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Objective: Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science and technology that studies and controls the interactions of synthetic and biological materials. Researchers are becoming more interested in nanoparticles as a result of their vast medicinal potential, particularly against cancer. Methods: The Serratia marcescens culture supernatant containing Prodigiosin was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in an environmentally benign biogenic manner. The effect of nanoparticles on the growth and proliferation of human lung cancer cell (A549) in vitro was investigated in this work. MTT Assay and DNA fragmentation assay were used to characterize the nanoparticles that had been produced. Results: Cytotoxicity of the Prodigiosin AgNPs was represented as IC50 value of 31.2µg/ml and the viability decrease in the number of nanoparticles-treated cells. DNA fragmentation assay showed the degradation of DNA. Conclusion: The present study conforms as the synthesized Prodigiosin AgNPs can be a promising anticancer agent regarding its mechanism of action.

This study aimed to create and describe mucoadhesive nimodipine solid lipid nanoparticles as buccal tablets by altering the amounts of three polymers: Carbopol 934, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Hydroxyethyl cellulose. The Nimodipine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were formulated by high shear homogenization and ultrasonication process using palmitic and stearic acid as the lipid matrix and Tween-80 as the surfactant. The swelling properties of all formulations were investigated, and it was discovered that all formulations have a good swelling index at 6 hours. The surface pH of each batch varied between 5.6 and 6.1. The mucoadhesive strengths (15.3-29.5 g) varied with polymer concentrations, particularly Carbopol 934. All batches had considerably different dissolution profiles, ranging from a maximum release of 89.08% (at 8h in batch NT3) to a minimum release of 80.32% (at 8h in batch NT2). SLN formulations had the best results in both Entrapment efficiency and In-vitro drug release, showing that SLN may be a promising delivery strategy for improving Nimodipine release.

Background: A better understanding of the biopharmaceutical and physicochemical properties of drugs and the pharmaco-technical factors would be of great help for developing pharmaceutical products. But, it is extremely difficult to study the effect of each variable and interaction among them through the conventional approach. Methods: To screen the most influential factors affecting the particle size (PS) of lipid nanoparticle (LNPs) (solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)) for poorly watersoluble BCS class-II drug like tamoxifen (TMX) to improve its oral bioavailability and to reduce its toxicity to tolerable limits using Taguchi (L12 (211)) orthogonal array design by applying computer optimization technique. Results: The size of all LNPs formulations prepared as per the experimental design varied between 172 nm and 3880 μm, polydispersity index between 0.033 and 1.00, encapsulation efficiency between 70.8% and 75.7%, and drug loading between 5.84% and 9.68%. The study showed spherical and non-spherical as well as aggregated and non-aggregated LNPs. Besides, it showed no interaction and amorphous form of the drug in LNPs formulation. The Blank NLCs exhibited no cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells as compared to TMX solution, SLNs (F5) and NLCs (F12) suggest that the cause of cell death is primarily from the effect of TMX present in NLCs. Conclusions: The screening study clearly showed the importance of different individual factors significant effect for the LNPs formulation development and its overall performance in an in-vitro study with minimum experimentation thus saving considerable time, efforts, and resources for further in-depth study.

Transferosomes creating a new development in delivering a drug through skin. In oral, parenteral drug delivery system shows poor patient compliance are the major complication in clinical practice. Well, Transdermal route has obtained an appreciable interest in pharmaceutical research. Transferosomes consist of both hydrophobic, hydrophilic moieties together results, the drug molecule with wide range of solubility and possess flexible Nano-vesicles formulation comprise of lipid and surfactant. It offers a versatile delivery concept for improving stability, potential for active compound. Major advantages in transferosomes are: avoidance of first pass metabolism, improve patient compliance, improve bioavailability, painless, and reduce frequency of administration. They can pretence as a carrier towards low and additionally high molecular drugs. Skin cancer occurs due to abnormal growth of skin cells it is a common diseases found in white skin. They are possible to alter their membrane flexibility as transitions approach the skin pores and spontaneously migrate through the skin. This is the so-called deformability, self-optimizing. In general, transferosome are widely deformable consequently, even very small pores are easily crossed. Current study shows that transferosomes are drug mover system that can penetrate beyond undamaged with skin stratum corneum and epidermis expands osmotic gradient foremost to penetrate the transferosome beyond the skin. Over the past few years in research has proven that Transferosomes are the fast developing one in clinical studies.

The present study aimed to develop a surface-modified biocompatible nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) system using polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (POE-40-S) to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble Biopharmaceutics Classification System class-II drug like tamoxifen (TMX). Also aimed to screen the most influential factors affecting the particle size (PS) using Taguchi (L12 (211)) orthogonal array design (TgL12OA). Then, to optimize the TMX loaded POE-40-S (P) surface-modified NLCs (TMX-loaded-PEG-40-S coated NLC (PNLCs) or PNLCs) by central composite design (CCD) using a four-factor, five-level model. The most influential factors affecting the PS was screened and optimized. The in-vitro study showed that increased drug-loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE), decreased PS and charge, sustained drug release for the prolonged period of the time with good stability and suppressed protein adsorption. The Ex-vivo study showed that decreased mucous binding with five-fold enhanced permeability of PNLC formulation after surface modification with POE-40-S. The in-vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the blank carrier is biocompatible and cytotoxicity of the formulation was dependent on the concentration of the drug. Finally, it can be concluded that the surface-modified PNLCs formulation was an effective, biocompatible, stable formulation in the enhancement of dissolution rate, solubility, stability with reduced mucus adhesion and increased permeability thereby which indicates its enhanced oral bioavailability.

Background:The high molecular weight and increasing lipophilicity drug face many problems starting from the drug development to formulation and conduction of pharmacological, toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies to its biological application. To overcome this problem, a different formulation of nano-sized drugs was developed recently. The use of Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) offers new insight into the formulation of the poorly soluble drug.Objective:The study aimed to investigate the literature with regard to the development of SLNs and NLCs for lipid-based nano drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs, with a view to identifying the factors influencing the optimization of the formulation of SLNs and NLCs and strategies to decrease the use of organic solvent during the preparation.Results:This review highlights the simple and easily scaled-up novel lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) and their factors to be considered in the formulation for the proper selection of excipients. Also, this review summarizes the research findings reported by the different researchers regarding the principle formulation components, different preparation techniques, characterization, and toxicology of lipid nanoparticles.Conclusion:The SLNs/NLCs make this drug delivery system as one of the promising delivery systems, and safe colloidal lipid carriers for the delivery of poorly soluble drug and will be a solution to the formulation scientist for the solubility and permeability problem associated with the drugs to assure its good bioavailability.

In today's drug development world, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, and genomics have provided a technologic platform that produces a large number of new chemical entities with therapeutic potential each year. Its outcome the new chemical entities shifted towards higher molecular weight and increasing lipophilicity that results in poor water solubility which primarily affects the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. Hence, the poor aqueous solubility not only limits the drug's biological application but also challenges its pharmaceutical development. This review highlights the significant solubility problem and BCS/BDDCS formulation choices, and importance of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Also, this review summarizes the fate of lipid and lipid formulations in the human body, Lymphatic transport of drugs in the human body, Challenges of lipid-based delivery, the role of lipids in the enhancement of bioavailability, Mechanism of Lipid nanoparticles and BCS class II drugs as an ideal candidate for the LNPs formulation with their significant finding in research outcomes reported by the different researchers. Based on the available data, the lipid nanoparticles makes this drug delivery systems as one of the promising delivery systems and will be a solution to the formulation scientist. Also, it complies the key objectives of Green chemistry and sustainable chemistry. Keywords: Solubility, BCS/BDDCS, Lipid nanoparticles, BCS class II drugs

Development of lozenges dated back to 20 th century and is still remain pop ular among the consumer and hence it has continued commercial production . Lozenges are palatable solid unit dosage form administrated in the oral cavity . They meant to be dissolved in mouth or pharynx for its local or systemic effect . Lozenge tablets provi de several advantages as pharmaceutical formulations however with some disadvantages . Lozenge as a dosage form can be adopted for drug delivery across buccal route, labial route, gingival route and sublingual route . Multiple drugs can also be incorporated in them for chronic illness treatments . Lozenge enables loading of wide range of active ingredients for oral systemic delivery of drugs . Lozenges are available as over the counter medications in the form of caramel based soft lozenges, hard candy lozenges and compressed tablet lozenges containing drugs for sore throat, mouth infection and as mouth fresheners . The rationale behind the use of medicated lozenges as one of the most favored dosage form for the delivery of antitussive drugs . This review focuses v arious aspects of lozenge formulation providing an insight to the formulation scientist on novel application of lozenge drug delivery system .

Conventional drug delivery is replaced by targeted drug delivery to reduce toxicity, dose, to improve therapeutic efficiency and to provide better treatment for the patient. Nanotechnology has taken targeted drug delivery forward in recent years. Gold nanoparticles [GNPs] are one of the nano particles which are capable of treating different cancers with low toxic effects and high bioavailability. Shapes of gold nano particles plays an important role in toxicity level and differs from each other. Methods of preparing depends on the required shape of GNPs which includes in the production of nano rods, spheres, clusters, shells etc. One of the main method of GNPs synthesis is done by using sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) dihydrate and other methods include template method.. The property of easily penetrating into tumour cells has gained importance for GNPs. GNPs has wide range of applications in biomedical field which include detection of tumour, where GNPs mimic the natural pathway of macromolecules by using electrostatic forces, imaging by using transmission electronic microscopy and as bio labels.

Drug delivery is a technique by which the drug substances are administered to attain the therapeutic responses in humans or animals. It is crucial to study about the drug release or dissolution for a new solid dosage form. The prediction of correct data of discharge from the drug in the dissolution using mathematical model, which can help to understand the innovation in drug design and formulation with desired therapeutic efficacy and safety. Generally, the mathematical models are used to determine the release of drug profiles are zero-order kinetic model, first order kinetic model, Korsmeyer-peppas model, Higuchi model, Hopfenberg model, Baker Lonsdale model, Hixson Crowell model and Weibull model. Zero-order model explains the constant releases from the formulation such as transdermal, implantable depot, oral control release, matrix tablet with low solubility and suspension. First-order have explained about the release from the formulation like matrix dissolution controlled release, matrix diffusion controlled release, sustained release. Higuchi model explained the drug has released from matrix type. Hixson Crowell cube root law described the drug release has occurred from the variation in particles diameter of system and in surface area. Korsmeyer-peppas model created the experimental equation to evaluate the both fickian and non-fickian release of drug. From the Higuchi model, the Baker and Lonsdale has improved which describes the drug discharge from the matrices of spherical. The Weibull model defined the drug release from the aggregated fraction of drug ‘m’ at time ‘t’ in solution. Hopfenberg model compares the drug release from surface eroding polymers.

Mini tablets constitute a solid dosage form and are more than one-unit dosage, they are advantageous than pellets or another oral dosage forms and greater when given to children and elderly human beings as they may be at ease to swallow. Amongst all MUDFs, mini tablets provide several benefits like they do not require any solvent for their manufacturing, can be coated reproducibly, and also requires much less coating material. Additionally, there's a brilliant flexibility during their formulation development. Dose dumping and local infection may be prevented with the aid of the use of mini tablets. Child differs from grown-up in pharmacotherapy, together with abilities for drug administration, medication-related toxicity, and taste preference. It is vital that pediatric medicines are formulated to foremost acceptable with child's age, size, physiologic conditions remedy requirements development are important and the research of latest methods to deliver drugs tends to enhance compliance, convenience and pharmacokinetic. Further, recommended that small sized solid dosage forms or orally disintegrating stable dosage forms have to be preferred. Their small size permits them to be nicely distributed alongside the gastrointestinal tract enhancing the bioavailability even as decreasing region drug attention, risk of toxicity and side effects.

In the pharmaceutical industry oral route is considered as the safest and convenient route. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms containing drugs that disintegrate in the oral cavity within less than 1 minute leaving an easy to swallow residue. These dosage form contains superdisintegrants which imparts quick disintegration with presence of saliva and can be swallowed easily. ODTs are the very good choice for the pediatric and geriatric patients. To improve the bioavailability of many drugs, orodispersible drug delivery systems are used extensively. Advanced technologies used for manufacturing orodispersible tablets are by direct compression method, freeze drying method, sublimation method, mass extrusion and cotton candy process. Taste is the important factor because these tablets disintegrate directly in the mouth. ODTs are evaluated by following parameters like hardness test, friability test, disintegration test and dissolution test. Many technologies are introduced for producing controlled release orodispersible tablets which broadens the applications of this dosage form. These tablets are also known as mouth dissolving tablets and fast dissolving tablets. In this review article we can focus on ideal properties, challenges, advantages, disadvantages, conventional techniques, patented technologies and evaluation of orodispersible tablets.

In treatment of diseases, Quality and safe medicines are required which would save the human lives.Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the sectors with most stringent guidelines since it deals with human lives.Defective products from this sector is least anticipated. Defective product is the one which couldn’t fulfill the need of customer and may possess some degree of risk if it is used. If such product is released into the market,there are few consequences which manufacturing company would go through. Though Global Regulatory authorities, ICH and WHO have laid guidelines, we aren’t successful in preventing even minor defects such as discrepancies in label specification. The objective of this review article is to briefly discuss about the Pharmaceutical defects, Real-life product defects compared to textbooks recorded defects, their consequences and recent voluntary product recalls published by US-FDA which could help the Pharmaceutical Industry in enhancing their quality system

The objective of writing a floating organization review is to gather the recent works and concentrating on its scientific and technological development and its future. The principle and mechanism of drug delivery system of floating is gastric retention. The effervescent and non-effervescent floating tablets are used in the development of FDDS and it is based on buoyancy method. FDDS consume low bulk mass than gastrointestinal liquid and continue buoyant retained on the abdominal without disturbing a gastrointestinal releasing level as an extended and predictable duration of time then gives its therapeutics action. Polymers like hydrocolloids, inert fatty materials and a suitable ingredients are used to develop a floating dosage form. However the method is buoyant on the gastrointestinal substances, release of drug is gradually at a preferred rate and remaining method is released from the abdominal. These effects is an improved gastric residence time and enhancing of variations over drug concentration of plasma. This method that buoyant on the gastrointestinal liquid for increasing absorption window and bioavailability of drugs in the upper small intestine.

Purpose. To build and inquire a statistically significant mathematical model for manufacturing methotrexate loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CsNP) of desired particle size. The study was also performed to evaluate the effect of formulation variables in the explored design space. Method. Ionotropic gelation technique was followed for chitosan nanocarriers by changing formulation variables suggested as per Design Expert software. Altering the levels of Chitosan, tripolyphosphate, methotrexate by 23 factorial design served the purpose. The CsNP were characterized for nanocarrier formation, particle size, and statistical analysis. Then mathematical model was statistically analyzed for fabricating desired formulation having particle size less than 200nm. Results. FT-IR, XRD reports confirmed the structural change in chitosan which lead to the formation of CsNP. For particle size, linear model was found to be best fit to explain effect of variables. Besides, high R2 (0.9958) defends the constancy of constructed model. Chitosan exhibited higher t-value in Pareto chart and a p-value Conclusion. Low p-value endorsed the greater dominance of chitosan on particle size. Good model adequacy and small percentage error between predicted and experimented value established the reliability of constructed model for robust preparation of CsNP.

Stimuli-sensitive polymers which are also called as ‘smart polymers ’are rapidly acquiring popularity in the field of self-regulated and control release drug delivery system. Control drug delivery system is used which enable to obtain better drug product with greater safety, efficacy, and reliability. Stimuli-responsive polymers (smart polymers) are the large molecules which in response to environmental factor like, light, heat, ionic and magnetic field reveals peculiar physiochemical changes. The review summarizes the recent development explaining different types of synthesis, its characteristics, the principle of working, and its application in various fields. Several polymers with its potential uses in control drug delivery, personal, human care, biological and membrane science as well as its application in the pharmaceutical field are explained below. They have been playing a vital role in various fields since last three decades. In the field of chemistry and biology, pH-sensitive materials having multi-characteristics nature makes a promising role. It also describes about an important use of pH-sensitive polymer in different therapy like gene therapy and the applicability of system as insulin delivery in consideration of physiochemical properties of these smart polymers. Apart of drug delivery, It has also an important application in purification and separation of molecules like enzyme, protein, peptides (Chromatographic studies).

Oral films are gaining a lot of attention as a substitute approach to the conventional dosage form. Over the past few years, many of the pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world are focusing their research on oral films, trying to see the sights of oral films as a novel drug delivery system. The oral films are convenient to swallow for geriatric and pediatric patients, are self-administrable, used for systemic and local action and rapid release of a drug, which makes it an excellent system of drug delivery. This review article mainly discusses the manufacturing aspects of films and their characterization, applications and the constraints in the development of oral films along with highlights of market potential.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technology is a group of computer designed algorithms for simulating neurological processing to process information and produce outcomes like the thinking process of humans in learning, decision making and solving problems. The uniqueness of ANN is its ability to deliver desirable results even with the help of incomplete or historical data results without a need for structured experimental design by modeling and pattern recognition. It imbibes data through repetition with suitable learning models, similarly to humans, without actual programming. It leverages its ability by processing elements connected with the user given inputs which transfers as a function and provides as output. Moreover, the present output by ANN is a combinational effect of data collected from previous inputs and the current responsiveness of the system. Technically, ANN is associated with highly monitored network along with a back propagation learning standard. Due to its exceptional predictability, the current uses of ANN can be applied to many more disciplines in the area of science which requires multivariate data analysis. In the pharmaceutical process, this flexible tool is used to simulate various non-linear relationships. It also finds its application in the enhancement of pre-formulation parameters for predicting physicochemical properties of drug substances. It also finds its applications in pharmaceutical research, medicinal chemistry, QSAR study, pharmaceutical instrumental engineering. Its multi-objective concurrent optimization is adopted in the drug discovery process, protein structure, rational data analysis also.