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Objective To describe sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of female sex workers (FSWs) to inform the future implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in this population. Design and setting The ANRS 12361 PrEP-CI cross-sectional and mixed-methods study was designed and implemented with two community-based organisations in Cote d'Ivoire. Participants A convenience sample of 1000 FSWs aged >= 18, not known as HIV-positive, completed a standardised questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, sexual practices, use of community health services and a priori acceptability of PrEP. Twenty-two indepth interviews and eight focus group discussions were also conducted to document FSWs' risky practices and sexual behaviours, experiences with violence and discrimination, attitudes regarding HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and barriers to SRH services. Results Although 87% described consistent condom use with clients, more than 22% declared accepting condomless sexual intercourse for a large sum of money. Furthermore, condom use with their steady partner and knowledge of their partner's HIV status were low despite their acknowledged concurrent sexual partnerships. While inconsistent condom use exposed FSWs to STIs and undesired pregnancies, the prevalence of contraceptive strategies other than condoms was low (39%) due to fear of contraception causing sterility. FSWs faced obstacles to accessing SRH care and preferred advice from their peers or self-medication. Conclusions Despite adoption of preventive behaviour in most cases, FSWs are still highly exposed to HIV. Furthermore, FSWs seem to face several barriers to accessing SRH. Implementing PrEP among FSWs in West Africa, such as in Cote d'Ivoire, constitutes an opportunity to consider the regular follow-up of HIV-negative FSWs. PrEP initiation should not condition access to SRH services; conversely, SRH services could be a way to attract FSWs into HIV prevention. Our results highlight the importance of developing a people-focused approach that integrates all SRH needs when transitioning from PrEP efficacy trials to implementation.

Background Despite the implementation of Provider Initiated Testing and Counselling (PITC) in 2009, PITC coverage remains low in Cote d'Ivoire. The purpose of this study is to determine whether an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test was offered and performed at specific life events where PITC is recommended by national guidelines. Methods In 2017, a cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted among a representative sample of 3,867 adults from the general population in Cote d'Ivoire. The occurrences of the following events over the past 5 years were documented: pregnancy (event A) or partner's pregnancy (event B) of the last child, sexually transmitted infection (event C) and marriage (event D). For each of these events, participants were asked (i) if they consulted a health care professional, (ii) if they were offered an HIV test during that consultation and (iii) if they accepted it. Results Consulting a health care provider was reported by 94.9%, 58.3%, 70.3% and 19.1% of those who reported events A, B, C and D respectively. In case of medical consultations following events A, B, C and D, respectively 70.1%, 33.1%, 28.1%, and 78.8% of individuals were offered an HIV test. The testing acceptance was high regardless of the event. Overall, testing coverage was 63.7%, 16.9%, 13.4% and 14.5% for events A, B, C and D respectively. Conclusions Increasing HIV testing coverage in Cote d'Ivoire requires (i) facilitating attendance to health services in case of sexually transmitted infections, marriage and pregnancy-for men-and (ii) strengthening routine testing offer on these occasions.

Introduction HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC) remains a key challenge in achieving control of the HIV epidemic by 2030. In the early 2010s, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Pepfar) adopted targeted HTC strategies for populations and geographical areas most affected by HIV. We examine how Pepfar defined targeted HTC in Cote d'Ivoire, a country with a mixed HIV epidemic, after a decade of expanding HTC services. Methods We explored the evolution of HTC strategies through the Country Operational Plans (COP) of Pepfar during its phase 3.0, from COP 14 to COP 17 (October 2014 to September 2018) in Cote d'Ivoire. We conducted an analysis of the grey literature over the period 2014 to 2018 (Budget & Target Report, Strategic Direction Summary, Sustainability Index and Dashboard Summary, ). We also conducted a qualitative study in Cote d'Ivoire (2015 to 2018) using in-depth interviews with stakeholders in the AIDS public response: CDC/Pepfar (3), Ministry of Health (3), intermediary NGOs (7); and public meeting observations (14). Results Since the COP 14, Pepfar's HIV testing strategies have been characterized by significant variations in terms of numerical, geographical and population targets. While the aim of COP 14 and COP 15 seemed to be the improvement of testing efficacy in general and testing yield in particular, COP 16 and COP 17 prioritized accelerating progress towards the "first 90" (i.e. reducing the proportion of people living with HIV who are unaware of their HIV). A shift was observed in the definition of testing targets, with less focus on the inclusion of programmatic data and feedback from field actors, and greater emphasis on the use of models to estimate and disaggregate the targets by geographical units and sub-populations (even if the availability of data by this disaggregation was limited or uncertain); increasingly leading to gaps between targets and results. Conclusions These trials and tribulations question the real and long-term effectiveness of annually-revised, fragmented strategies, which widen an increasing disparity between the realities of the actors on the ground and the objectives set in Washington.

National audience; La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI) est la forme la plus fréquente de pneumopathie interstitielle diffuse (PID) idiopathique chronique chez l’adulte. Il s’agit d’une maladie fibroproliférative, irréversible, de cause inconnue, dont l’évolution est habituellement progressive, survenant principalement à partir de 60 ans et limitée aux poumons. Qualifiée de maladie orpheline notamment en raison de l’absence de traitement ayant fait la preuve formelle de son efficacité jusqu’à une période très récente, la FPI est une maladie rare dont la prévalence a été évaluée aux États-Unis entre 14 et 28/100 000 personnes [1], ce qui correspondrait à un minimum de 9000 patients en France et une incidence entre 6,8 et 9/100 000 par an [1,2], soit un minimum de 4400 nouveaux patients par an en France.

CERVOXY; National audience

Cet article présente les résultats d'une enquête exploratoire pilote sur le dépistage du VIH/sida (DOD-CI) visant à tester la faisabilité et la représentativité d'une enquête nationale en population générale en Côte d'Ivoire à partir d'un échantillon aléatoire de numéros de téléphones portables. Les refus ont été peu nombreux et inférieurs à ce qui est habituellement observé dans des enquêtes similaires en France. En termes de représentativité, l'échantillon obtenu s'avère être plus jeune, plus urbain et plus masculin. Nous avons comparé quatre indicateurs de dépistage du VIH/sida avec l'Enquête démographique et de santé (EDS) réalisée en 2011-2012. Du fait de biais de sélection différents dans les deux enquêtes, les indicateurs étaient plus élevés que ceux observés dans l'EDS 2011-2012. Cependant, les différentiels observés par sexe, groupe d'âges, niveau d'instruction et milieu de résidence étaient similaires. Il paraît dès lors envisageable de réaliser une enquête nationale en Côte d'Ivoire selon cette approche, en opérant plusieurs ajustements, dont la prise en compte des non-abonnés à des téléphones mobiles résidant dans le même ménage qu'un abonné.

This short paper presents the results of an exploratory pilot survey on HIV-AIDS screening (DOD-CI) conducted in Côte d'Ivoire to test the feasibility and representativeness of a national general population survey based on a random sample of mobile phone numbers. The refusal rate was low, and below the levels habitually observed for similar surveys conducted in France. In terms of representativeness, the sample obtained was younger, more urban and more masculine than the population in general. Four HIV-AIDS screening indicators were compared with those obtained in the Demographic and Health survey (DHS) conducted in 2011-2012. Owing to differences in selection biases affecting the two surveys, the indicators were higher than those observed in the DHS 2011-2012. However, the differences observed by sex, age group, level of education and place of residence were similar. This confirms the feasibility of applying such an approach for a national survey in Côte d'Ivoire, providing that several adjustments are made, such as including non-subscribers living in the same household as a mobile phone subscriber.

Background In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. Methods We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. Results A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. Conclusions In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.).