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Background The prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis treated with tafamidis is unknown. Methods and Results This retrospective study included patients with wtATTR who underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were treated with tafamidis from August 31, 2018, until March 31, 2020. Univariate logistic and multivariate cox-regression models were used to predict the occurrence of the primary outcome (composite of mortality, heart transplant, and palliative inotrope initiation). A total of 33 patients were included (median age 82 years, interquartile range [IQR] 79–84 years), 84% were Caucasians and 79% were males). Majority of patients had New York Heart Association functional class III disease at baseline (67%). The baseline median peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and peak circulatory power (CP) were 11.35 mL/kg/min (IQR 8.5–14.2 mL/kg/min) and 1485.8 mm Hg/mL/min (IQR 988–2184 mm Hg/mL/min), respectively, the median ventilatory efficiency was 35.7 (IQR 31–41.2). After 1 year of follow-up, 11 patients experienced a primary end point. Upon multivariate analysis, the low peak VO2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.79, P = .007], peak CP (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98–0.99, P = .02), peak oxygen pulse (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39–0.97, P = .03), and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes (HR 5.82, 95% CI 1.29–26.2, P = .02) were significantly associated with the primary outcome. Conclusions Tafamidis-treated patients with wtATTR who had baseline low peak VO2, peak CP, peak O2 pulse, and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes had worse outcomes.

Adipose is a known source of mesenchymal stem cells that can be used to treat musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoarthritis. Because obesity often coexists with osteoarthritis, excess adiposity may be a useful source of mesenchymal stem cells. However, obesity is associated with systemic inflammation, which may influence the quality of adipose-derived stem cells. We performed a systematic review of the literature examining adipose-derived stem cell behavior, cytokine, and growth factor profiles from obese and nonobese patients. Two independent reviewers applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria and independently extracted data including mesenchymal stem cell count/viability/behavior, growth factor, and/or cytokine expression. Twenty-two articles met criteria for inclusion. Samples from obese patients had increased mesenchymal stem cell content (n = 6), but decreased proliferative ability (n = 3), and increased expression of interleukin 1 (n = 3), interleukin 6 (n = 3), and tumor necrosis factor α (n = 6). There was also greater macrophage content (n = 4). Weight loss normalized cellular function. In vitro behavior and quality of adipose-derived stem cell are significantly different between obese and nonobese patients. Samples from obese patients had greater adipose-derived stem cell content, lower proliferative ability, increased senescence, and increased proinflammatory cytokine expression. Differences in cellular function should be considered when using adipose to treat musculoskeletal pathology in obese and nonobese patients.

The critical question for Cognitive Scientists is what does Cognitive Science do, if anything, for people? Cognitive Science is primarily concerned with human cognition but has fallen short in continuously and critically assessing the who in human cognition. This complacency in a world where white supremacist and patriarchal structures leave Cognitive Science in the unfortunate position of potentially supporting those structures. We take it that many Cognitive Scientists operate on the assumption that the study of human cognition is both interesting and important. We want to invoke that importance to note that Cognitive Scientists must continue to work to show how the field is useful to all of humanity and reflects a humanity that is not white by default. We wonder how much the field has done, and can do, to show that it is useful not only in the sense that we might make connections with researchers in other fields, win grants and write papers, even of the highest quality, but useful in some material way to the billions of non-Cognitive Scientists across the globe.

This paper gives a brief discussion of the problem of ascribing authorship to ancient philosophical texts when there is evidence both for and against traditional ascription. The case in point is tradition’s claim that Simplicius is the author of the De Anima commentary. It is argued here that, while Gabor provides new and important methodological evidence for Simplicius’s authorship, we should not expect certainty. It is suggested that, in cases where historical fact may never be ascertained, we will be better served by the notion of credences.

Large lecture classes in higher education continue to be a context in which large performance differences between underrepresented minorities and their White and Asian peers are observed. In the cu...

Although studies have demonstrated a relationship between working memory and achievement in math and reading, it is still unclear why working memory might be related to these abilities. In the present article, we examined the viability of several possible theories in 2 separate analyses of math and reading. In each case, we contrasted the predictions of a cognitive filter model, a transactional model, and a positive manifold model using data from the 2011 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K). Results of path analyses in a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework indicated an excellent fit for the transactional model, while a poor fit was shown for the other 2 models for both math and reading. Findings across these analyses suggested that working memory and achievement interact in a reciprocal, recursive manner over time. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theory, practice, and future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

There is substantial rank-order stability in children’s mathematical skills throughout development. Research has shown that children who enter school with relatively low math skills are unlikely to catch up to peers who begin kindergarten with more developed math skills. Emerging evidence suggests that children’s executive function skills might play an important role in shaping the rate and stability of mathematical skill development during early development. Therefore in the present study, we used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort 2010-11—a prospective sample of over 18,000 children in the United States—to examine executive function as an antecedent to characteristics of growth in math skills and to test whether executive function moderates the longitudinal stability of math achievement from kindergarten through second grade. Latent growth curve models reveal that executive function is related to not only the level of math skills at school entry but also to the rate of growth in early elementary years. Moreover, we found that executive function moderated the stability of math achievement from kindergarten to second grade, suggesting that early executive function skills can serve as a compensatory mechanism for children who enter school with lower levels of mathematical skills. These findings might have important implications for narrowing gaps in math achievement during early elementary school.

Funding Information: This research was supported by the California Energy Commission (CEC) Electric Program Investment Charge grant EPC-16-013, with cost share provided by Big Ass Fans, and cost share and additional support from Center for the Built Environment. We are thankful to many additional people who were involved in and contributed to this research project. At the CBE: Edward Arens, Fred Bauman, Wenhua Chen, Carlos Duarte, Yingdong He, Maohui Luo, Yang Li, Amy Mostacho, Jovan Pantelic, Tom Parkinson, Elaina Present, Stefano Schiavon, and Wang Zi. At TRC: Kristen Bellows and Abhijeet Pande. At the UC Berkeley Buildings, Energy, and Transportation Systems lab in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science: Gabe Fierro and Michael Andersen for the Hamilton dataloggers and associated server. At Big Ass Fans: Jay Fizer, Michael Harp, Pete Maley, Justin Risner, Michael Smith, Christian Taber, Jayme Webb, Oleg Dantchenko, Funding Information: This research was supported by the California Energy Commission (CEC) Electric Program Investment Charge grant EPC-16-013, with cost share provided by Big Ass Fans, and cost share and additional support from Center for the Built Environment. We are thankful to many additional people who were involved in and contributed to this research project. At the CBE: Edward Arens, Fred Bauman, Wenhua Chen, Carlos Duarte, Yingdong He, Maohui Luo, Yang Li, Amy Mostacho, Jovan Pantelic, Tom Parkinson, Elaina Present, Stefano Schiavon, and Wang Zi. At TRC: Kristen Bellows and Abhijeet Pande. At the UC Berkeley Buildings, Energy, and Transportation Systems lab in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science: Gabe Fierro and Michael Andersen for the Hamilton dataloggers and associated server. At Big Ass Fans: Jay Fizer, Michael Harp, Pete Maley, Justin Risner, Michael Smith, Christian Taber, Jayme Webb, Oleg Dantchenko, David Walton, and installers and electricians. This research would not have been possible without the support of staff and facility managersat all of the field sites, and we are grateful for their collaboration. This work used computational resources from the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562, specifically the Jetstream cloud compute resources at Indiana University through allocation ECS180009. Funding Information: David Walton, and installers and electricians. This research would not have been possible without the support of staff and facility managers at all of the field sites, and we are grateful for their collaboration. This work used computational resources from the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562, specifically the Jetstream cloud compute resources at Indiana University through allocation ECS180009. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Controlled air movement is an effective strategy for maintaining occupant comfort while reducing energy consumption, since comfort at moderately warmer temperatures requires less space cooling. Modern ceiling fans provide a 2–4 °C cooling effect at power consumption comparable to LED lightbulbs (2–30 W) with gentle air speeds (0.5–1 m/s). However, very limited design guidance and performance data are available for using ceiling fans and air conditioning together, especially in commercial buildings. We present results from a 29-month field study of 99 automated ceiling fans and 12 thermostats installed in ten air-conditioned buildings in a hot/dry climate in California. Staging ceiling fans to automatically cool before, and then operate together with air conditioning enabled raising air conditioning cooling temperature setpoints in most zones, with overall positive occupant interview and survey responses. Overall measured cooling season (April– October) compressor energy savings were 36%, normalized by floor area served (41% during summer peak billing hours). Weather-normalized changes in zone energy use varied from 24% increase to 73% decrease across 13 compressors, reflecting variation in occupant schedules and other uncontrolled factors in occupied buildings. Median weather-normalized energy savings per compressor were 21%. Staging ceiling fans and air conditioning provided comfort across a wider temperature range, using less energy, than air conditioning alone.

Executive functions remain one of the most investigated variables in both cognitive science and in education given its high correlation with numerous academic outcomes. Differences in executive function skills between children from higher socioeconomic and lower socioeconomic homes, as well as children from different racial/ethnic backgrounds, are often attributed to the quality of their environment and family resources. The goal of this essay is to highlight commonly held beliefs about executive functions in the field and provide alternative explanations for existing research findings for minoritized children and their families. We provide a summary of the literature on executive functions, how it’s often measured, how it develops, and how we might view research findings differently with greater knowledge of the groups we are studying.

Executive functions remain one of the most investigated variables in both cognitive science and in education given its high correlation with numerous academic outcomes. Differences in executive function skills between children from higher socioeconomic and lower socioeconomic homes, as well as children from different racial/ethnic backgrounds, are often attributed to the quality of their environment and family resources. The goal of this essay is to highlight commonly held beliefs about executive functions in the field and provide alternative explanations for existing research findings for minoritized children and their families. We provide a summary of the literature on executive functions, how it’s often measured, how it develops, and how we might view research findings differently with greater knowledge of the groups we are studying.

The Opportunity-Propensity Model (OPM) specifies that antecedents (demographics that predict opportunities and propensities occurring before formal schooling), opportunities (exposure to experiences afforded in the home, community, and school), and propensities (pre- existing skills that help children take advantage of opportunities) work in concert to explain individual differences in achievement. Recent work has also pointed towards transactional relations of academic and domain-general skills (working memory), which shares some overlap with the OPM. However, OPM has not been used to explain these transactions. Additionally, researchers have not used the OPM to predict between- versus within-person differences over time, though this might help provide insights on developmental patterns and educational practice. In this study, we use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – 2010-2011 to examine the extent to which the OPM accounts for the transaction between mathematics and working memory.

This study compares the copyright and use policy statements posted on the websites of the special collections of Association of Research Libraries member libraries. In spring 2018, 99 academic special collections websites were viewed, and data was collected based on the following: 1) presence and content of a general copyright statement; 2) mention of copyright owners besides the special collections; 3) presence and accuracy of statements regarding fair use and public domain; 4) policies for patron-made copies; 5) whether the special collections required its permission and/or the copyright owner’s permission to publish; 6) whether any use or license fees were charged and how clearly fees were presented. Authors analyzed whether these policies reflect copyright law or went beyond it, unnecessarily restricting the use of materials or imposing fees where rights are in question. A majority of the sites included general copyright statements, mentioned other copyright owners, and mentioned fair use, but only a minority mentioned the public domain. Just more than half restricted how patrons could use patron-made copies. About half required the special collections’ permission to publish a copy, and a fifth said any third-party owner’s permission was also required for publication.

Faded worked examples have been used to promote problem solving performance, such as mathematics performance in many laboratory studies and short-term classroom studies. However, few studies have e...

The Opportunity-Propensity (O-P) model was created to explain individual and group differences in achievement and cognitive development. In this paper, we continued to revise and expand the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the O-P model to better meet this goal. In a secondary analysis of the ECLS-K 2011 dataset (n = 15,595), path analyses showed that children’s propensities (i.e., prior knowledge, self-regulation, and executive function) largely mediate the role of family and classroom factors in promoting cognitive development in the areas of literacy and mathematics. These findings suggest that whereas family factors and exposure to academic content are necessary for promoting knowledge growth, they are not sufficient. Rather, children with more advanced knowledge and abilities (e.g., prior knowledge and working memory capacity) are more likely to process new information effectively than their less advanced peers. However, these propensities can increase through certain types of opportunities. Implications for theories and practice are discussed.

The current study examined the effectiveness of self-explanation prompts, visual signaling cues, and a combination of the two features on middle school students’ (N = 202) algebra learning. Also ex...

Social stratification is an important mechanism of human organization that helps to explain health differences between demographic groups commonly associated with socioeconomic gradients. Individuals, or group of individuals, with similar health profiles may have had different stratification experiences. This is particularly true as social stratification is a significant non-measurable source of systematic unobservable differences in both SES indicators and health statuses of disadvantage. The goal of the present study was to expand the bulk of research that has traditionally treated socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as independent, additive influences on health by examining data from the United States. It is hypothesized that variation in an index of multi-system physiological dysregulation – allostatic load – is associated with social differentiation factors, sorting individuals with similar demographic and socioeconomic characteristics into mutually exclusive econo-demographic classes. The data were from the Longitudinal and Biomarker samples of the national Study of Midlife Development in the US (MIDUS) conducted in 1995 and 2004/2006. Latent class analyses and regression analyses revealed that physiological dysregulation linked to socioeconomic variation among black people, females and older adults are associated with forces of stratification that confound socioeconomic and demographic indicators. In the United States, racial stratification of health is intrinsically related to the degree to which black people in general, and black females in particular, as a group, share an isolated status in society. Findings present evidence that disparities in health emerge from group-differentiation processes to the degree that individuals are distinctly exposed to the ecological, political, social, economic and historical contexts in which social stratification is ingrained. Given that health policies and programmes emanate from said legal and political environments, interventions should target the structural conditions that expose different subgroups to different stress risks in the first place.

Identity formation is considered one of the most critical aspects of development, and is anespecially important process during adolescence, when students classrooms shape that development. Within the mathematics domain, identity has been particularly critical, because mathematics identity has been linked to whether students persist and ultimately pursue challenging mathematics activities or coursework. Opportunities to bolster mathematics identity are unclear, and these opportunities may vary for marginalized students, like Black and Latinx learners. The current paper aimed to elucidate how classroom opportunities can be leveraged to affirm Black and Latinx students’ mathematics identities. We review the existing theories related to identity, how it is situated within mathematics, and often entangled with ethnic/racial identity. We end with research and practice considerations that may promote Black and Latinx students’ mathematics identities in culturally aware mathematics spaces.

As the United States experiences greater income inequality, more and more students experience an early science achievement gap. This study tested several competing theoretical models of early scien...

Cobalamin J disease (CblJ) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder of intracellular cobalamin metabolism associated with combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria. It is caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD4, which encodes an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that affects the lysosomal release of cobalamin (Cbl) into the cytoplasm. Only six cases of CblJ have been reported in the literature. Described clinical features include feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, hypotonia, seizures, developmental delay, and hematological abnormalities. Information on clinical outcomes is extremely limited, and no cases of presymptomatic diagnosis have been reported. We describe a now 17-month-old male with CblJ detected by newborn screening and confirmed by biochemical, molecular, and complementation studies. With early detection and initiation of treatment, this patient has remained asymptomatic with normal growth parameters and neurodevelopmental function. To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the first asymptomatic and neurotypical patient with CblJ.

Significance This manuscript describes a precise diel cycle carried out by airborne microbiota in the tropics. 795 metagenomes from air samples taken from a single site show that fungi, bacteria, and plants all adhere to a specific timing for their presence in the near-surface atmosphere. The airborne community composition thereby shows an unexpected robustness, with the majority of the dynamics in taxa composition occurring within 24 h, but not across days, weeks, or months. Environmental parameters are the main drivers for the observed phenomenon, with temperature being the most important one., The atmosphere is vastly underexplored as a habitable ecosystem for microbial organisms. In this study, we investigated 795 time-resolved metagenomes from tropical air, generating 2.27 terabases of data. Despite only 9 to 17% of the generated sequence data currently being assignable to taxa, the air harbored a microbial diversity that rivals the complexity of other planetary ecosystems. The airborne microbial organisms followed a clear diel cycle, possibly driven by environmental factors. Interday taxonomic diversity exceeded day-to-day and month-to-month variation. Environmental time series revealed the existence of a large core of microbial taxa that remained invariable over 13 mo, thereby underlining the long-term robustness of the airborne community structure. Unlike terrestrial or aquatic environments, where prokaryotes are prevalent, the tropical airborne biomass was dominated by DNA from eukaryotic phyla. Specific fungal and bacterial species were strongly correlated with temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, making them suitable biomarkers for studying the bioaerosol dynamics of the atmosphere.

Increased attention is being placed on the importance of ethnic-racial socialization in children of color's academic outcomes. Synthesizing research on the effects of parental ethnic-racial socialization, this meta-analysis of 37 studies reveals that overall the relation between ethnic-racial socialization and academic outcomes was positive, though the strength varied by the specific academic outcome under consideration, dimension of ethnic-racial socialization utilized, developmental age of the child receiving the socialization, and racial/ethnic group implementing the socialization. Ethnic-racial socialization was positively related to academic performance, motivation, and engagement, with motivation being the strongest outcome. Most dimensions of ethnic-racial socialization were positively related to academic outcomes, except for promotion of mistrust. In addition, the link between ethnic-racial socialization and academic outcomes was strongest for middle school and college students, and when looking across ethnic-racial groups, this link was strongest for African American youth. The results suggest that different dimensions of ethnic-racial socialization have distinct relationships with diverse academic outcomes and that the effects of ethnic-racial socialization vary by both youth developmental levels and racial/ethnic groups.

The current study examined the predictive utility of sense of belonging to math relative to a range of other beliefs previously established as important for achievement (i.e., self-concept, interest, importance, and entity view). A racially and ethnically diverse sample of U.S. public middle-school students (N = 206) completed surveys and an algebra assessment before and after a classroom unit. Of the motivation and belief measures taken, sense of belonging to mathematics was the only significant predictor of learning. Underrepresented racial and ethnic minority students (URM) reported a markedly lower sense of belonging than non-URM students which partially explained their lower posttest scores, even when accounting for socioeconomic status. URM students did not differ from non-URM students on any other motivation or belief measures. We provide the necessary foundational knowledge of one understudied but potentially malleable factor for consideration in improving URM students' experience and opportunities in mathematics.

Over the last 20 years, ethnic/racial identity (ERI) has been regarded as a component central to identity for minority students, and often proposed to be positively associated with academic achievement. However, the findings of individual studies scattered across the literature suggest that the size and direction of the correlation is somewhat inconsistent, prompting the meta-analysis of 47 studies reported herein. The authors gave particular attention to specific moderator variables that might explain differences across these studies. Results demonstrated that the overall effect size for ERI and academic achievement was small but significant in the positive direction. Effect sizes varied according to participant race and the dimension of ERI used in the analysis. Theoretical and future research implications are discussed.

The goal of the present study was to continue to build and refine the Opportunity-Propensity (O-P) model of achievement by using it to explain well-known achievement disparities between schools that differ in terms of their racial and ethnic composition. The O-P model categorizes predictors into antecedent factors (e.g., family SES, parent educational aspirations), opportunity factors (e.g., content coverage and teaching style), and propensity factors (e.g., prior knowledge and motivation). To refine the model further, the authors did the following: (a) added predictors in each category that have not been examined to date; (b) used hierarchical linear modeling to explain growth in knowledge between two assessment points; (c) identified similarities and differences in the models for two content areas (i.e., math and reading); and (d) identified similarities and differences in the models for two age levels (i.e., 3rd grade and 8th grade). Results showed that the combination of new and established predictors accounted for approximately 50% of the variance in the rate at which knowledge grew in both math and reading at both age levels. In addition, the variance explained by the racial and ethnic composition of schools when this variable was entered as the sole predictor of achievement was substantially reduced after antecedent, opportunity, and propensity factors were entered in subsequent models. However, the coefficients for certain school compositions remained significant even after such controls, and the models differed somewhat between content areas (math and reading), and age levels (3rd and 8th grade). Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of these results for building and refining the O-P model further.

Previous studies have reported associations between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype and antisocial and aggressive traits and between child maltreatment and antisocial traits. However, few studies have examined whether 5-HTTLPR moderates the influence of childhood maltreatment on callous and unemotional traits, a hallmark of psychopathy. Using a prospective cohort design, children with documented cases of maltreatment and matched controls were followed up and interviewed in adulthood. DNA was extracted from blood and saliva (N = 414) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits were assessed. Childhood maltreatment predicted higher CU scores in adulthood, whereas the effect of 5-HTTLPR was not significant. The effect of child maltreatment on CU traits did not differ by genetic risk (high or low activity 5-HTTLPR), whereas controls with the LL genotype had higher CU scores than controls with the SS genotype. Similar results were found for females and White, non-Hispanics, but not for males and Blacks. Variations in 5-HTTLPR did not affect the impact of child maltreatment on CU traits in adulthood. Genetic risk had a stronger effect on adults with lower environmental risk (controls). Having a history of child maltreatment or the LL genotype placed participants at risk for higher levels of callous and unemotional trait scores.

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest w...