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2. Prevalence Of Small Ruminant Helminthiases In And Around Tullo District In Western Harerghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia

Author

Abebe H, Negesse T, Damtew S, and Aliyi F

Subjects
Helminthiases, Prevalence, Floatation, Sedimentation, Small ruminant
Abstract

Cross-sectional study conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in Tullo district, west Harerghe zone eastern Ethiopia. A total 384 faecal sample from shoat (189 sheep and 195 goats) were collected and coprologicaly examined. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of Helminthiases was 53.9%. The kebele level Helminthiases was 69%, 57.1%, 56%, 44.59% and 42%, in Odabalina, KiraKufis, Lubudakeb, Ifabas and Midedu respectively having statically Significant difference (p0.05) irrespective their species. The age related prevalence was shown that 28.57%, 58.45% and 56.82% in age less than one, between 1-3 and greater than 3 years having statically significant difference (p

Published
2018
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3. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

Author

Afshin A, Forouzanfar M, Reitsma M, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A, Marczak L, Mokdad A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Salama J, Vos T, Abate K, Abbafati C, Ahmed M, Al-Aly Z, Alkerwi A, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amberbir A, Amegah A, Amini E, Amrock S, Anjana R, Arnlov J, Asayesh H, Banerjee A, Barac A, Baye E, Bennett D, Beyene A, Biadgilign S, Biryukov S, Bjertness E, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Carrero J, Cecilio P, Cercy K, Ciobanu L, Cornaby L, Damtew S, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dharmaratne S, Duncan B, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Feigin V, Fernandes J, Furst T, Gebrehiwot T, Gold A, Gona P, Goto A, Habtewold T, Hadush K, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hay S, Horino M, Islami F, Kamal R, Kasaeian A, Katikireddi S, Kengne A, Kesavachandran C, Khader Y, Khang Y, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim Y, Kinfu Y, Kosen S, Ku T, Defo B, Kumar G, Larson H, Leinsalu M, Liang X, Lim S, Liu P, Lopez A, Lozano R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey S, Mengistu D, Mensah G, Mensink G, Mezgebe H, Mirrakhimov E, Mueller U, Noubiap J, Obermeyer C, Ogbo F, Owolabi M, Patton G, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rai R, Ranabhat C, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon J, Sanabria J, Santos I, Sartorius B, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schutte A, Schmidt M, Sepanlou S, Shamsizadeh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Roba H, Silva D, Silverberg J, Singh J, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla B, Tegegne B, Terkawi A, Thakur J, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Westerman R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Zaidi Z, Zenebe Z, Zipkin B, Murray C, and GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).

Published
2017

4. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration

Author

Fitzmaurice, C., Pourmalek, F., Lunevicius, R., Campos-Nonato, I., Khang, Y.-H., Jee, S.H., Rana, S.M., Sufiyan, M.B., Kedir, M.S., Khader, Y.S., Marcenes, W., Meles, K.G., Bensenor, I., Ding, E., Cowie, B., Leigh, J., Zaidi, Z., Melaku, Y.A., Sanabria, J.R., Oladimeji, K.E., James, S., Al-Raddadi, R., Kutz, M., Sartorius, B., Saleem, H.B., Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Das Neves, J., Dicker, D.J., Husseini, A., Schwartz, S.M., Søreide, K., Ghiwot, T.T., Nagel, G., Nolte, S., Hailu, A., Pa, M., Wang, H., Kasaeian, A., Alabed, S., Zenebe, Z.M., Fernandes, J., Nand, D., Javanbakht, M., Weiderpass, E., Plass, D., Fleming, T., Oren, E., Sepanlou, S.G., Thakur, J.S., Linn, S., Yonemoto, N., Hay, R.J., Bedi, N., Ukwaja, K.N., Chimed-Orchir, O., Brenner, H., Sandar, L., Dhillon, P., Mohammadi, A., Shiue, I., Zeeb, H., Allen, C., Sykes, B.L., Tadese, F., Ahmed, M.B., Ali, R., Alem, G., Malta, D.C., Lan, Q., Westerman, R., Boneya, D., Wagner, J.A., Amoako, Y., Marquez, N., Larson, H.J., Khubchandani, J., Tessema, G.A., Alemayohu, M.A., Ekwueme, D., Chiang, P., Vollset, S.E., Asayesh, H., Fischer, F., Shore, H.R., Naghavi, M., Hancock, J., Catalá-López, F., Stroumpoulis, K., Barber, R.M., Satpathy, M., Zaki, M.E.S., Atnafu, N., Farvid, M., Shaikh, M.A., Zoeckler, L., Liang, X., Yebyo, H.G., Lim, S.S., Chudi Uzochukwu, B.S., Dharmaratne, S., Castañeda-Orjuela, C., Takahashi, K., Sawhney, M., Abd-Allah, F., Shackelford, K.A., Malekzadeh, R., Steiner, C., Driscoll, T., Hosgood, H.D., Dandona, R., Lopez, A.D., Shrime, M.G., Yu, C., Aldhahri, S.F., Sun, J., Qorbani, M., Vlassov, V.V., Chibueze, C., Huynh, C., Horino, M., Yimam, H.H., Stanaway, J., Ogbo, F.A., Dandona, L., El Razek, H.M.A., Huybrechts, I., Pereira, D.M., Younis, M.Z., Pinho, C., Damtew, S., Salomon, J.A., Bernabé, E., Berhane, A., Forouzanfar, M.H., Awasthi, A., Gopalani, S., Murray, C.J.L., Jakovljevic, M., She, J., Horita, N., MacIntyre, M.F., Stathopoulou, V., Barregard, L., Betsu, B., Dey, S., Bhutta, Z.A., Endries, A.Y., Shibuya, K., Tran, B.X., Mohammad, K.A., Barac, A., Miller, T.R., Radfar, A., Gebru, A., Islami, F., Chitheer, A., Kumar, G.A., Rahman, M., Markos, D., Park, E.-K., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mohammed, S., Soneji, S., Mendoza, W., Amare, A., Tedla, B.A., Wubshet Terefe, M., Farzadfar, F., Vos, T., Artaman, A., So, S., Mengiste, D.T., Le Nguyen, Q., Choi, J.-Y., Binagwaho, A., Rafay, A., Mokdad, A.H., Kim, D., Marczak, L., Johnson, C.O., Alam, N.K., Meretoja, T.J., Inoue, M., Hunter-Merrill, R., Jonas, J.B., and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

Published
2017
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5. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M

Published
2017

6. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Wang H, Bhutta Z, Coates M, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, Franca E, Fraser M, Fullman N, Gething P, Hay S, Kinfu Y, Kita M, Kulikoff X, Larson H, Liang J, Liang X, Lim S, Lind M, Lopez A, Lozano R, Mensah G, Mikesell J, Mokdad A, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Rakovac I, Salomon J, Silpakit N, Sligar A, Sorensen R, Vos T, Zhu J, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abbas K, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle A, Abera S, Aboyans V, Abraham B, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad L, Abu-Rmeileh N, Abyu G, Achoki T, Adebiyi A, Adedeji I, Adelekan A, Adou A, Agarwal A, Ajala O, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alam K, Alam N, Alasfoor D, Aldridge R, Alegretti M, Alemu Z, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Martin E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare A, Amberbir A, Amegah A, Ameh E, Ammar W, Amrock S, Andersen H, Anderson G, Antonio C, Arlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho E, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Banigbe B, Barac A, Barber R, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Barrero L, Bayou T, Bayou Y, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell M, Bello A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Betsu B, Beyene A, Bhatt S, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Birlik S, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore J, Bourne R, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde N, Brown A, Buckle G, Burch M, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Campuzano J, Cardenas R, Carpenter D, Carrero J, Carter A, Casey D, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Rivas J, Castro R, Catala-Lopez F, Cercy K, Chang H, Chang J, Chibueze C, Chisumpa V, Choi J, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Ciobanu L, Colquhoun S, Cooper C, Cornaby L, Damtew S, Danawi H, Dandona R, das Neves J, Davis A, de Jager P, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Deribe K, Deribew A, Jarlais D, deVeber G, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Doshi P, Doyle K, Duan L, Dubey M, Ebrahimi H, Ellingsen C, Elyazar I, Endries A, Ermakov S, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faraon E, Farid T, Farinha C, Faro A, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes J, Fischer F, Fitchett J, Foigt N, Franklin R, Friedman J, Furst T, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Ganguly P, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot T, Gebremedhin A, Gebru A, Geleijnse J, Gessner B, Ginawi I, Giref A, Gishu M, Gomez-Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani S, Goto A, Gouda H, Gugnani H, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta V, Gyawali B, Haagsma J, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile D, Hailu A, Hailu G, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hancock J, Handal A, Hankey G, Harb H, Harikrishnan S, Harun K, Havmoeller R, Hay R, Heredia-Pi I, Hoek H, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood H, Hotez P, Hoy D, Hsairi M, Hu G, Huang C, Huang J, Huang H, Huiart L, Huynh C, Iburg K, Idrisov B, Innos K, Jacobsen K, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke A, Jee S, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jin Y, Jonas J, Kabir Z, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Kang G, Karch A, Karema C, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kayibanda J, Kazanjan K, Keiyoro P, Kemp A, Kengne A, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran C, Khader Y, Khalil I, Khan A, Khan E, Khang Y, Khonelidze I, Khubchandani J, Kim C, Kim D, Kim Y, Kissoon N, Kivipelto M, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Defo B, Bicer B, Kudom A, Kumar G, Kutz M, Kyu H, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lam J, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Leigh J, Leung R, Li Y, Lindsay M, Liu P, Liu S, Lloyd B, Lo W, Logroscino G, Low N, Lunevicius R, Lyons R, Ma S, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mapoma C, Marcenes W, Martinez-Raga J, Marzan M, Masiye F, McGrath J, Meaney P, Mehari A, Mehndiratta M, Mekonnen A, Melaku Y, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mhimbira F, Miller T, Mills E, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Mock C, Mohammad K, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Hernandez J, Montico M, Moore A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mueller U, Murphy G, Murthy S, Nachega J, Naheed A, Naidoo K, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Neupane S, Newton C, Newton J, Ng M, Ngalesoni F, Nguhiu P, Nguyen Q, Nisar M, Pete P, Norheim O, Norman R, Ogbo F, Oh I, Ojelabi F, Olivares P, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oren E, Ota E, Mahesh P, Park E, Park H, Parsaeian M, Caicedo A, Patten S, Pedro J, Pereira D, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips M, Pillay J, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Pope D, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rabiee R, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman S, Rai R, Raju M, Ram U, Rana S, Ranabhat C, Rao P, Refaat A, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Reynolds A, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Roy A, Ruhago G, Sagar R, Saleh M, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Nino M, Santos I, Santos J, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Servan-Mori E, Setegn T, Shahraz S, Shaikh M, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Sheth K, Shibuya K, Shin H, Shin M, Shiri R, Shuie I, Sigfusdottir I, Silva D, Silverberg J, Simard E, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh J, Singh O, Singh P, Singh V, Soriano J, Soshnikov S, Sposato L, Sreeramareddy C, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya B, Swaminathan S, Sykes B, Szoeke C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Tedla B, Tefera W, Tekle T, Shifa G, Terkawi A, Tesfay F, Tessema G, Thapa K, Thomson A, Thorne-Lyman A, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tran B, Troeger C, Truelsen T, Dimbuene Z, Tura A, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uneke C, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vasconcelos A, Venketasubramanian N, Verma R, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Wang L, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Weiss D, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Widdowson M, Wijeratne T, Williams T, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Wolfe I, Won S, Wubshet M, Xiao Q, Xu G, Yadav A, Yakob B, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yebyo H, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zeeb H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Murray C, and GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collabora

Published
2016

7. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.

Author

Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration, Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H. H., Zoeckler, L., Olsen, H. E., Thomas, K., Pinho, C., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Ferrari, A., Ghiwot, T. T., Hay, S. I., Kinfu, Y., Liang, X., Lopez, A., Malta, D. C., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Patton, G. C., Salomon, J., Sartorius, Benn, Topor-Madry, Roman, Vollset, S. E., Werdecker, Andrea, Whiteford, H. A., Abate, K. H., Abbas, Kaja M., Abreha Damtew, S., Ahmed, M. B., Akseer, N., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alemayohu, M. A., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Abajobir, A. A., Amare, A. T., Antonio, C. A., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, Hamid, Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Bacha, Umar, Balem, D., Barac, A., Bärnighausen, T. W., Baye, E., Bedi, N., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Boyce, C. A., Brazinova, A., Hailu, G. B., Carter, Austin, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, F., Charlson, F. J., Chitheer, A. A., Choi, J. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Crump, J., Dandona, R., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribew, Amare, deVeber, G., Dicker, D., Betsu, B. B., Ding, E. L., Dubey, M., Endries, A. Y., Erskine, H. E., Faraon, E. J., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fernandes, J. C., Fijabi, D. O., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Flor, L. S., Foreman, Kyle J., Franklin, R. C., Fraser, M. S., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gebregergs, G. B., Gebru, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gibney, K. B., Gidey Yihdego, M., Ginawi, I. A., Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gizachew, T. A., Glaser, E., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goto, A., Gugnani, H. C., Jiang, G., Gupta, Rahul, Tesfay, F. H., Hankey, G. J., Havmoeller, R., Hijar, M., Horino, M., Hosgood, H. D., Hu, G., Jacobsen, K. H., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jayaraman, S. P., Jha, V., Jibat, Tariku, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost, Kasaeian, Amir, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, P. N., Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Y. H., Khubchandani, Jagdish, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. A., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, L. D., Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulikoff, R., Kumar, G. A., Lal, D. K., Lam, H. Y., Larson, Heidi J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Leung, J., Lim, S. S., Lo, L. T., Lo, W. D., Looker, K. J., Lotufo, P. A., Magdy Abd, H., El Razek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Markos Shifti, D., Mazidi, M., Meaney, P. A., Meles, K. G., Memiah, Peter, Mendoza, Walter, Abera Mengistie, M., Mengistu, G. W., Mensah, G. A., Miller, Ted R., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Mueller, U., Nagata, C., Naheed, A., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, Q. L., Nsoesie, E., Oh, I. H., Okoro, A., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Ortiz, A., Paudel, D., Pereira, David M., Perico, N., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Polanczyk, G. V., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, M., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Rankin, Z., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Roba, H. S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J. R., Kedir Mohammed, M. S., Santos, I. S., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Schöttker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., She, J., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Singh, J., Slipakit, N., Smith, A., Sreeramareddy, C., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Sufiyan, M. B., Swaminathan, S., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tadese, F., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T. K., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Thomas, B., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert, Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam, Westerman, Ronny, Williams, Hywel C., Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. L., Vos, Theo, Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration, Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H. H., Zoeckler, L., Olsen, H. E., Thomas, K., Pinho, C., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Ferrari, A., Ghiwot, T. T., Hay, S. I., Kinfu, Y., Liang, X., Lopez, A., Malta, D. C., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Patton, G. C., Salomon, J., Sartorius, Benn, Topor-Madry, Roman, Vollset, S. E., Werdecker, Andrea, Whiteford, H. A., Abate, K. H., Abbas, Kaja M., Abreha Damtew, S., Ahmed, M. B., Akseer, N., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alemayohu, M. A., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Abajobir, A. A., Amare, A. T., Antonio, C. A., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, Hamid, Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Bacha, Umar, Balem, D., Barac, A., Bärnighausen, T. W., Baye, E., Bedi, N., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Boyce, C. A., Brazinova, A., Hailu, G. B., Carter, Austin, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, F., Charlson, F. J., Chitheer, A. A., Choi, J. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Crump, J., Dandona, R., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribew, Amare, deVeber, G., Dicker, D., Betsu, B. B., Ding, E. L., Dubey, M., Endries, A. Y., Erskine, H. E., Faraon, E. J., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fernandes, J. C., Fijabi, D. O., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Flor, L. S., Foreman, Kyle J., Franklin, R. C., Fraser, M. S., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gebregergs, G. B., Gebru, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gibney, K. B., Gidey Yihdego, M., Ginawi, I. A., Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gizachew, T. A., Glaser, E., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goto, A., Gugnani, H. C., Jiang, G., Gupta, Rahul, Tesfay, F. H., Hankey, G. J., Havmoeller, R., Hijar, M., Horino, M., Hosgood, H. D., Hu, G., Jacobsen, K. H., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jayaraman, S. P., Jha, V., Jibat, Tariku, Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost, Kasaeian, Amir, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, P. N., Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Y. H., Khubchandani, Jagdish, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. A., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, L. D., Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulikoff, R., Kumar, G. A., Lal, D. K., Lam, H. Y., Larson, Heidi J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Leung, J., Lim, S. S., Lo, L. T., Lo, W. D., Looker, K. J., Lotufo, P. A., Magdy Abd, H., El Razek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Markos Shifti, D., Mazidi, M., Meaney, P. A., Meles, K. G., Memiah, Peter, Mendoza, Walter, Abera Mengistie, M., Mengistu, G. W., Mensah, G. A., Miller, Ted R., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Mueller, U., Nagata, C., Naheed, A., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, Q. L., Nsoesie, E., Oh, I. H., Okoro, A., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Ortiz, A., Paudel, D., Pereira, David M., Perico, N., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Polanczyk, G. V., Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, M., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Rankin, Z., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Roba, H. S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J. R., Kedir Mohammed, M. S., Santos, I. S., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Schöttker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., She, J., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Singh, J., Slipakit, N., Smith, A., Sreeramareddy, C., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Sufiyan, M. B., Swaminathan, S., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tadese, F., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T. K., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Thomas, B., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert, Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam, Westerman, Ronny, Williams, Hywel C., Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J. L., and Vos, Theo

Abstract

Importance: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. Objective: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. Evidence Review: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. Findings: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term

Published
2017
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8. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Gakidou, E., Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., and Gakidou, E.

Abstract

Background: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (

Published
2017

9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Dilegge, T., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Forouzanfar, M., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kawashima, T., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Olsen, H., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Ackerman, I., Adebiyi, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Afanvi, K., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Ajala, O., Akinyemi, R., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Alegretti, M., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, G., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Benzian, H., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brown, J., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cesar Campuzano, J., Carabin, H., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Damtew, S., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R., Elyazar, I., Endres, M., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Estep, K., Farid, T., Sofia e Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Felson, D., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foreman, K., Fowkes, G., Fox, J., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N., Gabbe, B., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gibney, K., Ginawi, I., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Grainger, R., Greaves, F., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Htet, A., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khaiff, A., Khaiff, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, P., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kutz, M., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Larsson, A., Lavados, P., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B., Lo, W., Logroscino, G., Looker, K., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Mackay, M., Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Massano, J., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., McKee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Meija-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Mitchell, P., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Mooney, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murdoch, M., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nona, J., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nunes, B., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Ohkubo, T., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., de Azeredo Passos, V., Paternina Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Rao, P., Refaat, A., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A., Rios Blancas, M., Rolm, H., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I., Santos, J., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, U., Shen, J., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Sivonda, A., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J., Sligar, A., Silwa, K., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D., Steiner, T., Steinke, S., Stovner, L., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takala, J., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Te Ao, B., Tedla, B., Terkawi, A., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Gool, C., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, R., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woodbrook, R., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zeeb, H., Zhou, M., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C., Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Dilegge, T., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Forouzanfar, M., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kawashima, T., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Olsen, H., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Ackerman, I., Adebiyi, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Afanvi, K., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Ajala, O., Akinyemi, R., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Alegretti, M., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, G., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Benzian, H., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brown, J., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cesar Campuzano, J., Carabin, H., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Damtew, S., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R., Elyazar, I., Endres, M., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Estep, K., Farid, T., Sofia e Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Felson, D., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foreman, K., Fowkes, G., Fox, J., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N., Gabbe, B., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gibney, K., Ginawi, I., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Grainger, R., Greaves, F., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Htet, A., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khaiff, A., Khaiff, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, P., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kutz, M., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Larsson, A., Lavados, P., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B., Lo, W., Logroscino, G., Looker, K., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Mackay, M., Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Massano, J., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., McKee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Meija-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Mitchell, P., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Mooney, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murdoch, M., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nona, J., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nunes, B., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Ohkubo, T., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., de Azeredo Passos, V., Paternina Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Rao, P., Refaat, A., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A., Rios Blancas, M., Rolm, H., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I., Santos, J., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, U., Shen, J., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Sivonda, A., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J., Sligar, A., Silwa, K., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D., Steiner, T., Steinke, S., Stovner, L., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takala, J., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Te Ao, B., Tedla, B., Terkawi, A., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Gool, C., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, R., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woodbrook, R., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zeeb, H., Zhou, M., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.

Abstract

© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licenseBackground Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60?900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year.

Published
2016

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Miller, Ted, GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators, Wang, H., Wolock, T., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H., Gakidou, E., Hay, S., Mills, E., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., Coates, M., Mooney, M., Fraser, M., Sligar, A., Salomon, J., Larson, H., Friedman, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbas, K., El Razek, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abubakr, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adelekan, A., Adofo, K., Adou, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alsfoor, D., Aldhari, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Mohammad, R., Al-Raddadi, S., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Atkins, L., Avokpaho, E., Aswathi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Barnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bayou, T., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Bretborde, N., Brown, A., Burch, M., Butt, Z., Campuzano, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chavan, L., Chen, W., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cooper, C., Dahiru, T., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Neves, J., Jager, P., Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Doshi, P., Driscoll, T., Dubey, M., Elshrek, Y., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faghmous, I., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fullman, N., Furst, T., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gething, P., Ghiwot, T., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Geonka, S., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Gugnani, H., Guimaraes, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hailu, G., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Harun, K., Havmoeller, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., Iyer, V., Miller, Ted, GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators, Wang, H., Wolock, T., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H., Gakidou, E., Hay, S., Mills, E., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., Coates, M., Mooney, M., Fraser, M., Sligar, A., Salomon, J., Larson, H., Friedman, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbas, K., El Razek, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abubakr, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adelekan, A., Adofo, K., Adou, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alsfoor, D., Aldhari, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Mohammad, R., Al-Raddadi, S., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Atkins, L., Avokpaho, E., Aswathi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Barnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bayou, T., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Bretborde, N., Brown, A., Burch, M., Butt, Z., Campuzano, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chavan, L., Chen, W., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cooper, C., Dahiru, T., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Neves, J., Jager, P., Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Doshi, P., Driscoll, T., Dubey, M., Elshrek, Y., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faghmous, I., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fullman, N., Furst, T., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gething, P., Ghiwot, T., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Geonka, S., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Gugnani, H., Guimaraes, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hailu, G., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Harun, K., Havmoeller, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., and Iyer, V.

Abstract

Background: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.Findings: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 mil

Published
2016

11. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Amharic version of the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool for application in obstetric services of the Ethiopian context.

Author

Gebrekidan AY, Kebede A, Worku N, Lombebo AA, Efa AG, Azeze GA, Kassie GA, Haile KE, Asgedom YS, Woldegeorgis BZ, Abrha Damtew S, and Gebeyehu S

Abstract

Background: There are few studies that have evaluated the provision of compassionate care in Ethiopian contexts. One probable factor could be a lack of validated tools for assessing compassionate care in Ethiopia., Objective: To adapt the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool into the Amharic version and to assess its reliability and validity for application in obstetric services of the Ethiopian context., Method: Four hundred ten mothers who gave birth at the four referral hospitals in North West Amhara participated in this study. Using SPSS version 23.0 and SPSS Amos 26 and by applying principal axial factoring, the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool was assessed for structural reliability and validity. Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate internal consistency and reliability. Factor loadings, composite reliability, average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were used to test convergent and discriminant validity., Results: Three factors with thirteen items were identified that explained 69.87% of the variation in the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool. Cronbach's alpha was 0.917. In the confirmatory factor analysis, all items had factor loadings more than 0.6, and the average variance extracted was greater than 0.5. Composite reliability values were above 0.7, and the square root of the average variance extracted for each element was greater than the correlation of each factor with other factors in the model., Conclusion: The three factors and the thirteen items of the tool have shown internal consistency in the exploratory factor analysis. The factor loadings and the average variance extracted confirmed the convergent validity of the tool, while composite reliability and the square root of the average variance extracted values confirmed discriminant validity. Thus, the Amharic version of the Compassionate Care Assessment Tool was found to have excellent internal consistency as well as adequate structural, convergent, and discriminant validity among obstetric service users in Ethiopia., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Published
2024
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12. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Author

Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M

Subjects
Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Sex Distribution, Time Factors, Global Burden of Disease trends, Neoplasms epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning., Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015., Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results., Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant., Conclusion and Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

Published
2017
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