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This introduction seeks to perform two tasks: it provides a roadmap for readers yet to be initiated into the reparations dialogue and provides fresh insights for those already well versed in it. Reparations are a program of acknowledgment, redress, and closure for a grievous injustice. This edition deals with reparations for black Americans whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States for government policies that allowed centuries of chattel slavery and legal race discrimination. The articles in this double issue represent the most up-to-date rigorous social science, policy, and historical research on the topic. This introduction discusses the world history of reparations efforts and the history of movements for black reparations in the United States; compares various plans for black American reparations, including various monetary estimation approaches; and discusses who should pay and what form payments ought to take. It closes by looking toward the future of the black American reparations movement.

Objetivo: Los pacientes receptores de trasplante renal (TxR) tienen alta carga de comorbilidades y un riesgo aumentado de muerte por COVID-19. Nuestro objetivo es describir las manifestaciones y los desenlaces clínicos en un grupo de receptores de TxR con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) y definir factores asociados a mortalidad. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó la revisión retrospectiva de registros clínicos de pacientes receptores de TxR y diagnóstico de COVID-19 entre marzo de 2020 y febrero de 2022 en un centro de alta complejidad en Bogotá (Colombia). Se ejecutó un análisis bivariante y multivariante para establecer asociaciones entre las variables de interés y el desenlace en mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 94 casos. El 71,28% tenía un TxR, principalmente de donante cadavérico. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyeron la tos en el 79,7%, fiebre en el 50% y disnea en el 42,55% de los casos. La tasa de mortalidad global fue del 18,09%. En el 54,9% se realizó un ajuste inmunosupresor, con interrupción completa del esquema hasta en el 74% de estos casos. Conclusiones: La tasa de mortalidad evidenciada en receptores de TxR con COVID-19 es mayor que la descrita en la población general. La severidad de la COVID-19 en este grupo poblacional implica de forma frecuente la necesidad de ajustes a la terapia inmunosupresora. Los factores asociados a mortalidad fueron la disnea, la necesidad de intubación orotraqueal y de estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos.

During July–December 2021, after COVID-19 restrictions were removed in England, invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in children

In this article, we use administrative data from three cohorts of North Carolina public high school students to examine the effects of within-school segregation on the propensity of academically eligible black high school students to take advanced math courses. Our identification strategy takes advantage of cohort-to-cohort variation in the share of eleventh and twelfth grade black students enrolled in advanced math courses when a cohort first enters a school in the ninth grade. We find that a 1 point increase in the percentage of black eleventh and twelfth graders in advanced math courses increases the likelihood that an academically eligible black student will take an advanced math course before they graduate by 22 percentage points in racially diverse schools. Effects are larger for black males.

Introduction: Melioidosis, caused by the environmentally-acquired bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is increasingly recognised as a globally significant public health problem, although difficult to diagnose and manage. We aimed to review all cases diagnosed in the UK since 2010, when notification became a legal requirement. This was compared with statutory reporting to assess completeness of surveillance. Methods: A novel dataset was compiled comprising routinely collected clinical and demographic details for isolates of B. pseudomallei referred to Public Health England’s reference laboratory. Isolates were cross-referenced with an existing database of mandatory reports of B. pseudomallei made under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010 to determine completeness of surveillance. The literature was also searched for missed non-referred or reported cases. Results: Forty-six UK cases of melioidosis were identified from January 2010-July 2019. The majority of affected patients were male (65.2%); median age was 53. Four had cystic fibrosis. Other co-morbidities were poorly captured by current surveillance mechanisms. Respiratory disease, sepsis and abscess formation were the most common presenting features. Eighteen had acquired infection in Thailand; two cases were associated with travel to Nigeria. 40 UK cases were confirmed as B. pseudomallei by the reference laboratory. Nineteen of the identified cases were not found on the database of notified causative agents. Five patients had been notified with no confirmatory isolate received. Discussion: Discordance between mandatory notification and isolate referral emphasises the challenges in routine epidemiological surveillance, even in a well-resourced, high-income country. The wide variety of presentations highlights the difficulties in clinical diagnosis. Cases identified following travel to Africa add further evidence that the disease is more widespread than previously thought. Sixteen patients required intensive care management, underlining challenges faced in resource limited settings. Individualised pre-travel counselling should be performed in travellers with high-risk comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated lockdowns, social isolation, and other interventions led to large declines in respiratory infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (2,2). In England, IPD cases declined [...]

In this paper, we examine the relationship between the reliance on informal financial support and social insurance programs such as unemployment insurance to meet financial hardships imposed during the economic downturn associated with COVID-19. We use the U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey to compare the likelihood of receiving informal financial support from family and friends for households that did or did not receive social insurance controlling for observable household characteristics. We pay special attention to differences by race/ethnicity and by homeownership – a proxy for wealth. Our results suggest that (1) some types of social insurance receipt are a weak substitute for informal financial support, (2) the substitution between informal financial support and social insurance receipt is stronger among White households than households of color, and (3) wealth is a more consistent buffer against financial hardship than social insurance receipt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Homelessness is associated with a variety of stressors, including safety concerns, and uncertainty about the future as well as stigmatization, that can lead to or exacerbate pre-existing physical and mental health issues. This study explores the association between stress, hope, stigmatization, and social support among youth experiencing homelessness. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional survey data were collected on n = 100 youth between the ages of 18 - 29 (60% identified as men, 28% as women, and 10% as transgender/gender diverse) experiencing homelessness in New York City. Result: Transgender or gender-diverse youth reported lower levels of hope and social support compared to the rest of the sample. Additionally, participants identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) reported higher levels of professional support than heterosexual-identifying participants. Further analysis revealed a correlation between longer length of homelessness and less perceived social support. Finally, the association between discrimination, stress and hope was weaker for respondents with higher levels of social support quantity and quality, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that social support is an essential protective factor from both street-based stress and discrimination. It is vital to facilitate adequate support to youth experiencing homelessness, especially for the gender-diverse youth who report lower levels of hopefulness.

The article offers information on how race and gender impacted the financial well being in the U.s. It mentions that Black families owned almost no land but demonstrated an almost universal desire to obtain it, at the end of the Civil War. It discusses that Black farmers had acquired the land against a backdrop of extreme racial violence, sometimes directed at landowners.

Wealth and education establish a cycle of intergenerational inequality. Wealthier households can provide more educational opportunities for their children, who then will have more chances to build wealth for themselves. The digital divide may have emerged as a key reinforcing mechanism of education through wealth and of future wealth through education during the pandemic. The intergenerational transmission of racial wealth inequality likely played out at rapid speed during the pandemic. We analyze the link between wealth, reliable internet and electronic device availability, remote learning time, race, and ethnicity, using the U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey. We conclude that Black and Hispanic/Latinx households have less reliable internet and devices available. This goes along with fewer hours children spend on remote learning. The lack of internet and devices correlates with less wealth, as reflected in lower homeownership rates and greater housing instability. Black and Hispanic/Latinx households, in particular, are more likely to be renters and face housing instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]