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1. Enduring Clinical Value of Copaxone® (Glatiramer Acetate) in Multiple Sclerosis after 20 Years of Use

Author

Daniel R. Wynn

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone®) was the first disease-modifying treatment (DMT) for MS successfully tested in humans (1977) and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December 1996. Since then, there have been numerous developments in the MS field: advances in neuroimaging allowing more rapid and accurate diagnosis; the availability of a range of DMTs including immunosuppressant monoclonal antibodies and oral agents; a more holistic approach to treatment by multidisciplinary teams; and an improved awareness of the need to consider a patient’s preferences and patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life. The use of GA has endured throughout these advances. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the important developments in the MS field during the 20 years since GA was approved and to review clinical data for GA in MS, with the aim of understanding the continued and widespread use of GA. Both drug-related (efficacy versus side-effect profile and monitoring requirements) and patient factors (preferences regarding mode of administration and possible pregnancy) will be explored.

Published
2019
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2. Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis

Author

Hauser S. L., Bar-Or A., Cohen J. A., Comi G., Correale J., Coyle P. K., Cross A. H., de Seze J., Leppert D., Montalban X., Selmaj K., Wiendl H., Kerloeguen C., Willi R., Li B., Kakarieka A., Tomic D., Goodyear A., Pingili R., Haring D. A., Ramanathan K., Merschhemke M., Kappos L., Stephen L Hauser, Ludwig Kappos, Amit Bar-Or, Jeffrey A Cohen, Giancarlo Comi, Jorge Correale, Patricia K Coyle, Anne Cross, Jerome de Seze, Xavier Montalban, Krzysztof Selmaj, Heinz Wiendl, Stephen C Reingold, Garry R Cutter, Thomas Doerner, Hans-Peter Hartung, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Israel Steiner, Jerry S Wolinsky, Carlos Ballario, Christian Calvo Vildoso, Jorge Gustavo Jose, Norma Haydee Deri, Susana Liwacki, Jeannette Lechner-Scott, John Parratt, Suzanne Hodgkinson, Eva-Maria Maida, Fritz Leutmezer, Barbara Willekens, Bart Van Wijmeersch, Guy Laureys, Jo Caekebeke, Karine Geens, Ludo Vanopdenbosch, Olivier Deryck, Valerie Delvaux, Vincent Van Pesch, Ivan Milanov, Ivaylo Tarnev, Lyubomir Haralanov, Maria Manova Slavova, Penko Shotekov, Francois Emond, Francois Grandmaison, Francois Jacques, Liesly Lee, Marie Sarah Gagne Brosseau, Mark Freedman, Martin Cloutier, Robert Carruthers, Sarah Morrow, Yves Lapierre, Anton Vladic, Hana Bokun, Igor Antoncic, Marija Bosnjak Pasic, Mario Habek, Silva Butkovic Soldo, Vladimira Vuletic, Alena Martinkova, Eva Meluzinova, Ivana Stetkarova, Jan Mares, Jolana Markova, Marta Vachova, Martin Valis, Michaela Tyblova, Michal Dufek, Ondrej Skoda, Pavel Hradilek, Ana Voldsgaard Jensen, Helle Hvilsted Nielsen, Kristina Svendsen, Mads Ravnborg, Peter Vestergaard Rasmussen, Katrin Gross-Paju, Sulev Haldre, Juha Pekka Eralinna, Marja-Liisa Sumelahti, Bruno Brochet, Celine Louapre, Christine Lebrun-Frenay, David Axel Laplaud, Gilles Edan, Giovanni Castelnovo, Marc Debouverie, Patrick Vermersch, Pierre Clavelou, Pierre Labauge, Achim Berthele, Aiden Haghikia, Anselm Kornhuber, Arnfin Bergmann, Benedikt Frank, Birte Elias-Hamp, Bjoern Tackenberg, Brigitte Wildemann, Erik Strauss, Eugen Schlegel, Florian Then Bergh, Gereon Nelles, Hayrettin Tumani, Karl-Otto Sigel, Martin Stangel, Matthias Boehringer, Olaf Martin Hoffmann, Patrick Oschmann, Reinhard Hohlfeld, Silke Walter, Sylvia Menck, Till Sprenger, Tjalf Ziemssen, Veit Ulrich Becker, Vera Straeten, Konstantinos Kilidireas, Konstantinos Voumvourakis, Nikolaos Fakas, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Agnes Koves, Csilla Rozsa, Krisztina Kovacs, Laszlo Vecsei, Satori Maria, Zita Biro, Anshu Rohatgi, Dheeraj Khurana, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Joy Dev Mukherji, Lekha Pandit, Meena Angamuthu Kanikannan, Pahari Ghosh, Rahul Chakor, Rahul Kulkarni, Roopkumar Gursahani, Sangeeta Ravat, Srinivasa Rangasetty, Suresh Kumar, Alla Shifrin, Arnon Karni, Radi Shahien, Ron Milo, Antonio Uccelli, Carlo Pozzilli, Francesco Sacca, Giacomo Lus, Girolama Alessandra Marfia, Laura Brambilla, Marco Salvetti, Massimo Filippi, Mauro Zaffaroni, Paolo Gallo, Silvia Rossi, Simona Bonavita, Valeria Studer, Andrejs Millers, Guntis Karelis, Jolanta Kalnina, Dalia Mickeviciene, Rasa Kizlaitiene, Angelica Carbajal Ramirez, Juan Jose Lopez Prieto, Beatrijs Wokke, Bob W Van Oosten, Peter Van Domburg, Raymond Hupperts, Rogier Q Hintzen, Astrid Edland, Cesar Castaneda, Julio Perez, Martin Gavidia, Andrzej Wiak, Bartosz Karaszewski, Elzbieta Jasinska, Halina Bartosik Psujek, Iwona Jastrzebska, Jaroslaw Slawek, Maciej Maciejowski, Miroslaw Dziki, Monika Adamczyk Sowa, Robert Bonek, Waldemar Fryze, Ana Martins Da Silva, Angela Timoteo, Antonio Vasco Salgado, Carlos Capela, Carlos Veira, Filipe Correia, Joao Cerqueira, Joao De Sa, Livia De Sousa, Raquel Gouveia, Alina Sergeevna Agafina, Anna Naumovna Belova, Denis Viktorovich Sazonov, Dmitry Pokhabov, Ekaterina Igorevna Kairbekova, Elena Gennadievna Arefieva, Farit Axatovich Khabirov, Igor Vyacheslavovich Litvinenko, Igor Stolyarov, Irina Aleksandrovna Sokolova, Larisa Ivanovna Volkova, Maria Vafaevna Davydovskaya, Maria Nikolaevna Zaharova, Nadezhda Alekseevna Malkova, Natalia Agafonovna Totolyan, Nikolay Vasilievich Dorogov, Stella Anatolievna Sivertseva, Egon Kurca, Georgi Krastev, Miroslav Brozman, Peter Koleda, Peter Turcani, Peter Valkovic, Viera Hancinova, Vladimir Donath, Chris Retief, Michael Isaacs, Albert Saiz Hinarejos, Alfredo Rodriguez Antigüedad, Bonaventura Casanova Estruch, Celia Oreja-Guevara, Gemma Reig Rosello, Jose Carlos Alvarez Cermeño, Jose Martinez Rodriguez, Jose Meca Lallana, Juan Antonio Garcia Merino, Lucia Forero Diaz, Lucienne Costa Frossard Franca, Luis Querol Gutierrez, Lluis Ramio Torrenta, Pedro Serrano Castro, Rafael Arroyo Gonzalez, Sara Eichau Madueño, Sergio Martinez Yelamos, Tamara Castillo Trivino, Virgina Meca Lallana, Xaviere Montalban Gairin, Fredrik Piehl, Jan Lycke, Chiara Zecca, Tobias Derfuss, Thy-Sheng Lin, Somsak Tiamkao, Ayse Nur Yuceyar, Aysun Soysal, Belgin Petek Balci, Cavit Boz, Husnu Efendi, Murat Terzi, Serhan Sevim, Serkan Ozakbas, Andrew Gale, Ben Turner, David Barnes, David Paling, Eli Silber, James Overell, Matthew Craner, Aaron Carlson, Adam Wolff, Adaeze Onuoha, Adnan Subei, Ahmad Ata, Aimee Borazanci, Akram Dastagir, Alberto Vasquez, Alison Brooke Allen, Andrew P Keegan, Angel Carrasco, Angel R Chinea Martinez, Ann Bass, Annette Okai, April Erwin, Ariel Antezana-Antezana, Barbara Green, Bharathy E Sundaram, Bhupendra Khatri, Bhupesh Dihenia, Bogdan Gheorghiu, Brian Costell, Brian Steingo, Bruce L Hughes, Carrie M Hersh, Christopher Laganke, Christopher Luzzio, Corey Ford, Craig Edward Herrman, Craig Senzon, Cynthia Huffman, Daniel R Wynn, David D O Bear, David Lesch, David H Mattson, David Weisman, Deborah A Burke, Dennis W Dietrich, Deren Huang, Derrick Robertson, Djamchid Lotfi, Don Joseph Alfonso, Dusan Stefoski, Edward J Fox, Emily Pharr, Enrique Alvarez, Evanthia Bernitsas, Faria Amjad, Gabriel Pardo, Geoffrey Eubank, Gerald Mcintosh, Giles F Crowell, Hemanth Rao, J Michael Hemphill, Jack H Florin, Jacqueline Nicholas, James Napier, James Scott, Jason M Silversteen, Javier Vasallo, Jean-Raphael Schneider, Jeanette Wendt, Jeffrey Cohen, Jeffrey Gross, Jeffrey Groves, Jeffrey Kaplan, Jessica Stulc, Joanna A Cooper, John Foley, John Scagnelli, Jonathan C Calkwood, Jose Pizarro Otero, Jose Rafecas, Joshua Katz, Juliette S Saad, Katherine Standley, Keith Edwards, Kenneth Sharlin, Khurram Bashir, Kimberly Wagner, Kore Liow, Larry Lee Blankenship Jr, Laszlo Mate, Liliana Montoya, Lon D Lynn, Mark Agius, Mark Cascione, Mark Allan Goldstein, Mark Janicki, Martin R Bialow, Mary Denise Hughes, Matthew J Baker, Michelle Apperson, Michelle B Kuczma, M Mateo Paz Soldan, Mirela Cerghet, Nathaniel Robb Whaley, Paul K Winner, Pavle Repovic, Praful Kelkar, Romero Rekha Pillai, Ricardo Ayala, Richard Sater, Randall Trudell, Robert Fairborn Armstrong, Robert Thomas Nahouraii, Robert Naismith, Ronald S Murray, Samuel Hunter, Sara Qureshi, Sharon Lynch, Sibyl Wray, Silvia R Delgado, Stacy Donlon, Stanley Cohan, Stanya Smith, Stuart James Shafer, Susan Azalone, Susan Hibbs, Tamara A Miller, Thomas Giancarlo, Troy Desai, Varun K Saxena, Virginia Simnad, William David Honeycutt, William Logan, William E McElveen, William Wagner, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Cleveland Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele [Milan, Italy], Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia [Buenos Aires] (FLENI), FLENI, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg]-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, University Hospital Basel [Basel], Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], University of Warmia and Mazury [Olsztyn], University of Münster, Novartis Pharma S.A.S., Novartis Pharmaceuticals, University of Basel (Unibas), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Université de Montpellier (UM), Willekens, Barbara, ASCLEPIOS I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Groups, Hauser, S. L., Bar-Or, A., Cohen, J. A., Comi, G., Correale, J., Coyle, P. K., Cross, A. H., de Seze, J., Leppert, D., Montalban, X., Selmaj, K., Wiendl, H., Kerloeguen, C., Willi, R., Li, B., Kakarieka, A., Tomic, D., Goodyear, A., Pingili, R., Haring, D. A., Ramanathan, K., Merschhemke, M., Kappos, L., Asclepios, I and ASCLEPIOS II Trial Group, Filippi, M, L Hauser, Stephen, Kappos, Ludwig, Bar-Or, Amit, A Cohen, Jeffrey, Comi, Giancarlo, Correale, Jorge, K Coyle, Patricia, Cross, Anne, de Seze, Jerome, Montalban, Xavier, Selmaj, Krzysztof, Wiendl, Heinz, C Reingold, Stephen, R Cutter, Garry, Doerner, Thoma, Hartung, Hans-Peter, Soelberg Sørensen, Per, Steiner, Israel, S Wolinsky, Jerry, Ballario, Carlo, Calvo Vildoso, Christian, Gustavo Jose, Jorge, Haydee Deri, Norma, Liwacki, Susana, Lechner-Scott, Jeannette, Parratt, John, Hodgkinson, Suzanne, Maida, Eva-Maria, Leutmezer, Fritz, Van Wijmeersch, Bart, Laureys, Guy, Caekebeke, Jo, Geens, Karine, Vanopdenbosch, Ludo, Deryck, Olivier, Delvaux, Valerie, Van Pesch, Vincent, Milanov, Ivan, Tarnev, Ivaylo, Haralanov, Lyubomir, Manova Slavova, Maria, Shotekov, Penko, Emond, Francoi, Grandmaison, Francoi, Jacques, Francoi, Lee, Liesly, Sarah Gagne Brosseau, Marie, Freedman, Mark, Cloutier, Martin, Carruthers, Robert, Morrow, Sarah, Lapierre, Yve, Vladic, Anton, Bokun, Hana, Antoncic, Igor, Bosnjak Pasic, Marija, Habek, Mario, Butkovic Soldo, Silva, Vuletic, Vladimira, Martinkova, Alena, Meluzinova, Eva, Stetkarova, Ivana, Mares, Jan, Markova, Jolana, Vachova, Marta, Valis, Martin, Tyblova, Michaela, Dufek, Michal, Skoda, Ondrej, Hradilek, Pavel, Voldsgaard Jensen, Ana, Hvilsted Nielsen, Helle, Svendsen, Kristina, Ravnborg, Mad, Vestergaard Rasmussen, Peter, Gross-Paju, Katrin, Haldre, Sulev, Pekka Eralinna, Juha, Sumelahti, Marja-Liisa, Brochet, Bruno, Louapre, Celine, Lebrun-Frenay, Christine, Axel Laplaud, David, Edan, Gille, Castelnovo, Giovanni, Debouverie, Marc, Vermersch, Patrick, Clavelou, Pierre, Labauge, Pierre, Berthele, Achim, Haghikia, Aiden, Kornhuber, Anselm, Bergmann, Arnfin, Frank, Benedikt, Elias-Hamp, Birte, Tackenberg, Bjoern, Wildemann, Brigitte, Strauss, Erik, Schlegel, Eugen, Then Bergh, Florian, Nelles, Gereon, Tumani, Hayrettin, Sigel, Karl-Otto, Stangel, Martin, Boehringer, Matthia, Martin Hoffmann, Olaf, Oschmann, Patrick, Hohlfeld, Reinhard, Walter, Silke, Menck, Sylvia, Sprenger, Till, Ziemssen, Tjalf, Ulrich Becker, Veit, Straeten, Vera, Kilidireas, Konstantino, Voumvourakis, Konstantino, Fakas, Nikolao, Grigoriadis, Nikolao, Koves, Agne, Rozsa, Csilla, Kovacs, Krisztina, Vecsei, Laszlo, Maria, Satori, Biro, Zita, Rohatgi, Anshu, Khurana, Dheeraj, Durai Pandian, Jeyaraj, Dev Mukherji, Joy, Pandit, Lekha, Angamuthu Kanikannan, Meena, Ghosh, Pahari, Chakor, Rahul, Kulkarni, Rahul, Gursahani, Roopkumar, Ravat, Sangeeta, Rangasetty, Srinivasa, Kumar, Suresh, Shifrin, Alla, Karni, Arnon, Shahien, Radi, Milo, Ron, Uccelli, Antonio, Pozzilli, Carlo, Sacca, Francesco, Lus, Giacomo, Alessandra Marfia, Girolama, Brambilla, Laura, Salvetti, Marco, Filippi, Massimo, Zaffaroni, Mauro, Gallo, Paolo, Rossi, Silvia, Bonavita, Simona, Studer, Valeria, Millers, Andrej, Karelis, Gunti, Kalnina, Jolanta, Mickeviciene, Dalia, Kizlaitiene, Rasa, Carbajal Ramirez, Angelica, Jose Lopez Prieto, Juan, Wokke, Beatrij, W Van Oosten, Bob, Van Domburg, Peter, Hupperts, Raymond, Q Hintzen, Rogier, Edland, Astrid, Castaneda, Cesar, Perez, Julio, Gavidia, Martin, Wiak, Andrzej, Karaszewski, Bartosz, Jasinska, Elzbieta, Bartosik Psujek, Halina, Jastrzebska, Iwona, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Maciejowski, Maciej, Dziki, Miroslaw, Adamczyk Sowa, Monika, Bonek, Robert, Fryze, Waldemar, Martins Da Silva, Ana, Timoteo, Angela, Vasco Salgado, Antonio, Capela, Carlo, Veira, Carlo, Correia, Filipe, Cerqueira, Joao, De Sa, Joao, De Sousa, Livia, Gouveia, Raquel, Sergeevna Agafina, Alina, Naumovna Belova, Anna, Viktorovich Sazonov, Deni, Pokhabov, Dmitry, Igorevna Kairbekova, Ekaterina, Gennadievna Arefieva, Elena, Axatovich Khabirov, Farit, Vyacheslavovich Litvinenko, Igor, Stolyarov, Igor, Aleksandrovna Sokolova, Irina, Ivanovna Volkova, Larisa, Vafaevna Davydovskaya, Maria, Nikolaevna Zaharova, Maria, Alekseevna Malkova, Nadezhda, Agafonovna Totolyan, Natalia, Vasilievich Dorogov, Nikolay, Anatolievna Sivertseva, Stella, Kurca, Egon, Krastev, Georgi, Brozman, Miroslav, Koleda, Peter, Turcani, Peter, Valkovic, Peter, Hancinova, Viera, Donath, Vladimir, Retief, Chri, Isaacs, Michael, Saiz Hinarejos, Albert, Rodriguez Antigüedad, Alfredo, Casanova Estruch, Bonaventura, Oreja-Guevara, Celia, Reig Rosello, Gemma, Carlos Alvarez Cermeño, Jose, Martinez Rodriguez, Jose, Meca Lallana, Jose, Antonio Garcia Merino, Juan, Forero Diaz, Lucia, Costa Frossard Franca, Lucienne, Querol Gutierrez, Lui, Ramio Torrenta, Llui, Serrano Castro, Pedro, Arroyo Gonzalez, Rafael, Eichau Madueño, Sara, Martinez Yelamos, Sergio, Castillo Trivino, Tamara, Meca Lallana, Virgina, Montalban Gairin, Xaviere, Piehl, Fredrik, Lycke, Jan, Zecca, Chiara, Derfuss, Tobia, Lin, Thy-Sheng, Tiamkao, Somsak, Nur Yuceyar, Ayse, Soysal, Aysun, Petek Balci, Belgin, Boz, Cavit, Efendi, Husnu, Terzi, Murat, Sevim, Serhan, Ozakbas, Serkan, Gale, Andrew, Turner, Ben, Barnes, David, Paling, David, Silber, Eli, Overell, Jame, Craner, Matthew, Carlson, Aaron, Wolff, Adam, Onuoha, Adaeze, Subei, Adnan, Ata, Ahmad, Borazanci, Aimee, Dastagir, Akram, Vasquez, Alberto, Brooke Allen, Alison, P Keegan, Andrew, Carrasco, Angel, R Chinea Martinez, Angel, Bass, Ann, Okai, Annette, Erwin, April, Antezana-Antezana, Ariel, Green, Barbara, E Sundaram, Bharathy, Khatri, Bhupendra, Dihenia, Bhupesh, Gheorghiu, Bogdan, Costell, Brian, Steingo, Brian, L Hughes, Bruce, M Hersh, Carrie, Laganke, Christopher, Luzzio, Christopher, Ford, Corey, Edward Herrman, Craig, Senzon, Craig, Huffman, Cynthia, R Wynn, Daniel, O Bear, David D, Lesch, David, H Mattson, David, Weisman, David, A Burke, Deborah, W Dietrich, Denni, Huang, Deren, Robertson, Derrick, Lotfi, Djamchid, Joseph Alfonso, Don, Stefoski, Dusan, J Fox, Edward, Pharr, Emily, Alvarez, Enrique, Bernitsas, Evanthia, Amjad, Faria, Pardo, Gabriel, Eubank, Geoffrey, Mcintosh, Gerald, F Crowell, Gile, Rao, Hemanth, Michael Hemphill, J, H Florin, Jack, Nicholas, Jacqueline, Napier, Jame, Scott, Jame, M Silversteen, Jason, Vasallo, Javier, Schneider, Jean-Raphael, Wendt, Jeanette, Cohen, Jeffrey, Gross, Jeffrey, Groves, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Jeffrey, Stulc, Jessica, A Cooper, Joanna, Foley, John, Scagnelli, John, C Calkwood, Jonathan, Pizarro Otero, Jose, Rafecas, Jose, Katz, Joshua, S Saad, Juliette, Standley, Katherine, Edwards, Keith, Sharlin, Kenneth, Bashir, Khurram, Wagner, Kimberly, Liow, Kore, Lee Blankenship Jr, Larry, Mate, Laszlo, Montoya, Liliana, D Lynn, Lon, Agius, Mark, Cascione, Mark, Allan Goldstein, Mark, Janicki, Mark, R Bialow, Martin, Denise Hughes, Mary, J Baker, Matthew, Apperson, Michelle, B Kuczma, Michelle, Mateo Paz Soldan, M, Cerghet, Mirela, Robb Whaley, Nathaniel, K Winner, Paul, Repovic, Pavle, Kelkar, Praful, Rekha Pillai, Romero, Ayala, Ricardo, Sater, Richard, Trudell, Randall, Fairborn Armstrong, Robert, Thomas Nahouraii, Robert, Naismith, Robert, S Murray, Ronald, Hunter, Samuel, Qureshi, Sara, Lynch, Sharon, Wray, Sibyl, R Delgado, Silvia, Donlon, Stacy, Cohan, Stanley, Smith, Stanya, James Shafer, Stuart, Azalone, Susan, Hibbs, Susan, A Miller, Tamara, Giancarlo, Thoma, Desai, Troy, K Saxena, Varun, Simnad, Virginia, David Honeycutt, William, Logan, William, E McElveen, William, Wagner, William, Stephen, L Hauser, Ludwig, Kappo, Amit, Bar-Or, Jeffrey, A Cohen, Giancarlo, Comi, Jorge, Correale, Patricia, K Coyle, Anne, Cro, Jerome de Seze, Xavier, Montalban, Krzysztof, Selmaj, Heinz, Wiendl, Stephen, C Reingold, Garry, R Cutter, Thomas, Doerner, Hans-Peter, Hartung, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Israel, Steiner, Jerry, S Wolinsky, Carlos, Ballario, Christian Calvo Vildoso, Jorge Gustavo Jose, Norma Haydee Deri, Susana, Liwacki, Jeannette, Lechner-Scott, John, Parratt, Suzanne, Hodgkinson, Eva-Maria, Maida, Fritz, Leutmezer, Barbara, Willeken, Bart Van Wijmeersch, Guy, Laurey, Karine, Geen, Ludo, Vanopdenbosch, Olivier, Deryck, Valerie, Delvaux, Vincent Van Pesch, Ivan, Milanov, Ivaylo, Tarnev, Lyubomir, Haralanov, Maria Manova Slavova, Penko, Shotekov, Francois, Emond, Francois, Grandmaison, Francois, Jacque, Liesly, Lee, Marie Sarah Gagne Brosseau, Mark, Freedman, Martin, Cloutier, Robert, Carruther, Sarah, Morrow, Yves, Lapierre, Anton, Vladic, Hana, Bokun, Igor, Antoncic, Marija Bosnjak Pasic, Mario, Habek, Silva Butkovic Soldo, Vladimira, Vuletic, Alena, Martinkova, Eva, Meluzinova, Ivana, Stetkarova, Jan, Mare, Jolana, Markova, Marta, Vachova, Martin, Vali, Michaela, Tyblova, Michal, Dufek, Ondrej, Skoda, Pavel, Hradilek, Ana Voldsgaard Jensen, Helle Hvilsted Nielsen, Kristina, Svendsen, Mads, Ravnborg, Peter Vestergaard Rasmussen, Katrin, Gross-Paju, Sulev, Haldre, Juha Pekka Eralinna, Marja-Liisa, Sumelahti, Bruno, Brochet, Celine, Louapre, Christine, Lebrun-Frenay, David Axel Laplaud, Gilles, Edan, Giovanni, Castelnovo, Marc, Debouverie, Patrick, Vermersch, Pierre, Clavelou, Pierre, Labauge, Achim, Berthele, Aiden, Haghikia, Anselm, Kornhuber, Arnfin, Bergmann, Benedikt, Frank, Birte, Elias-Hamp, Bjoern, Tackenberg, Brigitte, Wildemann, Erik, Strau, Eugen, Schlegel, Florian Then Bergh, Gereon, Nelle, Hayrettin, Tumani, Karl-Otto, Sigel, Martin, Stangel, Matthias, Boehringer, Olaf Martin Hoffmann, Patrick, Oschmann, Reinhard, Hohlfeld, Silke, Walter, Sylvia, Menck, Till, Sprenger, Tjalf, Ziemssen, Veit Ulrich Becker, Vera, Straeten, Konstantinos, Kilidirea, Konstantinos, Voumvouraki, Nikolaos, Faka, Nikolaos, Grigoriadi, Agnes, Kove, Csilla, Rozsa, Krisztina, Kovac, Laszlo, Vecsei, Satori, Maria, Zita, Biro, Anshu, Rohatgi, Dheeraj, Khurana, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Joy Dev Mukherji, Lekha, Pandit, Meena Angamuthu Kanikannan, Pahari, Ghosh, Rahul, Chakor, Rahul, Kulkarni, Roopkumar, Gursahani, Sangeeta, Ravat, Srinivasa, Rangasetty, Suresh, Kumar, Alla, Shifrin, Arnon, Karni, Radi, Shahien, Ron, Milo, Antonio, Uccelli, Carlo, Pozzilli, Sacca', Francesco, Giacomo, Lu, Girolama Alessandra Marfia, Laura, Brambilla, Marco, Salvetti, Massimo, Filippi, Mauro, Zaffaroni, Paolo, Gallo, Silvia, Rossi, Simona, Bonavita, Valeria, Studer, Andrejs, Miller, Guntis, Kareli, Jolanta, Kalnina, Dalia, Mickeviciene, Rasa, Kizlaitiene, Angelica Carbajal Ramirez, Juan Jose Lopez Prieto, Beatrijs, Wokke, Bob, W Van Oosten, Peter Van Domburg, Raymond, Huppert, Rogier, Q Hintzen, Astrid, Edland, Cesar, Castaneda, Julio, Perez, Martin, Gavidia, Andrzej, Wiak, Bartosz, Karaszewski, Elzbieta, Jasinska, Halina Bartosik Psujek, Iwona, Jastrzebska, Jaroslaw, Slawek, Maciej, Maciejowski, Miroslaw, Dziki, Monika Adamczyk Sowa, Robert, Bonek, Waldemar, Fryze, Ana Martins Da Silva, Angela, Timoteo, Antonio Vasco Salgado, Carlos, Capela, Carlos, Veira, Filipe, Correia, Joao, Cerqueira, Joao De Sa, Livia De Sousa, Raquel, Gouveia, Alina Sergeevna Agafina, Anna Naumovna Belova, Denis Viktorovich Sazonov, Dmitry, Pokhabov, Ekaterina Igorevna Kairbekova, Elena Gennadievna Arefieva, Farit Axatovich Khabirov, Igor Vyacheslavovich Litvinenko, Igor, Stolyarov, Irina Aleksandrovna Sokolova, Larisa Ivanovna Volkova, Maria Vafaevna Davydovskaya, Maria Nikolaevna Zaharova, Nadezhda Alekseevna Malkova, Natalia Agafonovna Totolyan, Nikolay Vasilievich Dorogov, Stella Anatolievna Sivertseva, Egon, Kurca, Georgi, Krastev, Miroslav, Brozman, Peter, Koleda, Peter, Turcani, Peter, Valkovic, Viera, Hancinova, Vladimir, Donath, Chris, Retief, Michael, Isaac, Albert Saiz Hinarejos, Alfredo Rodriguez Antigüedad, Bonaventura Casanova Estruch, Celia, Oreja-Guevara, Gemma Reig Rosello, Jose Carlos Alvarez Cermeño, Jose Martinez Rodriguez, Jose Meca Lallana, Juan Antonio Garcia Merino, Lucia Forero Diaz, Lucienne Costa Frossard Franca, Luis Querol Gutierrez, Lluis Ramio Torrenta, Pedro Serrano Castro, Rafael Arroyo Gonzalez, Sara Eichau Madueño, Sergio Martinez Yelamos, Tamara Castillo Trivino, Virgina Meca Lallana, Xaviere Montalban Gairin, Fredrik, Piehl, Jan, Lycke, Chiara, Zecca, Tobias, Derfu, Thy-Sheng, Lin, Somsak, Tiamkao, Ayse Nur Yuceyar, Aysun, Soysal, Belgin Petek Balci, Cavit, Boz, Husnu, Efendi, Murat, Terzi, Serhan, Sevim, Serkan, Ozakba, Andrew, Gale, Ben, Turner, David, Barne, David, Paling, Eli, Silber, James, Overell, Matthew, Craner, Aaron, Carlson, Adam, Wolff, Adaeze, Onuoha, Adnan, Subei, Ahmad, Ata, Aimee, Borazanci, Akram, Dastagir, Alberto, Vasquez, Alison Brooke Allen, Andrew, P Keegan, Angel, Carrasco, Angel, R Chinea Martinez, Ann, Ba, Annette, Okai, April, Erwin, Ariel, Antezana-Antezana, Barbara, Green, Bharathy, E Sundaram, Bhupendra, Khatri, Bhupesh, Dihenia, Bogdan, Gheorghiu, Brian, Costell, Brian, Steingo, Bruce, L Hughe, Carrie, M Hersh, Christopher, Laganke, Christopher, Luzzio, Corey, Ford, Craig Edward Herrman, Craig, Senzon, Cynthia, Huffman, Daniel, R Wynn, David D, O Bear, David, Lesch, David, H Mattson, David, Weisman, Deborah, A Burke, Dennis, W Dietrich, Deren, Huang, Derrick, Robertson, Djamchid, Lotfi, Don Joseph Alfonso, Dusan, Stefoski, Edward, J Fox, Emily, Pharr, Enrique, Alvarez, Evanthia, Bernitsa, Faria, Amjad, Gabriel, Pardo, Geoffrey, Eubank, Gerald, Mcintosh, Giles, F Crowell, Hemanth, Rao, J Michael Hemphill, Jack, H Florin, Jacqueline, Nichola, James, Napier, James, Scott, Jason, M Silversteen, Javier, Vasallo, Jean-Raphael, Schneider, Jeanette, Wendt, Jeffrey, Cohen, Jeffrey, Gro, Jeffrey, Grove, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Jessica, Stulc, Joanna, A Cooper, John, Foley, John, Scagnelli, Jonathan, C Calkwood, Jose Pizarro Otero, Jose, Rafeca, Joshua, Katz, Juliette, S Saad, Katherine, Standley, Keith, Edward, Kenneth, Sharlin, Khurram, Bashir, Kimberly, Wagner, Kore, Liow, Larry Lee Blankenship Jr, Laszlo, Mate, Liliana, Montoya, Lon, D Lynn, Mark, Agiu, Mark, Cascione, Mark Allan Goldstein, Mark, Janicki, Martin, R Bialow, Mary Denise Hughes, Matthew, J Baker, Michelle, Apperson, Michelle, B Kuczma, M Mateo Paz Soldan, Mirela, Cerghet, Nathaniel Robb Whaley, Paul, K Winner, Pavle, Repovic, Praful, Kelkar, Romero Rekha Pillai, Ricardo, Ayala, Richard, Sater, Randall, Trudell, Robert Fairborn Armstrong, Robert Thomas Nahouraii, Robert, Naismith, Ronald, S Murray, Samuel, Hunter, Sara, Qureshi, Sharon, Lynch, Sibyl, Wray, Silvia, R Delgado, Stacy, Donlon, Stanley, Cohan, Stanya, Smith, Stuart James Shafer, Susan, Azalone, Susan, Hibb, Tamara, A Miller, Thomas, Giancarlo, Troy, Desai, Varun, K Saxena, Virginia, Simnad, William David Honeycutt, William, Logan, William, E McElveen, William, Wagner, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), University of Pennsylvania, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), Herrada, Anthony, and UCL - SSS/IONS/CEMO - Pôle Cellulaire et moléculaire

Subjects
Male, MESH: Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, T-Lymphocytes, Hydroxybutyrates, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Pharmacology, Relapsing-Remitting, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Teriflunomide, Monoclonal, MESH: Double-Blind Method, 030212 general & internal medicine, Humanized, MESH: Toluidines, B-Lymphocytes, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, biology, Subcutaneous, B-Lymphocyte, Brain, General Medicine, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MESH: Crotonates, Crotonates, Pyrimidine metabolism, Disease Progression, Female, MESH: Disease Progression, Antibody, Human, Adult, Multiple Sclerosis, Toluidines, medicine.drug_class, Injections, Subcutaneous, Injections, Subcutaneou, Monoclonal antibody, Ofatumumab, Settore MED/26, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Crotonate, Antibodies, Injections, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Brain, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, Double-Blind Method, MESH: B-Lymphocytes, Nitriles, medicine, Humans, MESH: Kaplan-Meier Estimate, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, MESH: Injections, Subcutaneous, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, MESH: T-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocyte, Multicenter study, chemistry, MESH: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, biology.protein, Human medicine, business, MESH: Female, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

International audience; Background: Ofatumumab, a subcutaneous anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, selectively depletes B cells. Teriflunomide, an oral inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis, reduces T-cell and B-cell activation. The relative effects of these two drugs in patients with multiple sclerosis are not known.Methods: In two double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3 trials, we randomly assigned patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis to receive subcutaneous ofatumumab (20 mg every 4 weeks after 20-mg loading doses at days 1, 7, and 14) or oral teriflunomide (14 mg daily) for up to 30 months. The primary end point was the annualized relapse rate. Secondary end points included disability worsening confirmed at 3 months or 6 months, disability improvement confirmed at 6 months, the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions per T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, the annualized rate of new or enlarging lesions on T2-weighted MRI, serum neurofilament light chain levels at month 3, and change in brain volume.Results: Overall, 946 patients were assigned to receive ofatumumab and 936 to receive teriflunomide; the median follow-up was 1.6 years. The annualized relapse rates in the ofatumumab and teriflunomide groups were 0.11 and 0.22, respectively, in trial 1 (difference, -0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.16 to -0.06; P

Published
2020

3. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a reduces lesion formation in relapsing multiple sclerosis

Author

Ernst Wilhelm, Radue, William, H. Stuart, Peter, A. Calabresi, Christian, Confavreux, Steven, L. Galetta, Richard, A. Rudick, Fred, D. Lublin, Bianca, Weinstock Guttman, Daniel, R. Wynn, Elizabeth, Fisher, Athina, Papadopoulou, Frances, Lynn, Michael, A. Panzara, Alfred, W. Sandrock, For, the SENTINEL Investigators including F. Fazekas, Enzinger, C., Seifert, T., Storch, M., Strasser Fuchs, S., Berger, T., Dilitz, E., Egg, R., Deisenhammer, F., Decoo, D, Lampaert, J., Bartholome, E., Bier, J., Stenager, E., Rasmussen, M., Binzer, M., Shorsh, K., Christensen, M., Ravnborg, M., Soelberg Sørensen, P., Blinkenberg, M., Petersen, B., Hansen, H. J., Bech, E., Petersen, T., Kirkegaard, M., Finland:, J. Eralinna, Ruutiainen, J., Soilu Hänninen, M., Säkö, E., Laaksonen, M., Reunanen, M., Remes, A., Keskinarkaus, I., Moreau, T., Noblet, M., Rouaud, O., Couvreur, G., Edan, G., Lepage, E., Drapier, S., De Burghgraeve, V., Yaouanq, J., Merienne, M., Cahagne, V., Gout, O., Deschamps, R., Le Canuet, P., Moulignier, A., Vermersch, P., De Seze, J., Stojkovic, T., Griffié, G., Engles, Ferriby, D., Debouverie, M., Pittion Vouyouvitch, S., Lacour, J. C., Pelletier, J., Feuillet, L., Suchet, L., Dalecky, A., Tammam, D., Lubetzki, C., Youssov, K., Mrejen, S., Charles, P., Yaici, S., Clavelou, P., Aufauvre, D., Renouil Guy, N., Cesaro, P., Degos, F., Benisty, S., Rumbach, L., Decavel, P., Confavreux, C., Blanc, S., Aubertin, P., Riche, G., Brochet, B., Ouallet, J. C., Anne, O., Menck, S., Grupe, Guttman, Lensch, E., Fucik, E., Heitmann, S., Hartung, H. P., Schröter, M., Kurz, F. M. W., Heidenreich, F., Trebst, C., Pul, R., Hohlfeld, R., Krumbholz, M., Pellkofer, H., Haas, J., Segert, A., Meyer, R., Anagnostou, P., Kabus, C., Poehlau, D., Schneider, K., Hoffmann, V., Zettl, U., Steinhagen, V., Adler, S., Steinbrecher E. Rothenfusser Körber, A. Steinbrecher E. Rothenfusser Körber, Zellner, Baum, K., Günther, A., Bläsing, H., Stoll, G., Gold, R., Bayas, A., Kleinschnitz, C., Limmroth, V., Katsarava, Z., Kastrup, O., Haller, P., Stoeve, S., Höbel, D., Oschmann, P., Voigt, K., Burger, C. V., Israel:, O. Abramsky, Karusiss, D., Achiron, A., Kishner, I., Stern, Y., Sarove Pinhas, I., Dolev, M., Magalashvili, D., Pozzili, : C., Lenzi, D., Scontrini, A., Millefiorini, E., Buttinelli, C., Gallo, P., Ranzato, F., Tiberio, M., Perini, P., Laroni, Alice, Marrosu, M., Cocco P. Marchi, E. Cocco P. Marchi, Spinicci, G., Massole, S., Mascia, M., Floris, G., Trojano, M., Bellacosa, A., Paolicelli, D., Bosco Zimatore, G., Simone, I. L., Giorelli, M., Di Monte, E., Mancardi, GIOVANNI LUIGI, Pizzorno, M., Murialdo, A., Narciso, E., Capello, A., Comi, G., Martinelli, V., Rodegher, M., Esposito, F., Colombo, B., Rossi, P., Polman, C. H., Jasperse, M. M. S., Zwemmer, J. N. P., Nielsen, J., Kragt, J. J., Jongen, P. J. H., De Smet, E., Tacken, H., Frequin, S. T. F. M., Siegers, H. P., Mauser, H. W., Fernandez Fernandez, O., León, A., Romero, F., Alonso, A., Tamayo, J., Montalban, X., Nos, C., Pelayo, R., Tellez, N., Rio, J., Tintore, M., Arbizu, T., Romero, L., Moral, E., Martinez, S., Switzerland:, L. Kappos, Achtnichts, L., Wilmes, S., Turkey:, R. Karabudak, Kurne, A., Erdem, S., Siva, A., Saip, S., Altintas, A., Atamer, A., Eraksoy, M., Bilgili, F., Topcular, B., Giovannoni, G., Lim, E. T., Lava, N., Murnane, M., Dentinger, M., Zimmerman, E., Reiss, M., Gupta, V., Scott, T., Brillman, J., Kunschner, L., Wright, D., Perel, A., Babu, A., Rivera, V., Killian, J., Hutton, G., Lai, E., Picone, M., Cadivid, D., Kamin, S., Shanawani, M., Gauthier, S., Morgan, A., Buckle, G., Margolin, D., Weinstock Guttman, B., Kwen, P. L., Garg, N., Munschauer, F., Khatri, B., Rassouli, M., Saxena, V., Ahmed, A., Turner, A., Fox, E., Couch, C., Tyler, R., Horvit, A., Fodor, P., Humphries, S., Wynn, D., Nagar, C., O'Brien, D., Allen, N., Turel, A., Friedenberg, S., Carlson, J., Hosey, J., Crayton, H., Richert, J., Tornatore, C., Sirdofsky, M., Greenstein, J., Shpigel, Y., Mandel, S., Adbelhak, T., Schmerler, M., Zadikoff, C., Rorick, M., Reed, R., Elias, S., Feit, H., Angus, E., Sripathi, N., Herbert, J., Kiprovski, K., Qu, X., Del Bene, M., Mattson, D., Hingtgen, C., Fleck, J., Horak, H., Javerbaum, J., Elmore, R., Garcia, E., Tasch, E., Gruener, G., Celesia, G., Chawla, J., Miller, A., Drexler, E., Keilson, M., Wolintz, R., Drasby, E., Muscat, P., Belden, J., Sullivan, R., Cohen, J., Stone, L., Marrie, R. A., Fox, R., Hughes, B., Babikian, P., Jacoby, M., Doro, J., Puricelli, M., Rossman, H., Boudoris, W., Belkin, M., Pierce, R., Eggenberger, E., Birbeck, G., Martin, J., Kaufman, D., Stuart, W., English, J. B., Stuart, D. S., Gilbert, R. W., Kaufman, M., Putman, S., Diedrich, A., Follmer, R., Pelletier, D., Waubant, E., Cree, B., Genain, C., Goodin, D., Guarnaccia, J., Patwa, H., Rizo, M., Kitaj, M., Blevins, J., Smith, T., Mcgee, F., Honeycutt, W., Brown, M., Isa, A., Nieves Quinones, D., Krupp, L., Smiroldo, J., Zarif, M., Perkins, C., Sumner, A., Fisher, A., Gutierrez, Jacoby, R., Svoboda, S., Dorn, D., Groeschel, A., Steingo, B., Kishner, R., Cohen, B., Melen, O., Simuni, T., Zee, P., Cohan, S., Yerby, M., Hendin, B., Levine, T., Tamm, H., Travis, L. H., Freedman, S. M., Tim, R., Ferrell, W., Stefoski, D., Stevens, S., Katsamakis, G., Topel, J., Ko, M., Gelber, D., Fortin, C., Green, B., Logan, W., Carpenter, D., Temple, L., Sadiq, S., Sylvester, A., Sim, G., Mihai, C., Vertino, M., Jubelt, B., Mejico, L., Phillips, J. T., Martin, A., Heitzman, D., Greenfield, C. F., Riskind, P., Cabo, A., Paskavitz, J., Moonis, M., Bashir J. Brockington, K. Bashir J. Brockington, Nicholas, A., Slaughter, R., Archer S. Harik, R. Archer S. Harik, Haddad, N., Pippenger, M. A., Van den Noort, S., Thai, G., Olek, M., Demetriou, M., Shin, R., Calabresi, P., Rus, H., Bever, C., Johnson, K., Sheremata, W., Delgado, S., Sherbert, R., Herndon, R., Uschmann, H., Chandler, A., Markowitz, C., Jacobs, D., Balcer, L., Mitchell, G., Chakravorty, S., Heyman, R., Stauber, Z., Goodman, A., Segal, B., Schwid, S., Samkoff, L., Levin, M., Jacewicz, M., Menkes, D., Pulsinelli, W., Frohman, E., Racke, M., Hawker, K., Ulrich, R., Panitch, H., Hamill, R., Tandon, R., Dulaney, E., Simnad, V., Miller, J., Wooten, G. F., Harrison, M., Bowen, J., Doherty, M., Wundes, A., Garden, G. A., Distad, J., Kachuck, N., Berkovich, R., Burnett, M., Sahai, S., Bandari, D., Weiner, L., Storey, J. R., Beesley, B., Hart, D., Moses, H., Sriram, S., Fang, J., O'Duffy, A., Kita, M., Taylor, L., Elliott, M., Roberts, J., Jeffery, D., Maxwell, S., Lefkowitz, D., Kumar, S., Sinclair, M., Neurology, and NCA - Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neuroinflammatory Diseases

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Multiple Sclerosis, Adolescent, Relapsing-Remitting, Placebo, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Gastroenterology, Antibodies, Central nervous system disease, Pharmacotherapy, Natalizumab, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, pathology/therapy, Drug Therapy, Internal medicine, Monoclonal, Medicine, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Humanized, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, Patient Selection, Interferon beta-1a, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Interferon-beta, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Neurology, therapeutic use, Combination, Drug Therapy, Combination, pathology, Female, Neurology (clinical), Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Humanized, Antibodies, therapeutic use, Brain, pathology, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Immunologic Factors, therapeutic use, Interferon-beta, therapeutic use, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, pathology/therapy, Patient Selection, Treatment Outcome, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

The SENTINEL study showed that the addition of natalizumab improved outcomes for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) who had experienced disease activity while receiving interferon beta-1a (IFNbeta-1a) alone. Previously unreported secondary and tertiary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures are presented here. Patients received natalizumab 300 mg (n=589) or placebo (n=582) intravenously every 4 weeks plus IFNbeta-1a 30 microg intramuscularly once weekly. Annual MRI scans allowed comparison of a range of MRI end points versus baseline. Over 2 years, 67% of patients receiving natalizumab plus IFNbeta-1a remained free of new or enlarging T2-lesions compared with 30% of patients receiving IFNbeta-1a alone. The mean change from baseline in T2 lesion volume over 2 years decreased in patients receiving natalizumab plus IFNbeta-1a and increased in those receiving IFNbeta-1a alone (-277.5mm(3) versus 525.6mm(3); p0.001). Compared with IFNbeta-1a alone, add-on natalizumab therapy resulted in a smaller increase in mean T1-hypointense lesion volume after 2 years (1821.3mm(3) versus 2210.5mm(3); p0.001), a smaller mean number of new T1-hypointense lesions over 2 years (2.3 versus 4.1; p0.001), and a slower rate of brain atrophy during the second year of therapy (-0.31% versus -0.40%; p=0.020). Natalizumab add-on therapy reduced gadolinium-enhancing, T1-hypointense, and T2 MRI lesion activity and slowed brain atrophy progression in patients with relapsing MS who experienced disease activity despite treatment with IFNbeta-1a alone.

Published
2010

4. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis

Author

Richard, A. Rudick, William, H. Stuart, Peter, A. Calabresi, Christian, Confavreux, Steven, L. Galetta, Ernst Wilhelm, Radue, Fred, D. Lublin, Bianca, Weinstock Guttman, Daniel, R. Wynn, Frances, Lynn, Msc, M. S. c., Michael, A. Panzara, Alfred, W. Sandrock, For, the SENTINEL Investigators including: F. Fazekas, Enzinger, C., Seifert, T., Storch, M., Strasser Fuchs, S., Berger, T., Dilitz, E., Egg, R., Eisenhammer, F., Decoo J. Lampaert, D. Decoo J. Lampaert, Bartholome J. Bier, E. Bartholome J. Bier, Stenager, E., Rasmussen, M., Binzer, M., Shorsh, K., Christensen, M., Ravnborg, M., Soelberg Sørensen, P., Blinkenberg, M., Petersen, B., Hansen, H. J., Bech, E., Petersen, T., Kirkegaard, M., Eralinna, J., Ruutiainen, J., Soilu Hänninen, M., Säkö, E., Laaksonen, M., Reunanen, M., Remes, A., Keskinarkaus, I., Moreau, T., Noblet, M., Rouaud, O., Couvreur, G., Edan, G., Lepage, E., Drapier, S., De Burghgraeve, V., Yaouanq, J., Merienne, M., Cahagne, V., Gout, O., Deschamps, R., Le Canuet, P., Moulignier, A., Vermersch, P., De Seze, J., Stojkovic, T., Griffié, G., Engles, A., Ferriby, D., Debouverie, M., Pittionvouyouvitch, S., Lacour, J. C., Pelletier, J., Feuillet, L., Suchet, L., Dalecky, A., Tammam, D., Lubetzki, C., Youssov, K., Mrejen, S., Charles, P., Yaici, S., Clavelou, P., Aufauvre, D., Renouil Guy, N., Cesaro, P., Degos, F., Benisty, S., Rumbach P. Decavel, L. Rumbach P. Decavel, Confavreux, C., Blanc, S., Aubertin, P., Riche, G., Brochet, B., Ouallet, J. C., Anne, O., Menck, S., Grupe, A., Guttman, E., Lensch, E., Fucik, E., Heitmann, S., Hartung, H. P., Schröter, M., Kurz, F. M. W., Heidenreich, F., Trebst, C., Pul, R., Hohlfeld, R., Krumbholz, M., Pellkofer, H., Haas, J., Segert, A., Meyer, R., Anagnostou, P., Kabus, C., Poehlau, D., Schneider, K., Hoffmann, V., Zettl, U., Steinhagen, V., Adler, S., Steinbrecher, A., Rothenfusser Körber, E., Zellner, R., Baum, K., Günther, A., Bläsing, H., Stoll, G., Gold, R., Bayas, A., Kleinschnitz, C., Limmroth, V., Katsarava, Z., Kastrup, O., Haller, P., Stoeve, S., Höbel, D., Oschmann, P., Voigt, K., Burger, C. V., Abramsky D. Karusiss, O. Abramsky D. Karusiss, Achiron, A., Kishner, I., Stern, Y., Sarove Pinhas, I., Dolev, M., Magalashvili, D., Pozzili, C., Lenzi, D., Scontrini, A., Millefiorini, E., Buttinelli, C., Gallo, P., Ranzato, F., Tiberio, M., Perini, P., Laroni, Alice, Marrosu, M., Cocco P. Marchi, E. Cocco P. Marchi, Spinicci, G., Massole, S., Mascia, M., Floris, G., Trojano, M., Bellacosa, A., Paolicelli, D., Bosco Zimatore, G., Simone, I. L., Giorelli, M., Di Monte, E., Mancardi, GIOVANNI LUIGI, Pizzorno, M., Murialdo, A., Narciso, E., Capello, A., Comi, G., Martinelli, V., Rodegher, M., Esposito, F., Colombo, B., Rossi, P., Polman, C. H., Jasperse, M. M. S., Zwemmer, J. N. P., Nielsen, J., Kragt, J. J., Jongen, P. J. H., De Smet, E., Tacken, H., Frequin, S. T. F. M., Siegers, H. P., Mauser, H. W., Fern ez Fern ez, O., León, A., Romero, F., Alonso, A., Tamayo, J., Montalban, X., Nos, C., Pelayo, R., Tellez, N., Rio, J., Tintore, M., Arbizu, T., Romero, L., Moral, E., Martinez, S., Kappos, L., Achtnichts, L., Wilmes, S., Karabudak, R., Kurne, A., Erdem, S., Siva, A., Saip, S., Altintas, A., Atamer, A., Eraksoy, M., Bilgili, F., Topcular, B., Giovannoni ET Lim, G. Giovannoni E. T. Lim, Lava, N., Murnane, M., Dentinger, M., Zimmerman, E., Reiss V. Gupta, M. Reiss V. Gupta, Scott, T., Brillman, J., Kunschner, L., Wright, D., Perel A. Babu, A. Perel A. Babu, Rivera, V., Killian, J., Hutton, G., Lai, E., Picone, M., Cadivid, D., Kamin, S., Shanawani, M., Gauthier, S., Morgan, A., Buckle, G., Margolin, D., Weinstock Guttman, B., Kwen, P. L., Garg, N., Munschauer, F., Khatri, B., Rassouli, M., Saxena, V., Ahmed, A., Turner, A., Fox, E., Couch, C., Tyler, R., Horvit, A., Fodor S. Humphries, P. Fodor S. Humphries, Wynn, D., Nagar, C., O’Brien, D., Allen, N., Turel, A., Friedenberg, S., Carlson, J., Hosey, J., Crayton, H., Richert, J., Tornatore, C., Sirdofsky, M., Greenstein, J., Shpigel, Y., S. M, El, Adbelhak, T., Schmerler, M., Zadikoff, C., Rorick, M., Reed, R., Elias, S., Feit, H., Angus, E., Sripathi, N., Herbert, J., Kiprovski, K., Qu, X., Del Bene, M., Mattson, D., Hingtgen, C., Fleck, J., Horak, H., Kaiser, J. Javerbaum, Elmore, R., Garcia, E., Tasch, E., Gruener, G., Celesia, G., Chawla, J., Miller, A., Drexler, E., Keilson, M., Wolintz, R., Drasby, E., Muscat, P., Belden, J., Sullivan, R., Cohen, J., Stone, L., Marrie, R. 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Subjects
Adult, Male, Infusions, medicine.medical_specialty, Multiple Sclerosis, Adolescent, Combination therapy, Integrin alpha4, Peripheral edema, Progressive Multifocal, Relapsing-Remitting, Gastroenterology, Antibodies, Natalizumab, Drug Therapy, Leukoencephalopathy, Internal medicine, Monoclonal, Secondary Prevention, medicine, Humans, Humanized, Proportional Hazards Models, Expanded Disability Status Scale, business.industry, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Brain, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Disease Progression, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Infusions, Intravenous, Interferon-beta, JC Virus, Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, Medicine (all), Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Multiple sclerosis, Hazard ratio, Interferon beta-1a, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Surgery, Combination, medicine.symptom, Intravenous, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background Interferon beta is used to modify the course of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Despite interferon beta therapy, many patients have relapses. Natalizumab, an α 4 integrin antagonist, appeared to be safe and effective alone and when added to interferon beta-1a in preliminary studies. Methods We randomly assigned 1171 patients who, despite interferon beta-1a therapy, had had at least one relapse during the 12-month period before randomization to receive continued interferon beta-1a in combination with 300 mg of natalizumab (589 patients) or placebo (582 patients) intravenously every 4 weeks for up to 116 weeks. The primary end points were the rate of clinical relapse at 1 year and the cumulative probability of disability progression sustained for 12 weeks, as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, at 2 years. Results Combination therapy resulted in a 24 percent reduction in the relative risk of sustained disability progression (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.96; P = 0.02). Kaplan–Meier estimates of the cumulative probability of progression at two years were 23 percent with combination therapy and 29 percent with interferon beta-1a alone. Combination therapy was associated with a lower annualized rate of relapse over a two-year period than was interferon beta-1a alone (0.34 vs. 0.75, P

Published
2006

6. A Physical Sign of Bulimia

Author

Daniel R. Wynn and Maurice J. Martin

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, MEDLINE, Medicine, General Medicine, Audiology, business, Sign (mathematics)
Published
1984

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