIJANGOS, ITZIAR/0000-0002-6642-7782; Campos, Juan Antonio/0000-0001-5992-2753; Fanelli, Giuliano/0000-0002-3143-1212; Haveman, Rense/0000-0001-9127-4549; Acic, Svetlana/0000-0001-6553-3797; De Bie, Els/0000-0001-7679-743X; Font, Xavier/0000-0002-7253-8905; Moeslund, Jesper Erenskjold/0000-0001-8591-7149; Martynenko, Vasiliy/0000-0002-9071-3789; Jimenez-Alfaro, Borja/0000-0001-6601-9597; Ejrnaes, Rasmus/0000-0003-2538-8606; Carlon Ruiz, Luis/0000-0003-3442-8710; Angelini, Pierangela/0000-0002-5321-9757; Silc, Urban/0000-0002-3052-699X; Landucci, Flavia/0000-0002-6848-0384; Ewald, Jorg/0000-0002-2758-9324; Dziuba, Tetiana/0000-0001-8621-0890 WOS: 000368074600018 The European Vegetation Archive (EVA) is a centralized database of European vegetation plots developed by the IAVS Working Group European Vegetation Survey. It has been in development since 2012 and first made available for use in research projects in 2014. It stores copies of national and regional vegetation-plot databases on a single software platform. Data storage in EVA does not affect on-going independent development of the contributing databases, which remain the property of the data contributors. EVA uses a prototype of the database management software TURBOVEG 3 developed for joint management of multiple databases that use different species lists. This is facilitated by the SynBioSys Taxon Database, a system of taxon names and concepts used in the individual European databases and their corresponding names on a unified list of European flora. TURBOVEG 3 also includes procedures for handling data requests, selections and provisions according to the approved EVA Data Property and Governance Rules. By 30 June 2015, 61 databases from all European regions have joined EVA, contributing in total 1 027 376 vegetation plots, 82% of them with geographic coordinates, from 57 countries. EVA provides a unique data source for large-scale analyses of European vegetation diversity both for fundamental research and nature conservation applications. Updated information on EVA is available online at http://euroveg.org/eva-database. Czech Science Foundation (Centre of Excellence PLADIAS) [14-36079G] Our major thanks go to thousands of European vegetation scientists of several generations who collected the original vegetation-plot data in the field, published them or made their unpublished data available to others, and to those who spent myriad hours digitizing data and managing the contributing databases. EVA data management has been partly funded by the Czech Science Foundation (Centre of Excellence PLADIAS, 14-36079G).

Published
2016
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18. Flora termofilnih travnjaka u sukcesiji na južnim obroncima Papuka

Author

Daniel Krstonošić, Mihovil Guzmić, Jozo Franjić, Željko Škvorc, and Krunoslav Sever

Subjects
conservation, dry grassland, flora, Papuk, succession, očuvanje, suhi travnjaci, sukcesija
Abstract

Kontinentalni suhi travnjaci na području Papuka su biološki i krajobrazno vrlo vrijedna staništa i ubrajaju se među najugroženije tipove vegetacije kako u našoj zemlji tako i u drugim dijelovima Europe. Osim što se odlikuju velikom bioraznolikošću, na njima rastu i brojne rijetke i ugrožene vrste, poput kaćuna (Orchis spp., Ophrys spp.), karanfila (Dianthus spp.) i dr. Njihove su se površine, zbog izostanka tradicionalnog načina gospodarenja (ispaše i košnje) u posljednjih pedesetak godina značajno smanjile, a nalaze se u stalnoj dinamici i pod prijetnjom od nestanka uslijed progresivne sukcesije vegetacije. Stoga ovo istraživanje ima svrhu prikupiti nove i upotpuniti postojeće spoznaje o takvim staništima, kako bi se spriječio njihov daljnji nestanak i gubitak rijetkih i zaštićenih svojti koje rastu na njima. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2011. godine na južnim broncima Papuka, uz samu granicu Parka prirode Papuk pri čemu je utvrđeno ukupno 240 svojti vaskularne flore iz 143 roda i 52 porodice. Zabilježeno je 29 novih svojti za ovo područje. Najzastupljenija je porodica mahunarki (Fabaceae), a od životnih oblika dominiraju hemikriptofiti. Visok udio fanerofita ukazuje na uznapredovale procese prirodne sukcesije. Prema analizi flornih elemenata, na suhim travnjacima dominiraju biljke euroazijskog flornog elementa, što u biogeografskom pogledu potvrđuje pripadnost istraživanog područja eurosibirsko-sjevernoameričkoj regiji. Zabilježene su i dvije ugrožene (EN), šest osjetljivih (VU) i 15 strogo zaštićenih vrsta (ZZ), što ukazuje na osobitu vrijednost i potrebu za zaštitom i očuvanjem ovakvih staništa., Continental dry grasslands in the area of Papuk are from the biological and landscape point of view very valuable habitats and are among the most threatened types of vegetation in our country, as well as in other parts of Europe. They are characterized not only by a high biodiversity, but also many rare and endangered species grow on them, such as orchids (Orchis spp., Ophrys spp.), carnations (Dianthus spp.) and others. Due to the absence of traditional farming (grazing and mowing) the areas of dry grasslands significantly reduced in the last fifty years. Due to progressive succession they are in constant dynamics and under threat of extinction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to collect new and complement existing knowledge of such habitats, in order to prevent their further loss and loss of rare and protected taxa that grow on them. The study was conducted during the vegetation period of 2011 in the southern part of Papuk Mt. near the border of Nature Park Papuk, where a total of 240 vascular plant taxa have been recorded and classified into 143 genera and 52 families. New 29 taxa were recorded for the first time for this area. The most numerous is the family of legumes (Fabaceae), and in the life form spectrum hemicryptophytes dominated. A high proportion of phanerophytes indicates advanced processes of natural succession. According to the analysis of floral elements, dry grasslands are dominated by plants of Eurasian floral element, which biogeographically confirms the affiliation of the study area to the Euro-Siberian-North American region. On the researched area two endangered (EN), six vulnerable (VU) and 15 strictly protected species (ZZ) were recorded, which indicates a particular value and the need for protection and conservation of these habitats.

Published
2016

19. Novo nalazište i sintaksonomske značajke pasjega trna (Hippophaë rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae) u Hrvatskoj

Author

Jozo Franjić, Gabrijel Horvat, and Daniel Krstonošić

Subjects
new locality, Sea Buckthorn, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Hippophao-Berberidetum, Croatia, novo nalazište, pasji trn, Hrvatska
Abstract

Pasji je trn glacijalni relikt, koji se je nakon povlačenja ledenoga pokrova širio prema sjeveru i višim planinskim po­lo­žajima. U Hrvatskoj je bio rasprostranjen u Međimurju i u Podravini (uz Muru i Dravu – Legrad, Bukovec, Dubra­va, Križovljan-grad). Vrlo je rijedak i u uzgoju ili subspontano proširen, te se još navodi i za područje Samobora, Skra­di­na, a u uzgoju je još zabilježen u Botaničkome vrtu Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Nespešu, Starom Brestju (Sesvete), uz brzu cestu Sv. Helena-Bjelovar i u Park-šumi Adica u Vukovaru. Tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća nije bilo nikakvih novih podataka o rasprostranjenosti pasjega trna u Hrvatskoj, a u dru­goj polovici 20. stoljeća, tijekom fitocenoloških istraživanja vegetacije u priobalnome pojasu rijeke Drave u široj varaždinskoj okolici Trinajstić (1964, 1994) bilježi nekoliko grmova, bez posebne fitocenološke pripadnosti. Za Hrvatsku prve podatke o fitocenološkim značajkama vrste H. rhamnoides donosi Trinajstić (2006) i to na osnovi jedne fitocenološke snimke iz koje se može jasno razabrati da ona prema svom florističkom sastavu pripada u sintaksonomskom smislu as. Hippophao-Berberidetum Moor 1958.Najnovijim istraživanjima sukcesije vegetacije u Podravini, 26. lipnja 2015. godine utvrđeno je novo nalazište vrste H. rhamnoides sjeverno od sela Veliki i Mali Bukovec (46.3070540, 16.7275400). Napravljena je jedna fitocenološka snimka (Tab. 1). Analizom fitocenološke snimke vidljivo je da je ona bogatija vrstama (25 : 15) od fitocenološke snimke Trinajstić-a (2006) i vrlo je slična snimkama Moor-a (1958). Dosad je Trinajstić-ev (2006) nalaz pasjega trna iz 1966. godine bio posljednji zabilježeni nalaz ove vrste u Hrvatskoj. Kako su hidrološkim zahvatima uništena staništa i kako je pasji trn nestao s toga prostora novi nalaz pasjega trna i nalaz as. Hippophao-Berberdetum Moor 1958 (Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950) su jedini postojeći prirodni nalazi. Iz tih razloga potrebno je naglasiti da je hrvatska flora sada bogatija za jednu vrstu prirodno rasprostranjenu, a i vegetacija Hrvatske je bogatija za jednu asocijaciju kojima treba dati odgovarajuće prirodoznanstveno značenje., Common sea-buckthorn is a glacial relict, which was, after the last glaciation, spreading to the north and higher mountain positions. In Croatia, it was widespread in Međimurje and Podravina (near Mura and Drava river – Legrad, Bukovec, Dubrava, Križovljan-grad). It is very rare in cultivation or sub-spontaneous spread, some sites are referred to the ​​Samobor and Skradin area, and cultivated it can be found in the botanical garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Nepeš, Staro Brestje (Sesvete), by the road Sv. Helena-Bjelovar and in the Forest Park Adica in Vukovar. During the first half of the 20th century there was no new information on the distribution of sea buckthorn in Croatia, and in the second half of the 20th century, during the phytosociological survey of vegetation in the coastal zone of the river Drava in the wider Varaždin surroundings Trinajstić (1964, 1994) records several shrubs, without special phytosociological affiliation. As for Croatia, the first data on phytosociological features of the species H. rhamnoides brings Trinajstić (2006), based on one phytosociological relevé which, according to its floristic composition, in syntaxonomic terms belongs to the Ass. Hyppophao-Berberidetum Moor 1958.The latest research on vegetation succession in Podravina, 26th of June 2015, showed a new locality of H. rhamnoides, north of the villages Veliki and Mali Bukovec (WGS84 Lat: 46.307054, Long: 16.727540). One phytosociological relevé was made (Tab. 1). The analysis of the relevé shows a greater species richness (25, 15) compared to the one of Trinajstić’s (2006) and is very similar to the relevé of Moore’s (1958). So far Trinajstić-s (2006) finding of sea-buckthorn in 1966 was the last recording of this species in Croatia. As the hydrological interventions destroyed the habitats, causing the sea-buckthorn to disappear from this area, the new records of sea-buckthorn and Ass. Hyppophao-Berberdetum Moor 1958 (Berberidion vulgaris Braun-Blanquet 1950) are the only existing natural findings there. For these reasons, it should be noted that the Croatian flora is now richer for one naturally spread species, as well as the vegetation of Croatian is richer for one association which should be given an adequate importance in natural science.

Published
2016

20. Grassland vegetation of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class in the NW Balkan Peninsula

Author

Daniel Krstonošić, Zora Dajić Stevanović, Svetlana Aćić, Jozo Franjić, Željko Škvorc, and Urban Šilc

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Balkan region, classification, Europe, Grassland, Mesic meadows, pastures, phytosociology, vegetation survey, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Floristics, Altitude, Anserinae, Nature and Landscape Conservation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Phytosociology, biology, Pastures, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Classification, biology.organism_classification, Ordination, Indicator value, Vegetation survey, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Questions: How does the floristic composition of plant species of meadows and mesic pastures vary along a broad geographical gradient in the NW Balkans? How does the current phytosociological classification of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea vegetation differ among the NW Balkan countries? Location: NW Balkans (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia). Methods: 3635 releves originally assigned to the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea were classified with a beta flexible method, and the crispness of classification was checked. DCA ordination with Pignatti indicator values and climate data were applied to show the influence of site conditions on species composition. Results: The classification was best interpreted at the level of 13 clusters, but could also be interpreted at the level of three groups of clusters. The first division was according to geography and climate: the first and third groups were concentrated in the NW part, while the second was restricted to the eastern part of the study area. The most important variable was site moisture, followed by nutrients and altitude, which corresponded with a west-east direction. The first group was very diverse and included communities on the wettest and most nutrient-rich sites (Potentillion anserinae, Cynosurion cristati, Calthion palustris, Molinion caeruleae, Molinio-Hordeion). The second group comprised mesophilous continental grasslands (Trifolio-Ranunculion pedati, Trifolion pallidi, Trifolion resupinati), while the third group consisted of grasslands from regions with abundant precipitation (Arrhenatherion elatioris, Deschampsion cespitosae, Pancicion serbicae, Triseto flavescentis-Polygonion bistortae). Conclusions: Our analysis can be used to unify different phytosociological classifications in different countries, also showing the transitional forms of well-known Central European vegetation types that have a different floristic composition and ecology in the Balkans. This knowledge will enable classification of the same vegetation types in neighbouring Balkan countries that are less studied.

Published
2014

21. KOJI EKOFIZIOLOŠKI ČIMBENICI UTJEČU NA REPRODUKCIJU ŠUMSKOGA DRVEĆA I DA LI JE ONO U PROŠLOSTI RAĐALO SJEMENOM ČEŠĆE I OBILNIJE?

Author

Krunoslav Sever, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, Maša Zorana Ostrogović, and Jozo Franjić

Subjects
forest trees, fruiting, masting, physiological factors, climatic factors, šumsko drveće, plodonošenje, obilan urod žira, fiziološki čimbenici, klimatski čimbenici
Abstract

U radu je raspravljeno o problematici definiranja i upotrebe termina „puni“ ili „obilan urod“ na temelju usporedbe strane i domeće literature. Predstavljene su dosadašnje spoznaje o plodonošenju šumskoga drveća u Hrvatskoj. Prikazan je utjecaj nekih ekofizioloških čimbenika na razvoj rasplodnih organa (cvjetova i plodova) šumskoga drveća i predstavljene su dosadašnje spoznaje o mogućem utjecaju klimatskih promjena (npr. sve učestalija sušna razdoblja i povećanje količine CO2 u atmosferi) na rasplodni ciklus šumskoga drveća. Naposljetku, obilan urod predstavljen je kao određena evolucijska prednost koja je pojedinim vrstama osigurala opstanak sve do današnjih dana., Masting, or an abundant fruiting of forest trees in intermittent intervals in a broader geographical area, represents an evolutionary advantage which has ensured survival of certain forest tree species up till today. Due to the selection pressure, surviving individuals are the ones which underwent initiation and differentiation of flowers under the influence of strong interactive control of climatic factors and nutrients which a particular individual tree had at its disposal. In other words, initiation and differentiation of a large number of flowers occurs only under the influence of both, sufficient amount of nutrients and favourable climatic conditions, which is also a basic requirement for the occurrence of masting. The advantage of masting occurrence is reflected in an increased success of pollination, decreased populations of pests affecting reproductive organs of forest trees, and dissemination of particular amounts of seed to greater distances from parent trees. Particular phases of forest tree fruit development take place under the influence of a specific interaction of physiological processes within the plant organism (hormonal control, mineral nutrition and carbohydrate metabolism) which are stimulated, and to a certain degree controlled, by the climatic factors (air temperature,amount of precipitation, relative humidity of air, etc.). Under favourable climatic conditions, a portion of nutrients which forest trees have at their disposal gets used in fruit development, which is reflected in great amount of initiated anddifferentiated flowers. The amount of nutrients which would be invested in fruit development depends greatly on the site quality. Trees grown in high quality environment, as opposed to those grown in lower site quality, replenish their nutrient reserves more rapidly despite having identical climatic growth conditions, thanks to a more intensive photosynthetic activity, which in turn results in an increased seed production.

Published
2013

22. Influence of Soils Chemical Characteristics on the Photosynthesis and Vegetative Growth of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.)

Author

Krunoslav, Sever, Željko, Škvorc, Jozo, Franjić, and Daniel, Krstonošić

Subjects
Chemical composition of soil, intensity of photosyntesis, diameter increment
Abstract

The inadequate nutrition of forest trees with mineral nutriments is usually manifested through lowered efficiency of photosynthetic pigments on the leaf’s cellular level and in the production of insufficient amount of carbohydrates necessary for a vegetative growth. The objectiv of this study was to determine the effect of soil’s various chemical traits on the intensity of photosynthesis and vegetative growth of pedunculate oak. The research was conducted on 4-year-old plants. Eight plants were planted per plot, two plots in all (plots A and B, for a total of sixteen plants). The plot A, compared to the plot B, was characterized by a higher soil pH, greater content of humus and nitrogen, and physiologically active phosphorus and potassium in the soil. Infra red gas analizer (LCpro+) has been used to measure the intensity of photosynthesis. The research determined height and diameter increment, number of primary and secondary branches, and the total number of leaves for the plants under study. There was a statistically significant difference in the intensity of photosynthesis between the plot A (28, 4 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and plot B (19, 3 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), as well as the difference in diameter increment, which amounted to 6, 4 mm for the plot A, and 1, 9 mm for the plot B. It was also determined that the plot A had statistically significant advantage in the number of leaves and secondary branches compared to the plot B. There was not a statistically significant difference in the number of primary branches and the height increment between the studied plots. The higher values for the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as more intensive vegetative growth was recorded for the plants grown on the soil with a greater concentration of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This indicates that the chemical composition of soil has a significant effect on the intensity of photosynthesis and the vegetative growth of pedunculate oak.

Published
2012

23. Intenzitet fotosinteze i vegetativni rast hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus roburL.) u pokusnom nasadu

Author

Željko Škvorc, Krunoslav Sever, Jozo Franjić, Daniel Krstonošić, and Milan Poljak

Subjects
debljinski prirast, indeks lisne povr šine, kemijski sastav tla, sadržaj klorofila, visinski prirast, Chemical composition of soil, chlorophyll content, diameter increment, height increment, leaf area index
Abstract

U radu je analiziran utjecaj mikrostaništa na fiziološke značajke i vegetativni rast hrasta lužnjaka. Istraživanje je provedeno na dvije pokusne plohe koje se odlikuju različitim kemijskim značajkama, sadržajem vlage i temperaturom tla. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj različitih kemijskih značajki tla na vegetativni rast i intenzitet fotosinteze hrasta lužnjaka, kao i odnos koncentracije klorofila i intenziteta fotosinteze. Biljke uzrasle na tlu s većom koncentracijom humusa, dušika, fosfora i kalija imaju veći intenzitet fotosinteze, veću koncentaraciju klorofila te bolji vegetativni rast. Zbog povoljnog odnosa volumetrijskog sadržaja vlage u tlu i vodnog potencijala istraživanih biljaka, njihov značajniji utjecaj na fiziološke i vegetativne značajke hrasta lužnjaka nije utvrđen. Rezultati ukazuju na visoku pozitivnu korelaciju između indeksa ukupnih klorofila u proljetnim listovima i većine fizioloških te vegetativnih značajki istraživanih biljaka., The effect of various types of environmental stress factors on forest trees is most often manifested through the reduced absorption of mineral nutriments. This results in lowered efficiency of photosynthetic pigments on the leaf’s cellular level and production of insufficient amounts of carbohydrates necessary for normal vegetative growth. Due to sudden increase in concentration of carotenoids in relation to chlorophyll, which is susceptible to a sudden destruction under the effect of stress factors, a change takes place in the relative amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Because of this, the leaves in the crown of a tree temporarily lose their green color and turn yellow, which is indicative of plant’s lack of nitrogen nutrition, i.e. the nitrogen deficiency in the soil. The role of nitrogen as a plant nutriment is connected with numerous physiological processes responsible for successful growth and development of plants. For example, nitrogen is an essential element responsible for an uninterrupted continuation of photosynthetic process and vegetative plant growth, primarily because of its role in the synthesis of chlorophyll and certain proteins, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), which is responsible for CO2assimilation. In the previous studies of forest trees, significant differences were determined in the intensity of photosynthesis and vegetative development regarding the diverse conditions in the habitats. These variations are usually due to the lengths of summer droughts and high temperatures, the intensity of illumination, and the differences between dry and wet years. The aim of this study was to, (1) determine the effect of various chemical characteristics of the soil on the intensity of photosynthesis and the vegetative growth of pedunculate oak, (2) establish a connection between content index of the total amount of chlorophyll in the leaf, and the intensity of photosynthesis and the vegetative growth of pedunculate oak. The study was conducted during the vegetative period in 2010, on 4-yearold plants, planted with 2 – 2,5 meters of space between plants. Based on visual differences in the leaf color, two plots have been set aside – the chlorotic and the control plots (without chlorosis). Each field contained 8 plants, i.e. 16 in total. The average height of the plants under study before the start amounted to 1.96 ± 0.44 meters, and the diameter of the trunk 2.5 centimeters, measured 30 centimeters above ground. In order to determine the differences in the soil’s chemical characteristics between the two studied plots, the samples were taken on the depth of 0–30 centimeters. The soil reaction was determined with a potentiometer in the suspension of soil and water, i.e. soil and nKCl. Humus was determined by the Thorin method, and the total nitrogen level by the Kendahl method. The content of physiologically active phosphorus and potassium was determined by the Al-method. The study determined height and diameter increment for the plants studied, and also height and diameter increment for primary branches of each plant. The number of spring and summer shoots with its attending leaves was also determined. Based on the number and surface area of leaves, as well as the projection of crown surface on the ground, index of leaf surface was calculated for each tree. The measurements of photosynthesis intensity and the index of total chlorophyll content were performed early in September. The photosynthesis intensity was measured with the help of the infrared gas analizer portable device LCpro + (ADC BioScientific). While taking photosynthesis intensity measurements, each leaf was subjected to illumination intensity of 1500 µmol m-2 s-1, CO2concentration of 380 ± 10 µmol mol-1and the air temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. The chlorophyll content index was determined by using chlorophyll content meter CCM-200. By using a portable chamber for measuring water potential, the measurement of water potential was taken in the leaves (.) of plants under study. The chemical characteristics of the soil in the test plots were shown in Table 1. There was an extremely acidic reaction in the chlorotic plot, and acidic in the control plot. The chlorotic plot was marked by an extremely low nitrogen supply, while the control plot had a medium to good nitrogen supply. The content of physiologically active phosphorus in the chlorotic plot was extremely low, while the control plot was averagely supplied with physiologically active phosphorus. Both plots under study featured accessible potassium levels on the lower margins of an average supply. The humus content in the studied plots was very low, especially in the chlorotic plot. Statistically significant difference in the measured values of water potential of the plants grown in the plots was determined only during noon measuring throughout July. In August and September, statistically significant differences in the measured values of water potential were not determined (Table 3). All the parameters of the vegetative growth of the plants under study which were grown on the control plot had statistically significant higher values compared to the plants grown on the chlorotic plot, except for the number of primary branches, which showed no statistically significant differences between the two studied plot trials (Table 4). Leaf surface index, value of which was taken in the middle and near the end of the vegetative cycle, was statistically significantly higher in the control plot than in the chlorotic plot (Figure 2). There was statistically significant difference in the intensity of photosynthesis measured on spring leaves of studied plants between the control and the chlorotic plot. The intensity of photosynthesis on the control plot was 28.4 µmol CO2m-2 s-1, while its value on the chlorotic plot was 19.3 µmol CO2m-2 s-1. Content index values of total chlorophyll in the leaves of the studied plants were statistically significantly different regarding the plots under study, no matter whether the measuring of chlorophyll content was conducted on spring or summer leaves (Figure 4). Regression analysis determined a high positive correlation between the content index of total chlorophyll measured on spring leaves of studied plants with the intensity of photosynthesis, leaf surface index, tree’s girth increment, and also length and girth increment in the primary branches (Table 5). The correlation between content index of total chlorophyll and tree’s height increment was very weak. The results of the study indicate that the soil’s chemical characteristics have an effect on the photosynthetic activity and the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves of pedunculate oak. The higher values of the total chlorophyll’s content index and the intensity of photosynthesis were recorded for plants grown on the soil with a higher concentration of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Positive correlations between the content indexes of total chlorophyll in leaves and the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as most of the parameters of vegetative growth, indicate the possibility of successful application of chlorophyll measuring methods when determining vitality of particular trees and forest stands of pedunculate oak.

Published
2012

24. VEGETACIJSKE ZNAČAJKE PRIMORSKIH BUKOVIH ŠUMA (Seslerio autumnali-Fagetum M. Wraber ex Borhidi 1963) I PRETPLANINSKIH BUKOVIH ŠUMA (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993) NA PODRUČJU PARKA PRIRODE UČKA

Author

Jozo Franjić, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, Ivana Alešković, Jozo Franjić, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, and Ivana Alešković

Abstract

Park prirode Učka obuhvaća masiv Učke i dio Ćićarije, a odlikuje se specifičnim položajem na granici kontinentalnoga i mediteranskoga klimatskog utjecaja. Taj položaj uvjetuje veliko bogatstvo i raznovrsnost biljaka i biljnih zajednica. Jedno od temeljnih značajki toga prostora su bukove šume koje se po svojim osnovnim svojstvima mogu svrstati u kontinentalne biljne zajednice, ali zbog specifičnoga položaja odlikuju se i mnogim submediteranskim elementima. Tijekom terenskih istraživanja napravljeno je 114 fitocenoloških snimki. Ukupno je zabilježeno 203 vrste vaskularnih biljaka. Prosječan broj vrsta u snimci je 22,8 (6–44). Klasifikacijom snimki, kao i usporedbom sa snimkama odgovarajućih vegetacijskih tipova na području južne Slovenije, Gorskoga kotara i Like, utvrđeno je da na području PP Učka dolaze sljedeće biljne zajednice bukovih šuma – Seslerio autumnali-Fagetum, Seslerio autumnali-Fagetum allietosum ursinii subass. nova hoc loco, Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum. As. Seslerio autumnali-Fagetum široko je rasprostranjena na istraživanom području, te čini kontinuiran vegetacijski pojas od 800–1150 m n. v. Odlikuje se velikim učešćem termofilnih vrsta, posebice sastojine nastale sukcesijom napuštenih poljoprivrednih površina. Edafski uvjetovana subas. allietosum ursinii utvrđena je na lokalitetu Bukovo, a te se sastojine ističu zanimljivom kombinacijim termofilnih i mezofilnih vrsta. As. Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum dolazi u najvišim dijelovima Parka prirode Učka., The area of Učka Nature Park is comprised of the Učka massif and part of Ćićarija and is characterized by its specific position on the border of Continental and Mediterranean climatic influence. Such position is resulting in high richness and diversity of plant species and communities. One of the fundamental characteristics of this area are beech forests which can be classified as continental plant communities, but as a result of such specific position they are also characterized by many submediterranean elements. A total of 114 relevés were made during the field research and description of habitats was done including geo­graphical coordinates, slope estimation, aspect and vegetation layers cover. Numerical analyses of floristic composition were conducted using software packages SYN-TAX 2000 and PC-ORD. To determine vegetation types and their syntaxonomic status, relevés from Učka were compared to corresponding relevés of beech forests of Aremonio-Fagion from the surrounding area of Croatia and Slovenia. In total, 1353 relevés were analysed. Out of those relevés, 982 were from the Slovenian database of relevés, 184 from the Croatian database of relevés of forest vegetation, 71 were personal unpublished relevés form the area of Lika and Gorski kotar and, finally, 114 relevés were from the area of Učka Nature Park. Ordination analysis was conducted with the programme package CANOCO 4.5. For the description of ecological conditions we used ecological indicator values (EIV) according to the Pignatti. Descriptive statistics was calculated for environmental variables using software STATISTICA. During the phytosociological survey we recorded 203 species of vascular plants. After the classification of relevés, as well as the camparison with the relevés of corresponding vegetation types in the area of south Slovenia, Gorski kotar and Lika, we established that in the area of Učka Nature Park the following plant associations of beech forests occure: Seslerio autumnali-Fagetum

Published
2012

25. Vegetacijska obilježja bukovih šuma Psunja, Papuka i Krndije

Author

Željko Škvorc, Jozo Franjić, Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, Ivana Alešković, Željko Škvorc, Jozo Franjić, Daniel Krstonošić, Krunoslav Sever, and Ivana Alešković

Abstract

Slavonsko gorje ima vrlo važno mjesto u florističkoj i vegetacijskoj slici kontinentalnoga dijela Republike Hrvatske. Najveći dio šumskoga pokrova toga područja čine sastojine obične bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.). Cilj je ovoga rada analizirati florni sastav bukovih šuma na Psunju, Papuku i Krndiji koji dosad nije dovoljno istražen, a nakon toga na temelju vlastitih i literaturnih snimaka definirati i razgraničiti biljne zajednice bukovih šuma, te na kraju analizirati neke od ekoloških i fitogeografskih obilježja koja određuju njihov pridolazak. Tijekom terenskih istraživanja napravljeno je 88 fitocenoloških snimaka prema standardnoj srednjoeuropskoj metodi. Napravljena je numerička usporedba sa snimcima bukovih šuma sa širega geografskoga područja, te su utvrđene ove biljne zajednice: Luzulo-Fagetum, Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum (luzuletosum i caricetosum pilosae) i Cardamino savensi-Fagetum. As. Cardamino savensi-Fagetum zabilježena je prvi put u Republici Hrvatskoj, i to u vršnom dijelu Papuka na karbonatnoj podlozi. Šumske biljne zajednice istraživanoga podru- čja dolaze u finom mozaiku različitih vegetacijskih tipova koji se često izmjenjuju i čije granice najčešće nisu oštre, što značajno utječe na njihov florni sastav i otežava njihovo razgranič avanje. Za rješavanje ostalih otvorenih pitanja i bolje definiranje biljnih zajednica potrebno je istražiti i druga područja slavonskoga gorja koja nisu obuhvaćena ovim istraživanjem., The Slavonianmountains have an important place in the floristic and vegetation picture of the continental part of Croatia. For the most part, the forest cover of this region consists of common beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.). Many authors have worked on defining plant communities of common beech in the northern part of Croatia in the last ten years. Even though this has greatly contributed to get a better understanding of them,many questions have remained open. This is so because the research wasmostly conducted on smaller geographical scale where local conditions (specific microhabitat, anthropogenic influences, etc.) significantly affected the phytosociological analyses. On the other hand, it is rather difficult to carry out the analyses on a larger geographical scale because many regions and/or vegetative types are still scarcely covered by relevés. The goal of this study is to analyze the floral composition of beech forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, which have not been sufficiently studied so far. The next goal is to define and draw boundaries between plant communities, and also to analyze some of the ecological and phytogeographical features. During field studies of beech forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija mountains, 88 relevés were made using central European Braun-Blanquet methodology. The relevés have been compared with the relevés of similar vegetation in the wider geographical region (N Croatia, N Slovenia, S Hungary). The analysis included 1509 published relevés of 13 associations from Slovene Phytosociological Database (Šilc 2006) and Croatian database of forests vegetation (Krstonošić et al. 2007) – Lamio orvale-Fagetum, Cardamine savensi-Fagetum, Isopyro-Fagetum, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum, Hacquetio-Fagetum, Helleboro odori-Fagetum, Carici pilosae-Fagetum, Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum, Galio odorati-Fagetum, Polysticho setiferi-Fagetum, Luzulo-Fagetum, Castaneo-Fagetum i Blechno-Fagetum. The numerical analysis of the floral composition was mad

Published
2011

26. Fenološka neujednačenost kao ograničavajući čimbenik uspješnoga oprašivanja u klonskim sjemenskim plantažama hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.)

Author

Jozo Franjić, Krunoslav Sever, Saša Bogdan, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, Ivana Alešković, Jozo Franjić, Krunoslav Sever, Saša Bogdan, Željko Škvorc, Daniel Krstonošić, and Ivana Alešković

Abstract

Istraživanje fenologije cvjetanja klonova hrasta lužnjaka provedeno je u proljeće 2010. godine. Pokusna ploha na kojoj je istraživanje obavljeno osnovana je u proljeće 2008. godine u rasadniku Brestje (UŠP Zagreb, Šumarija Dugo Selo). Pokusna je ploha osnovana s klonovima podrijetlom iz već postojećih proizvodnih klonskih sjemenskih plantaža (KSP) hrasta lužnjaka na području uprava šuma podružnica Vinkovci, Našice i Bjelovar. Istraživanjem je utvrđena protoginija kod velike većine klonova. Od meteoroloških prilika koje negativno utječu na receptivnost ženskih cvjetova posebno se ističu veliko kolebanje dnevne temperature zraka i nagli pad relativne vlažnosti zraka. Negativan utjecaj meteoroloških prilika na trušenje polena nije utvrđen. Velika kolebanja dnevne temperature zraka, uz istodobni pad relativne vlažnosti zraka, prekida receptivnost ženskih cvjetova, što ujedno umanjuje i dužinu trajanja njihove receptivnosti. Zbog utjecaja nepovoljnih meteoroloških prilika razdoblje receptivnosti ženskih cvjetova nije bilo ujednačeno s razdobljem trušenja polena, što uvelike umanjuje mogućnost međusobnoga slučajnoga oprašivanja klonova podrijetlom iz istraživanih KSP. To se uglavnom odrazilo na našičke klonove zato što su bili vrlo ujednačeni s obzirom na početak receptivnosti ženskih cvjetova i trušenje polena, što nije bio slučaj kod vinkovačkih i bjelovarskih klonova. Klonovi podrijetlom iz KSP Vinkovci i Bjelovar imali su bolju mogućnost međusobnoga slučajnoga oprašivanja u odnosu na našičke klonove, zahvaljujući onomu dijelu klonova koji je poslije započeo s otvaranjem pupova i receptivnošću ženskih cvjetova te na taj način izbjegao utjecaj nepovoljnih meteoroloških prilika. Unatoč dobromu potencijalu međusobnoga oprašivanja našičkih klonova te sposobnosti vinkovačkih i bjelovarskih klonova da djelomično izbjegnu nepovoljan utjecaj meteoroloških prilika, ne možemo reći da su klonovi podrijetlom iz istraživanih KSP 2010. godine imali mogućnost proizvodnje sjemena koje, The knowledge of the flowering biology of forest trees, and thus also of Pedunculate Oak, is exceptionally important when planning to mass-produce genetically high-quality seeds at clonal seed orchards (CSO) for the purpose of reforestation and restoration of forest cultures. The production of genetically high-quality seeds at CSOs, which assumes a high degree of genetic diversity, can only be guaranteed if 20 to 60 clones of different genotypes contribute to pollination (transferring of pollen from stamen to stigma). However, for a successful fertilization, which would guarantee the desired quality and quantity of seeds, phenological synchronization of the clone flowering within CSOs is also important. The beginning of pedunculate oak bud burst is under significant genetic control, which opens up the possibility to make the right selection of plus trees, with the goal of achieving a permanent phenological synchronization of flowering and flushing of clones with which the CSOs have been established. However, the effect of poor weather, such as heavy rainfall, too high or too low relative humidity of air, low temperatures, frosts, hail, etc., can sometimes disrupt favorable phenological synchronization of clones, also lowering the quality and quantity of seeds produced. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the phenological synchronization of clone flowering within CSOs, (ii) to look into the possible effect of weather on the duration of receptivity of female flowers and pollen shedding, (iii) to determine the degree of correspondence between particular phenophases of flushing and flowering. The study has been conducted at the experimental field founded in the spring of 2008 within Rasadnik Brestje (Forest Administration Zagreb, Forest Office Dugo Selo). The experimental field has been founded by planting ramet in accordance with the experimental design of randomized section system with repetitions (sections). Each clone is represented with one ramet in

Published
2011

27. A higher-level classification of the Pannonian and western Pontic steppe grasslands (Central and Eastern Europe)

Author

Daniel Krstonošić, Luise Schratt-Ehrendorfer, Tamás Rédei, Monika Janišová, Wolfgang Willner, Zoltán Botta-Dukát, Yulia Vashenyak, János Csiky, Matthias Kropf, Norbert Bauer, Andraž Čarni, Milan Chytrý, Denys Vynokurov, Thomas Becker, Mirjana Krstivojević-Ćuk, Claudia Biţă-Nicolae, Yuri Semenishchenkov, Jürgen Dengler, Ruzica Igic, Iryna Korotchenko, Zvjezdana Stančić, Eszter Ruprecht, Anna Kuzemko, and Zygmunt Kącki

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Galietalia veri, Vegetation Survey, Steppe, Syntaxonomy, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Floristics, Brometalia erecti, Diagnostic species, Dry grassland, Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco-Brometea, Phytosociology, Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis, TWINSPAN, Vegetation-plot database, Altitude, Special Feature: Grassland Classification, Temperate climate, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 2. Zero hunger, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Sesleria, biology, Festuco‐Brometea, Stipo‐Festucetalia pallentis, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Sesleria caerulea, Vegetation‐plot database, Geography, Indicator species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Questions: What are the main floristic patterns in the Pannonian and western Pontic steppe grasslands? What are the diagnostic species of the major subdivisions of the class Festuco- Brometea (temperate Euro-Siberian dry and semi- dry grasslands)? Location: Carpathian Basin (E Austria, SE Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, N Croatia and N Serbia), Ukraine, S Poland and the Bryansk region of W Russia. Methods: We applied a geographically stratified resampling to a large set of relevés containing at least one indicator species of steppe grasslands. The resulting data set of 17 993 releves was classified using the TWINSPAN algorithm. We identified groups of clusters that corresponded to the class Festuco- Brometea. After excluding relevés not belonging to our target class, we applied a consensus of three fidelity measures, also taking into account external knowledge, to establish the diagnostic species of the orders of the class. The original TWINSPAN divisions were revised on the basis of these diagnostic species. Results: The TWINSPAN classification revealed soil moisture as the most important environmental factor. Eight out of 16 TWINSPAN groups corresponded to Festuco-Brometea. A total of 80, 32 and 58 species were accepted as diagnostic for the orders Brometalia erecti, Festucetalia valesiacae and Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis, respectively. In the further subdivision of the orders, soil conditions, geographic distribution and altitude could be identified as factors driving the major floristic patterns. Conclusions: We propose the following classification of the Festuco- Brometea in our study area: (1) Brometalia erecti (semi-dry grasslands) with Scabioso ochroleucae-Poion angustifoliae (steppe meadows of the forest zone of E Europe) and Cirsio- Brachypodion pinnati (meadow steppes on deep soils in the forest-steppe zone of E Central and E Europe) ; (2) Festucetalia valesiacae (grass steppes) with Festucion valesiacae (grass steppes on less developed soils in the forest-steppe zone of E Central and E Europe) and Stipion lessingianae (grass steppes in the steppe zone) ; (3) Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis (rocky steppes) with Asplenio septentrionalis- Festucion pallentis (rocky steppes on siliceous and intermediate soils), Bromo-Festucion pallentis (thermophilous rocky steppes on calcareous soils), Diantho-Seslerion (dealpine Sesleria caerulea grasslands of the Western Carpathians) and Seslerion rigidae (dealpine Sesleria rigida grasslands of the Romanian Carpathians).

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