Search

Introduction Adolescents are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. Mental health issues may be one of these negative consequences. This study aimed to explore the association between secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety among Korean adolescents. Methods This study used the nationwide representative cross-sectional data obtained from the 4-year (2020-2023) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In total, 214514 individuals aged 12–18 years were included in this study (109910 males and 104604 females). Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed based on responses to questions concerning the days they were exposed (at home and in public places), while anxiety levels were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale. Multivariable logistic regression analysis divided by sex was performed to explore the association (p=0.0173 for interaction by secondhand smoke exposure and sex), and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results Among the study population, 8.8% of the male and 15.6% of the female participants had anxiety. After adjusting for covariates, adolescents with secondhand smoke exposure had a higher likelihood of reporting anxiety than those without the exposure (male, OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.16–1.29; female, OR=1.27; 95% CI: 1.21–1.33). In additional stratified analyses, this association was more prominent among those who were never smokers, were exposed for more days, and had severe levels of anxiety. Conclusions This study found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with anxiety in adolescents; hence, proper political interventions to reduce secondhand smoke exposure may be required.

Abstract EMT dysfunction is a dominant mechanisms of hypospadias. Thus, identification of EMT‐related lncRNAs based on transcriptome sequencing data of hypospadias might provide novel molecular markers and therapeutic targets for hypospadias. First, the microarray data related to hypospadias were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Besides, the differentially expressed lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) related to EMT were screened to construct lncRNA‐mRNA co‐expression interaction pairs. In addition, the microRNA (miRNA) prediction analysis was performed through bioinformatics methods to construct a ceRNA network. Moreover, function prediction and function enrichment and pathway analyses were also performed. Finally, the core EMT‐related lncRNAs were verified based on mRNA expression changes and cell functions. A total of 6 EMT‐related lncRNAs were identified and 123 mRNA‐lncRNA co‐expression interaction pairs were screened in this study. Additionally, a ceRNA regulatory network comprising 17 mRNAs, 4 lncRNAs, and 28 miRNAs was constructed based on the prediction of hypospadias‐related miRNAs. The validation results of the dataset GSE121712 revealed that only BEX1 was positively correlated with the expression of the lncRNA GNAS‐AS1 (r = 0.874, P < 0.01), both of which had high expression. The cell experiment results demonstrated that interfering with the expression of GNAS‐AS1 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and EMT of cells. Importantly, it was confirmed that GNAS‐AS1 can serve as a ceRNA and play an important role in the EMT of hypospadias. Hence, it may be considered as a potential target in the treatment of this disease.

Abstract Background Eating habits formed during adolescence greatly influence the maintenance of health in adulthood. With the recent development of social media and easy access to the Internet, adolescents watch plenty of food videos, particularly Mukbang and Cookbnag(eating show)content. This media genre’s impact on food choices has been covered in several studies; however, studies on unhealthy eating habits directly related to adolescents’ exposure to eating shows are insufficient. Methods For this study, we used data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 and finalized 50,451 participants. The extent of exposure to eating show media over the course of a week, as well as the consumption of fast food, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and high caffeinated beverages within that week were measured through self-reporting questionnaires. We classified the participants into two groups based on their frequency of watching eating shows. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between eating show and unhealthy food consumption. Results For both males and females, eating show exposure was strongly associated with the consumption of fast food (male: OR:1.37, 95% CI:1.26–1.49; female: OR:1.46, 95% CI:1.36–1.57), SSB (male: OR:1.42, 95% CI:1.26–1.60; female: OR:1.51, 95% CI:1.35–1.70), and high caffeinated beverage (male: OR:1.30, 95% CI:1.23–1.37; female: OR:1.24, 95% CI:1.18–1.31). It was observed that both sexes were more likely to frequently eat unhealthy food than students who did not watch eating shows. Conclusion Among Korean adolescents, students exposed to eating shows, which primarily aim to entertain, were more likely to consume fast food, SSBs, and high caffeinated beverages. Therefore, this study's findings suggest that eating show could influence adolescents' food choices, highlighting the need for interest in emerging cultures and corresponding health policies.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to explore the risk factors for the prognosis and recurrence of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO).MethodsThe correlation of these variables with the prognosis and recurrence risks was analyzed by binary and multivariate logistic regression. Besides, a nomogram was constructed based on the multivariate logistic regression calculation. After the model was verified by the C-statistic, the ROC curve was plotted to evaluate the sensitivity of the model. Finally, the decision curve analysis (DCA) was conducted to estimate the clinical benefits and losses of intervention measures under a series of risk thresholds.ResultsPreoperative automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI), preoperative renal parenchymal thickness (RPT), Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score, and surgeon proficiency were the high-risk factors for the prognosis and recurrence of UPJO. In addition, a nomogram was constructed based on the above 5 variables. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.8831 after self cross-validation, which validated that the specificity of the model was favorable.ConclusionThe column chart constructed by five factors has good predictive ability for the prognosis and recurrence of UPJO, which may provide more reasonable guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Purpose This study analyzes the characteristics and prognosis of patients with de novo and recurrent metastatic gastric cancers. Methods This retrospective study included 301 advanced, pathologically confirmed gastric cancer patients who received palliative chemotherapy between 2012 and 2022. The de novo cohort included patients who presented with distant metastasis at diagnosis, and the recurrent metastatic cohort was composed of patients with metastasis after curative gastrectomy. We analyzed prognostic association by Cox regression and compared survival time of both cohorts using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results The study included 167 de novo and 112 recurrent patients. No differences were noted among the patients with de novo disease and recurrent metastatic disease concerning age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores, primary cancer location, and pathologic features. Patients in the recurrent group versus the de novo group had a longer duration of chemotherapy (1.16±1.18 years vs. 0.85±0.84 years, P= 0.01) and lower mean body mass index (20.22±2.78 kg/m2 vs. 21.93±3.38 kg/m2, P< 0.001). The median overall survival in the de novo group was 11.6 versus 14.4 months in the recurrent group (P= 0.02). Conclusion De novo and recurrent metastatic gastric cancer are characterized by distinct subpopulations. Advanced gastric cancer patients with recurrence have significantly better survival versus those in the de novo cohort. The differences between de novo and recurrent gastric cancer patient outcomes could facilitate discussions about the selection of the clinical trial of each patient and help with their personalized treatment.

GNE myopathy, caused by biallelic mutations in the GNE gene, is characterized by initial ankle dorsiflexor weakness and rimmed vacuoles in the muscle histopathology, resulting in reduced sialic acid production. Sialyllactose is a source of sialic acid. We performed a pilot clinical trial to analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of 6′-sialyllactose (6SL) and evaluated the safety, and efficacy of oral 6SL in patients with GNE myopathy. Ten participants were in the pharmacokinetic study, and 20 in the subsequent clinical trial. For the pharmacokinetic study, participants were administered either 3 g (low-dose) or 6 g (high-dose) of 6SL in a single dose. Plasma concentrations of 6SL, sialic acid, and sialic acid levels on the surface of red blood cells were periodically assessed in blood samples. Patients were randomly allocated to test (low- and high-dose groups) or placebo groups for the trial. Motor function, ambulation, plasma 6SL and sialic acid concentrations, GNE myopathy-functional activity scale scores, and MRI findings were assessed. 6SL was well tolerated, except for self-limited gastrointestinal discomfort. Free sialic acid in both low- and high-dose groups significantly increased at 6 and 12 weeks, but not in the placebo group. In the high-dose group, proximal limb powers improved with daily 6SL. Considering the fat fraction on muscle MRI, results in the high-dose group were superior to those in the low-dose group. 6SL may be a good candidate for GNE myopathy therapeutics as it induces an increase or reduces the decrease in limb muscle power, attenuates muscle degeneration, and improves the biochemical properties of sialic acid.

Objective: This study explored the association between anti-smoking campaign types and smoking cessation attempts. Methods: This study included 4,594 individuals (3,292 male and 1,302 female) from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) in 2018 and 2020. The methods of anti-smoking promotion were divided into online, offline, online and offline, and none. Attempts to quit smoking were classified as yes or no. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between antismoking campaign type and smoking cessation attempts. Results: Those who saw anti-smoking advertisements both online and offline were found to have tried to quit smoking more than those who did not. (Online & offline: male, odds ratio [OR] 1.36; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.08–1.71; female, OR, 1.75; 95% CI 1.21–2.54) In a subgroup analysis of the independent variables into which smoking cessation advertisements were subdivided, males were found to have the highest OR for smoking cessation attempts when they encountered advertisements in newspapers. (Newspaper: male, OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.00–5.02) Females had the highest OR for smoking cessation attempts when accessed via the Internet. (Internet: female, OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.07–3.50). Conclusion: This study showed that there is a correlation between smoking cessation advertisements and adolescents' smoking cessation attempts. The possibility of smoking cessation attempts is high when encountering smoking cessation advertisements both online and offline. Although offline smoking cessation advertisements have a great effect on adolescents’ smoking cessation attempts, it can be confirmed that the frequency of exposure for offline advertisements is less than that for online advertisements.

With the increasing importance of computer intelligence in the new round of the industrial revolution, administrative, regulatory, or design (ARD) green technology contributes to improving national technological competitiveness and promoting the transformation of green technology, which is becoming an important field under sustainable development goals. The U.S. and China ranked top two in terms of paper influence and patent applications in the field of ARD green technology. However, few comparative studies have been conducted in these two countries. This study presents the evolution and landscapes of ARD green technology between China and the U.S., focusing on comparing development priorities and technical layouts in each five-year plan period. According to the “International Patent Classification (IPC) Green Inventory” launched by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), we retrieved 69,412 patents published between 2001 and 2020 from the PatSnap database. Descriptive, content, and thematic network analyses were conducted using latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) and community detection algorithms. The results show that both China and the U.S. strategically focus on ARD green technology development. The technical topics in this field can be divided into three themes: data processing systems, traffic control systems, and building designs. The emphasis on technology research and development (R&D) differs between China and the U.S. There is also evidence that the U.S. has advantages in terms of technological innovation and capabilities. However, China has an advantage in terms of data volume, and the gap between China and the U.S. is gradually narrowing. We also highlight the contributions and limitations of this study.

Abstract Background Most Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients tend to have metastases at the initial diagnosis. However, limited knowledge has been established regarding which factors, are associated with its metastases. This study aims to identify more biomarkers associated with its organ tropism metastasis and to establish models for prediction of its metastatic organs. Methods We performed targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to detect genes related to lung cancer in 272 patients with primary advanced NSCLC from Northeast China. We adopted Fisher test, multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify metastasis‐related gene mutations and to establish prediction models. Results Mutations of EGFR (p = 0.0003, OR = 2.554) (especially EGFR L858R [p = 0.02, OR = 2.009]), ATM (p = 0.008, OR = 11.032), and JAK2 (p = 0.009, OR = Inf) were positively and of TP53 exon4mut (p = 0.001, OR = 0.173) was negatively correlated with lung metastasis, and those of CSF1R (p = 0.01, OR = Inf), KIT (p = 0.03, OR = 4.746), MYC (p = 0.05, OR = 7.938), and ERBB2 (p = 0.02, OR = 2.666) were positively correlated with pleural dissemination; those of TP53 (p = 0.01, OR = 0.417) was negatively, while of SMAD4 (p = 0.03, OR = 4.957) was positively correlated with brain metastasis of NSCLC. Additionally, smoking history (p = 0.004, OR = 0.004) was negatively correlated with pleural dissemination of NSCLC. Furthermore, models for prediction of lung metastasis (AUC = 0.706), pleural dissemination (AUC = 0.651), and brane metastasis (AUC = 0.629) were established. Conclusion Taken together, this study revealed nine mutant genes and smoking history associated with organ tropism metastases of NSCLC and provided three models for the prediction of metastatic organs. This study enables us to predict the organs to which non‐small cell lung cancer metastasizes before it does develop.

To overcome the limitations of current nano/micro-scale drug delivery systems, an Escherichia coli (E. coli)-based drug delivery system could be a potential alternative, and an effective tumor-targeting delivery system can be developed by attempting to perform chemical binding to the primary amine group of a cell membrane protein. In addition, positron emission tomography (PET) is a representative non-invasive imaging technology and is actively used in the field of drug delivery along with radioisotopes capable of long-term tracking, such as zirconium-89 (89Zr). The membrane proteins were labeled with 89Zr using chelate (DFO), and not only was the long-term biodistribution in tumors and major organs evaluated in the body, but the labeling stability of 89Zr conjugated to the membrane proteins was also evaluated through continuous tracking. E. coli accumulated at high levels in the tumor within 5 min (initial time) after tail intravenous injection, and when observed after 6 days, 89Zr-DFO on the surface of E. coli was found to be stable for a long period of time in the body. In this study, we demonstrated the long-term biodistribution and tumor-targeting effect of an E. coli-based drug delivery system and verified the in vivo stability of radioisotopes labeled on the surface of E. coli.

Abstract Background Cerebral palsy (CP), the most common physical disability of childhood, is a nonprogressive movement disorder syndrome. Eighty percent of cases are considered idiopathic without a clear cause. Evidence has shown that cytokine abnormalities are widely thought to contribute to CP. Methods An association between 6 SNPs (rs12244380, rs2025345, rs12722561, rs4749926, rs2104286 and rs706778) in IL2RA (interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha) and CP was investigated using a case–control method based on 782 CP cases and 778 controls. The allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of SNPs were assessed using the SHEsis program. Subgroup analyses based on complications and clinical subtypes were also conducted. Results Globally, no differences in genotype or allele frequencies for any SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction between patients and controls, except rs706778, which deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and was excluded from further analyses. However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant association of rs2025345 with spastic tetraplegia (P genotype = 0.048 after correction) and rs12722561 with CP accompanied by global developmental delay (P allele = 0.045 after correction), even after Bonferroni correction. Conclusions These findings indicated that genetic variations in IL2RA are significantly associated with CP susceptibility in the Chinese Han population, suggesting that IL2RA is likely involved in the pathogenesis of CP. Further investigation with a larger sample size in a multiethnic population is needed to confirm the association.

Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. While A-type cats are most common, there is a shortage of feline B-type blood groups in cats. By using methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to protect antigenic epitopes on red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to find the optimal conditions for the production of feline universal RBCs. The surfaces of feline A-type RBCs were treated with mPEG at various molecular weights and concentrations. Agglutination tests showed that the coating of feline A-type RBCs with mPEG of 20 kDa and 2 mM blocked hemagglutination to feline anti-A alloantibodies over 8 h. While no differences in RBC size and shape between intact and mPEG-treated RBCs were seen, coating RBCs with mPEG inhibited the binding of feline anti-A alloantibodies. Furthermore, the mPEG-treated RBCs did not cause spontaneous hemolysis or osmotic fragility, compared to control RBCs. According to a monocyte monolayer assay, mPEG treatment significantly reduced feline anti-A antibody-mediated phagocystosis of RBCs. These results confirm the potential of using activated mPEG on feline A-type RBC to create universal erythrocytes for transfusion to B-type cats.

The human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; Rotarix, GSK) is available as liquid (Liq) and lyophilized (Lyo) formulations, but only Lyo HRV is licensed in India. In this phase III, randomized, open-label trial (NCT02141204), healthy Indian infants aged 6–10 weeks received 2 doses (1 month apart) of either Liq HRV or Lyo HRV. Non-inferiority of Liq HRV compared to Lyo HRV was assessed in terms of geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of anti-RV immunoglobulin A (IgA), 1-month post-second dose (primary objective). Reactogenicity/safety were also evaluated. Seroconversion was defined as anti-RV IgA antibody concentration ≥20 units [U]/mL in initially seronegative infants (anti-RV IgA antibody concentration

Abstract Introduction We conducted a community‐randomized trial (NCTBLINDED) in Finland to assess gender‐neutral and girls‐only vaccination strategies with the AS04‐adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 (AS04‐HPV‐16/18)vaccine. Methods Girls and boys (12−15 years) were invited. We randomized 33 communities (1:1:1 ratio): Arm A: 90% of randomly selected girls and boys received AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine and 10% received hepatitis B vaccine (HBV); Arm B: 90% of randomly selected girls received AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine, 10% of girls received HBV, and all boys received HBV; Arm C: all participants received HBV. Effectiveness measurements against prevalence of HPV‐16/18 cervical infection were estimated in girls at 18.5 years. The main measures were: (1) overall effectiveness comparing Arms A or B, regardless of vaccination status, vs Arm C; (2) total effectiveness comparing AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccinated girls in pooled Arms A/B vs Arm C; (3) indirect effectiveness (herd effect) comparing girls receiving HBV or unvaccinated in Arm A vs Arm C. Co‐primary objectives were overall effectiveness following gender‐neutral or girls‐only vaccination. Results Of 80,272 adolescents invited, 34,412 were enrolled. Overall effectiveness was 23.8% (95% confidence interval: −19.0, 51.1; P = 0.232) with gender‐neutral vaccination. Following girls‐only vaccination, overall effectiveness was 49.6% (20.1, 68.2; P = 0.004). Total effectiveness was over 90% regardless of vaccination strategy. No herd effect was found. Immunogenicity of the AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine was high in both sexes. Conclusions This study illustrates the difficulty in conducting community randomized trials. It is not plausible that vaccinating boys would reduce overall effectiveness, and the apparent lack of herd effect was unexpected given findings from other studies. This analysis was likely confounded by several factors but confirms the vaccine's high total effectiveness as in clinical trials.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of synchronous online education on the patient safety competency (knowledge, attitudes, and skills) of nursing students in Korea and to explore what they thought about this educational method. Methods A single-group pre-and post-test design and summative content analysis were implemented. On November 14th, 2020, 110 nursing students completed synchronous online patient safety education. Patient safety competency was measured before and after the intervention using the revised Patient Safety Competency Self-Evaluation tool. The descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyze the data. Students also expressed their opinions about this education based on open-ended questions. Results All the patient safety competency scores significantly increased after intervention. A summative content analysis of the open-ended questions yielded 5 categories: educational materials, education level, education time, interaction, and educational media. Conclusion This study found that synchronous online patient safety education improves nursing students’ knowledge on, attitudes towards, and skills in patient safety. Nursing students also expressed a variety of positive aspects of the online education method. To improve the efficacy of synchronous online patient safety education, there is a need for further empirical studies on the appropriate class duration and difficulty of the content. It is essential to find a way to combine online education with various learning activities.

Identification of protective factors to prevent firefighters' anxiety and depression is meaningful. We explored whether emotion-regulation strategies mediate the relationship between personality traits and anxiety and depression among Chinese firefighters. Approximately, 716 Chinese firefighters were recruited and completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Big Five Inventory−2 (BFI-2) Scale. Results (N = 622) indicated that only negative emotionality traits could predict anxiety symptoms. Meanwhile, the multilevel mediation effect analyses showed that conscientiousness through cognitive reappraisal could reduce anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese firefighters. Our findings clarify Chinese firefighters' underlying emotion-regulation process between personality traits and anxiety and depression. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are efficacious against HPV infections and associated lesions in women HPV-naïve at vaccination. However, vaccine efficacy (VE) against oncogenic, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types in women infected with any other HR-HPV type at first vaccination (baseline) remains unclear. This post-hoc analysis of a phase II/III study (NCT00779766) evaluated AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) VE against HR-HPV type infection in 871 Chinese women aged 18–25 years over a 72-month follow-up period. Study participants were DNA-negative at baseline to HR-HPV type(s) considered for VE and DNA-positive to any other HR-HPV type. Initial serostatus was not considered. Baseline DNA prevalence was 14.6% for any HR-HPV type and 10.6% excluding HPV-16/18. In the total vaccinated cohort for efficacy, VE against 6-month and 12-month HPV-16/18 persistent infections (PIs) in women DNA-negative to HPV-16/18 but DNA-positive to any other HR-HPV type at baseline was 100.0% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 79.8–100.0) and 100.0% (95%CI: 47.2–100.0), respectively. VE against HPV-16/18 incident infections in women DNA-positive to one vaccine type but DNA-negative to the other one at baseline was 66.8% (95%CI: −18.9–92.5). VE against HPV-31/33/45 incident infections, in women DNA-positive to HPV-16/18 and DNA-negative to the considered HPV type at baseline was 71.0% (95%CI: 27.3–89.8). No HPV-16/18 PIs were observed in vaccinated women with non-vaccine HPV A7/A9 species cervical infection at baseline. These findings indicated that women with existing HR-HPV infection at vaccination might still benefit from the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine. However, this potential benefit needs further demonstration in the future.

This manuscript discloses end-of-study safety data of a community-randomized controlled trial in Finland (NCT00534638), assessing the effectiveness of two vaccination strategies (gender-neutral versus females only) using the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine. The total vaccination cohort included 32,175 adolescents aged 12–15 y at vaccination of whom 14,837 received the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine and 17,338 received the hepatitis-B virus vaccine (control). Spontaneous reporting of serious adverse events (SAEs) combined with surveillance using nation-wide health registries showed an acceptable safety profile of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine. During the study period (up to 6.5 y), the incidences (per 100,000 person-years) of reported SAEs considered as possibly related to vaccination were 39.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.3–57.7) and 39.8 (95%CI: 26.8–56.8) in the HPV and control groups, respectively. The most frequently reported new-onset autoimmune diseases (NOADs) were ulcerative colitis (incidence rates of 28.2 and 33.1 per 100,000 person-years in the HPV and control groups, respectively), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (21.9 and 37.1), Crohn’s disease (15.6 and 22.5), celiac disease (15.6 and 21.2), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (14.1 and 15.9). Of 1,344 pregnancies reported (777 and 567 in the HPV and control groups, respectively), most resulted in elective termination (58.4% and 58.6%), birth of a live infant (32.7% and 32.3%), or in spontaneous abortion (8.0% and 7.9%). No major, registered congenital anomalies were identified. The incidence rates of NOADs and pregnancy outcomes were generally balanced between groups. No specific safety signals were identified in the population-based health registry surveillance.

Restoration of blood flow to damaged sites has commonly involved treatment with pro-angiogenic molecules but these have undesired side effects. Here the authors present a microchannel-patterned gelatin hydrogel that is able to rescue mouse and porcine models of hindlimb ischemia.

Noroviruses (NVs) are a major cause of foodborne diseases worldwide. The rhizomes of Acorus gramineus (AGR) have been used as a traditional medicinal plant and a food additive. In this study, AGR and its bioactive components—α-asarone and β-asarone—showed significant antiviral activities against murine NV (MNV) with pre-treatment, with more than two log reductions in viral plaques. They also demonstrated strong inhibition on binding to A- and O-type saliva by the recombinant P domain derived from human NV (HuNV) GII.4. Both α- and β-asarones also inhibited the binding of the P domain to the receptor at 0.125–1 mM in a concentration-dependent manner and induced a marked reduction in Tm, suggesting that they may reduce structural stability and block receptor binding by the P domain. In simulated digestive conditions, the AGR extract, α-asarone, or β-asarone further showed a significant reduction of MNV plaques by 1.5–2.8 logs. The asarones show a potential for development as a scaffold for anti-NV agents.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a major public health concern in China. We report the end‐of‐study results of a phase II/III trial to assess the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the AS04‐human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 vaccine in Chinese women aged 18‐25 years followed for up to 72 months after first vaccination. Results of approximately 57 months following first vaccination have been previously reported. Methods Healthy 18‐25‐year‐old women (N = 6051) were randomized (1:1) to receive three doses of AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine or Al(OH)3 (control) at Months 0‐1‐6. Vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18 infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cross‐protective vaccine efficacy against infections and lesions associated with nonvaccine oncogenic HPV types, immunogenicity, and safety were assessed. Efficacy was assessed in the according‐to‐protocol efficacy (ATP‐E) cohort (vaccine N = 2888; control N = 2892), total vaccinated cohort for efficacy (TVC‐E; vaccine N = 2987; control N = 2985) and TVC‐naïve (vaccine N = 1660; control N = 1587). Results In initially HPV‐16/18 seronegative/DNA‐negative women, vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18‐associated CIN grade 2 or worse was 87.3% (95% CI: 5.5, 99.7) in the ATP‐E, 88.7% (95% CI: 18.5, 99.7) in the TVC‐E, and 100% (95% CI: 17.9, 100) in the TVC‐naïve. Cross‐protective efficacy against incident infection with HPV‐31, HPV‐33 and HPV‐45 was 59.6% (95% CI: 39.4, 73.5), 42.7% (95% CI: 15.6, 61.6), and 54.8% (95% CI: 19.3, 75.6), respectively (ATP‐E). At Month 72, >95% of initially seronegative women who received HPV vaccine in the ATP cohort for immunogenicity (N = 664) remained seropositive for anti‐HPV‐16/18 antibodies; anti‐HPV‐16 and anti‐HPV‐18 geometric mean titers were 678.1 EU/mL (95% CI: 552.9, 831.5) and 343.7 EU/mL (95% CI: 291.9, 404.8), respectively. Serious adverse events were infrequent (1.9% vaccine group [N = 3026]; 2.7% control group [N = 3025]). Three and zero women died in the control group and the vaccine group respectively. New onset autoimmune disease was reported in two women in the vaccine group and two in the control group. Conclusions This is the first large‐scale randomized clinical trial of HPV vaccination in China. High and sustained vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18‐associated infection and cervical lesions was demonstrated up to Month 72. The vaccine had an acceptable safety profile. Combined with screening, prophylactic HPV vaccination could potentially reduce the high burden of HPV infection and cervical cancer in China. Trial registration NCT00779766.

Introduction To investigate the role and mechanism of miRNA-21 in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Material and methods Collecting 30 pairs of newborn and NEC children and measuring the miRNA-21 expression in the serum of 30 pairs. Thirty neonatal Wistar rats were randomized to 3 groups: NC, Model and miR-NA groups. The rats of model and miRNA groups were based on NEC model groups, after the fab-ricated NEC model of neonatal rats. The Model group was treated with normal saline and the miRNA group was injected with miRNA-21 from the abdomen. On the 4th day, all the rats were ex-ecuted. The intestinal tissue located at the boundary of the ileum and cecum was sampled for his-tology and cell apoptosis. The relative protein (PTEN, PI3K, AKT and GSK-3β) expression levels of difference groups were evaluated by WB assay. Results In the clinical data, the miRNA-21 gene expression of NEC children was significantly up-regulation compared with that of normal newborns (p < 0.05). In the rat experiments, compared with the NC group, the pathology and cell apoptosis of the Model group showed significant deterioration (p < 0.05) and relative protein (PTEN, p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β) expression levels were signifi-cantly different (p < 0.05, respectively). However, the pathology and cell apoptosis of colonic tissue were significantly improved (p < 0.05), the PTEN and p-GSK-3β protein expression levels were sig-nificantly suppressed (p < 0.05) and p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expression levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05, respectively) with miRNA-21 over-expression compared with the Model group. Conclusions miRNA might be a biological marker and therapeutic target in NEC diagnosis and treatment.

Background The mechanism through which high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) induces cardioprotection is not completely understood. We evaluated the correlation between cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a functional parameter of HDL, and coronary collateral circulation (CCC). We additionally investigated whether A1BP (apoA1‐binding protein) concentration correlates with CEC and CCC. Methods and Results In this case‐control study, clinical and angiographic data were collected from 226 patients (mean age, 58 years; male, 72%) with chronic total coronary occlusion. CEC was assessed using a radioisotope and J774 cells, and human A1BP concentration was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Differences between the good and poor CCC groups were compared, and associations between CEC, A1BP, and other variables were evaluated. Predictors of CCC were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The CEC was higher in the good than in the poor CCC group (22.0±4.6% versus 20.2±4.7%; P=0.009). In multivariable analyses including age, sex, HDL‐cholesterol levels, age (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; P=0.003), and CEC (OR, 1.10; P=0.004) were identified as the independent predictors of good CCC. These relationships remained significant after additional adjustment for diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome, and Gensini score. The A1BP levels were not significantly correlated with CCC (300 pg/mL and 283 pg/mL in the good CCC and poor CCC groups, respectively, P=0.25) or CEC. Conclusions The relationship between higher CEC and good CCC indicates that well‐functioning HDL may contribute to CCC and may be cardioprotective; this suggests that a specific function of HDL can have biological and clinical consequences.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a syndrome of non-progressive motor dysfunction caused by early brain development injury. Recent evidence has shown that immunological abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of CP.Methods: We recruited 782 children with CP as the case group and 770 healthy children as the control group. The association between IL-23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; namely, rs10889657, rs6682925, rs1884444, rs17375018, rs1004819, rs11805303, and rs10889677) and CP was studied by using a case–control method and SHEsis online software. Subgroup analysis based on complications and clinical subtypes was also carried out.Results: There were differences in the allele and genotype frequencies between CP cases and controls at the rs11805303 and rs10889677 SNPs (Pallele = 0.014 and 0.048, respectively; Pgenotype = 0.023 and 0.008, respectively), and the difference in genotype frequency of rs10889677 remained significant after Bonferroni correction (Pgenotype = 0.048). Subgroup analysis revealed a more significant association of rs10889677 with CP accompanied by global developmental delay (Pgenotype = 0.024 after correction) and neonatal encephalopathy (Pgenotype = 0.024 after correction).Conclusion: The present results showed a significant association between IL-23R and CP, suggesting that IL-23R may play a potential role in CP pathogenesis.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of non-progressive motor impairment syndromes that are secondary to brain injury in the early stages of brain development. Numerous etiologies and risk factors of CP have been reported, and genetic contributions have recently been identified. Autophagy has an important role in brain development and pathological process, and autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) is essential for autophagosome biogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic association between ATG7 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CP in Han Chinese children. Six SNPs (rs346078, rs1470612, rs11706903, rs2606750, rs2594972, and rs4684787) were genotyped in 715 CP patients and 658 healthy controls using the MassArray platform. Plasma ATG7 protein was determined in 73 CP patients and 79 healthy controls. The differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of the rs1470612 and rs2594972 SNPs were determined between the CP patients and controls (pallele = 0.02 and 0.0004, pgenotype = 0.044 and 0.0012, respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed a more significant association of rs1470612 (pallele = 0.004, pgenotype = 0.0036) and rs2594972 (pallele = 0.0004, pgenotype < 0.0001) with male CP, and more significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were also noticed between CP patients with spastic diplegia and controls for rs1470612 (pallele = 0.0024, pgenotype = 0.008) and rs2594972 (pallele < 0.0001, pgenotype = 0.006). The plasma ATG7 level was higher in CP patients compared to the controls (10.58 ± 0.85 vs. 8.18 ± 0.64 pg/mL, p = 0.024). The luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the T allele of rs2594972 SNP could significantly increase transcriptional activity of the ATG7 promoter compared to the C allele (p = 0.009). These findings suggest that an association exists between genetic variants of ATG7 and susceptibility to CP, which provides novel evidence for the role of ATG7 in CP and contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this neurodevelopmental disorder.

Abstract Background Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of motor disability in children; however, its pathogenesis is unknown in most cases. Growing evidence suggests that Nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) is involved in neural development and neurologic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic variants of NOS1 contribute to CP susceptibility in a Han Chinese population. Methods A case-control study involving 652 CP patients and 636 healthy controls was conducted. Six SNPs in the NOS1 gene (rs3782219, rs6490121, rs2293054, rs10774909, rs3741475, and rs2682826) were selected, and the MassARRAY typing technique was applied for genotyping. Data analysis was conducted using SHEsis online software, and multiple test corrections were performed using SNPSpD online software. Results There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between patients and controls for the SNPs except rs6490121, which deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and was excluded from further analyses. Subgroup analysis revealed differences in genotype frequencies between the CP with neonatal encephalopathy group (CP + NE) and control group for rs10774909, rs3741475, and rs2682826 (after SNPSpD correction, p = 0.004, 0.012, and 0.002, respectively). The T allele of NOS1 SNP rs3782219 was negatively associated with spastic quadriplegia (OR = 0.742, 95% CI = 0.600–0.918, after SNPSpD correction, p = 0.023). There were no differences in allele or genotype frequencies between CP subgroups and controls for the other genetic polymorphisms. Conclusions NOS1 is associated with CP + NE and spastic quadriplegia, suggesting that NOS1 is likely involved in the pathogenesis of CP and that it is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of cerebral injury.

Mixed results have been reported regarding whether habitual tea intake affects bone health. This study investigated the relationship between green tea intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Korean women. We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011 and divided the participants into three groups according to their frequency of green tea intake over the past 12 months. BMD of the lumbar spine, total femur, and femur neck was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of osteoporosis and osteopenia according to green tea consumption were analyzed. Participants who did not consume green tea or consumed less than one cup per day were more likely to have osteopenia of the lumbar spine or femur than those who consumed it once to three times a day (OR 1.81 and 1.85, 95% CI, 1.20–2.71; and 1.23–2.77). Moreover, ORs for osteoporosis were 1.91 (95% CI 1.13–3.23) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.09–3.05) in non-consumers and consumers who drank less than one cup per day, respectively, compared with the reference group. These results support that green tea consumption may have benefits on bone health.

Abstract Background In previous research, we found that cell secretion from the adult lamprey supraneural body tissues possesses cytocidal activity against tumor cells, but the protein with cytocidal activity was unidentified. Methods A novel lamprey immune protein (LIP) as defense molecule was first purified and identified in jawless vertebrates (cyclostomes) using hydroxyapatite column and Q Sepharose Fast Flow column. After LIP stimulation, morphological changes of tumor cells were analysed and measured whether in vivo or in vitro. Results LIP induces remarkable morphological changes in tumor cells, including cell blebbing, cytoskeletal alterations, mitochondrial fragmentation and endoplasmic reticulum vacuolation, and most of the cytoplasmic and organelle proteins are released following treatment with LIP. LIP evokes an elevation of intracellular calcium and inflammatory molecule levels. Our analysis of the cytotoxic mechanism suggests that LIP can upregulate the expression of caspase 1, RIPK1, RIP3 to trigger pyroptosis and necroptosis. To examine the effect of LIP in vivo, tumor xenograft experiments were performed, and the results indicated that LIP inhibits tumor growth without damage to mice. In addition, the cytotoxic action of LIP depended on the phosphatidylserine (PS) content of the cell membrane. Conclusions These observations suggest that LIP plays a crucial role in tumor cell survival and growth. The findings will also help to elucidate the mechanisms of host defense in lamprey.

Abstract Mutational changes that mostly occur at the head region of hemagglutinin (HA) lead to the emergence of new epidemic influenza viruses, whereas HA antigens have been modified to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies toward highly conserved epitopes in the HA stem. Interestingly, a recent analysis of serum antibody repertoires showed that broadly neutralizing antibodies bind to HA monomer at a conserved region occluded at the intermonomer interface of HA trimer and confer protection in animal models. We showed previously that the recombinant HA ectodomain from a pandemic strain A/Korea/01/2009 was monomeric in solution and crystal structure. In order to examine the potential antigenicity of a monomeric form, we designed HA monomer that incorporates mutations to destabilize trimer conformations. Starting with the HA trimer from a seasonal strain A/Thailand/CU44/2006, mutations were introduced at the intermonomer interface, Ser199 of HA1 and Gly47, Arg75, Phe88, Val91, and Arg106 of HA2. Two mutants, F88E and V91W, were characterized to form a monomer and their double mutant F88E/V91W monomer was selected as an antigen. Animal studies showed that the HA monomer induced protective immunity in vivo, comparable to the trimer, albeit low antibody titers in sera.

Norovirus is the leading cause of nonbacterial foodborne disease outbreaks. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) bind to histo-blood group antigens as the host receptor for infection. In this study, the inhibitory effects of fucoidans from brown algae, Laminaria japonica (LJ), Undaria pinnatifida and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll, were evaluated against murine norovirus (MNoV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and HuNoV. Pretreatment of MNoV or FCV with the fucoidans at 1 mg/mL showed high antiviral activities, with 1.1 average log reductions of viral titers in plaque assays. They also showed significant inhibition on the binding of the P domains of HuNoV GII.4 and GII.17 to A- or O-type saliva and the LJ fucoidan was the most effective, reaching 54–72% inhibition at 1 mg/mL. In STAT1−/− mice infected with MNoV, oral administration of the LJ fucoidan, composed of mainly sulfated fucose and minor amounts of glucose and galactose, improved the survival rates of mice and significantly reduced the viral titers in their feces. Overall, these results provide the LJ fucoidan can be used to reduce NoV outbreaks.

BackgroundInterleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine, and it has indispensable functions in both the onset and development of inflammatory disorders. The association between persistent inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy (CP) has attracted much attention.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether IL-10 gene polymorphisms and plasma protein expression are associated with CP and to analyze the role of IL-10 in CP.MethodsA total of 282 CP patients and 197 healthy controls were genotyped for IL-10 polymorphisms (rs1554286, rs1518111, rs3024490, rs1800871, and rs1800896). Among them, 95 CP patients and 93 healthy controls were selected for plasma IL-10 measurement.ResultsThe differences in the rs3024490 (p = 0.033) and rs1800871 (p = 0.033) allele frequencies of IL-10 were determined between CP patients and controls. The frequencies of allele and genotype between CP patients with spastic tetraplegia and normal controls of IL-10 polymorphisms showed significant differences for rs1554286, rs151811, rs3024490, rs1800871, and rs1800896 (pallele = 0.015, 0.009, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.006, pgenotype = 0.039, 0.018, 0.027, 0.012, and 0.03, respectively). The plasma IL-10 protein level in CP patients was higher than normal controls (9.13 ± 0.77 vs. 6.73 ± 0.63 pg/ml, p = 0.017). IL-10 polymorphisms and protein association analysis showed that the TT genotype had higher plasma IL-10 protein levels compared to the GG + GT genotype at rs3024490 (11.14 ± 7.27 vs. 7.44 ± 6.95 pg/ml, p = 0.045, respectively) in CP cases.ConclusionThese findings provide an important contribution toward explaining the pleiotropic role of IL-10 in the complex etiology of CP.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major cause of childhood disability in developed and developing countries, but the pathogenic mechanisms of CP development remain largely unknown. Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular self-digestion of damaged organelles and dysfunctional macromolecules. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5)-dependent autophagy is involved in neural development, neuronal differentiation, and neurological degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze ATG5 protein expression and gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with CP and to evaluate the importance of ATG5 in the development of CP. Five polymorphisms from different regions of the ATG5 gene (rs510432, rs3804338, rs573775, rs2299863, and rs6568431) were analyzed in 715 CP patients and 658 controls using MassARRAY. Of these, 58 patients and 56 controls were selected for measurement of plasma ATG5 level using ELISA. The relevance of disease-associated SNPs was evaluated using the SHEsis program. We identified a significant association between rs6568431 and CP (OR = 1.388, 95% CI = 1.173~1.643, Pallele = 0.0005, Pgenotype = 0.0015). Subgroup analysis showed a highly significant association of rs6568431 with spastic CP (n = 468, OR = 1.511, 95% CI = 1.251~1.824, Pallele = 8.50e−005, Pgenotype = 1.57e−004) and spastic quadriplegia (OR = 1.927, 95% CI = 1.533~2.421, Pallele = 7.35e−008, Pgenotype = 3.24e−009). Furthermore, mean plasma ATG5 levels were lower in CP patients than in controls, and individuals carrying the AA genotype of rs6568431 that was positively associated with CP had lower plasma ATG5 levels (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an association of an ATG5 gene variant and low level of ATG5 protein with CP, and stronger associations with severe clinical manifestations were identified. Our results provide novel evidence for a role of ATG5 in CP and shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying this neurodevelopmental disorder.

Correction Unfortunately, following publication of this article [1], it was noticed that the key in Figure 5c incorrectly showed ‘0 h’, ‘5 h’ and ‘10 h’. The corrected version, showing ‘0 h’, ‘12 h’ and ‘24 h’, can be seen below and the original article has been updated to reflect this.

Influenza is a serious public health concern worldwide, as it causes significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains requires new approaches for the treatment of influenza. In this study, Rubus coreanus seed (RCS) that is left over from the production of wine or juice was found to show antiviral activities against influenza type A and B viruses. Using the time-of-addition plaque assay, viral replication was almost completely abolished by simultaneous treatment with the RCS fraction of less than a 1-kDa molecular weight (RCSF1). One of the polyphenols derived from RCSF1, gallic acid (GA), identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory effects against both influenza type A and B viruses, albeit at relatively high concentrations. RCSF1 was bound to hemagglutinin protein, inhibited hemagglutination significantly and disrupted viral particles, whereas GA was found to only disrupt the viral particles by using transmission electron microscopy. In BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus, oral administration of RCSF1 significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the viral titers in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that RCSF1 and GA show potent and broad antiviral activity against influenza A and B type viruses and are promising sources of agents that target virus particles.

We present trace gas vertical profiles observed by instruments on the NASA DC-8 and at a ground site during the Korea-US air quality study (KORUS) field campaign in May to June 2016. We focus on the region near the Seoul metropolitan area and its surroundings where both anthropogenic and natural emission sources play an important role in local photochemistry. Integrating ground and airborne observations is the major research goal of many atmospheric chemistry field campaigns. Although airborne platforms typically aim to sample from near surface to the free troposphere, it is difficult to fly very close to the surface especially in environments with complex terrain or a populated area. A detailed analysis integrating ground and airborne observations associated with specific concentration footprints indicates that reactive trace gases are quickly oxidized below an altitude of 700 m. The total OH reactivity profile has a rapid decay in the lower part of troposphere from surface to the lowest altitude (700 m) sampled by the NASA DC-8. The decay rate is close to that of very reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds such as monoterpenes. Therefore, we argue that photochemical processes in the bottom of the boundary layer, below the typical altitude of aircraft sampling, should be thoroughly investigated to properly assess ozone and secondary aerosol formation.