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1. Longitudinal changes of ADHD symptoms in association with white matter microstructure: A tract-specific fixel-based analysis

Author

Damatac, Christienne G., Soheili-Nezhad, Sourena, Blazquez Freches, Guilherme, Zwiers, Marcel P., de Bruijn, Sanne, Ikde, Seyma, Portengen, Christel M., Abelmann, Amy C., Dammers, Janneke T., van Rooij, Daan, Akkermans, Sophie E.A., Naaijen, Jilly, Franke, Barbara, Buitelaar, Jan K., Beckmann, Christian F., and Sprooten, Emma

Published
2022
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2. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis

Author

Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne SJ, van Hulzen, Kimm JE, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, de Zeeuw, Patrick, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk MH, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo GM, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Kuntsi, Jonna, Asherson, Philip, Rubia, Katya, Kelly, Clare, Di Martino, Adriana, Milham, Michael P, Castellanos, Francisco X, Frodl, Thomas, Zentis, Mariam, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Reif, Andreas, Pauli, Paul, Jernigan, Terry L, Haavik, Jan, Plessen, Kerstin J, Lundervold, Astri J, Hugdahl, Kenneth, Seidman, Larry J, Biederman, Joseph, Rommelse, Nanda, Heslenfeld, Dirk J, Hartman, Catharina A, Hoekstra, Pieter J, Oosterlaan, Jaap, von Polier, Georg, Konrad, Kerstin, Vilarroya, Oscar, Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Soliva, Joan Carles, Durston, Sarah, Buitelaar, Jan K, Faraone, Stephen V, Shaw, Philip, Thompson, Paul M, and Franke, Barbara

Subjects
Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Clinical Research, Mental Health, Pediatric, Biomedical Imaging, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuroimaging, Young Adult, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Psychology
Abstract

BackgroundNeuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis.MethodsIn this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised protocols of individuals with ADHD compared with those who do not have this diagnosis. Our primary outcome was to assess case-control differences in subcortical structures and intracranial volume through pooling of all individual data from all cohorts in this collaboration. For this analysis, p values were significant at the false discovery rate corrected threshold of p=0·0156.FindingsOur sample comprised 1713 participants with ADHD and 1529 controls from 23 sites with a median age of 14 years (range 4-63 years). The volumes of the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0·15), amygdala (d=-0·19), caudate (d=-0·11), hippocampus (d=-0·11), putamen (d=-0·14), and intracranial volume (d=-0·10) were smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls in the mega-analysis. There was no difference in volume size in the pallidum (p=0·95) and thalamus (p=0·39) between people with ADHD and controls. Exploratory lifespan modelling suggested a delay of maturation and a delay of degeneration, as effect sizes were highest in most subgroups of children (21 years): in the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0·19 vs -0·10), amygdala (d=-0·18 vs -0·14), caudate (d=-0·13 vs -0·07), hippocampus (d=-0·12 vs -0·06), putamen (d=-0·18 vs -0·08), and intracranial volume (d=-0·14 vs 0·01). There was no difference between children and adults for the pallidum (p=0·79) or thalamus (p=0·89). Case-control differences in adults were non-significant (all p>0·03). Psychostimulant medication use (all p>0·15) or symptom scores (all p>0·02) did not influence results, nor did the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (all p>0·5).InterpretationWith the largest dataset to date, we add new knowledge about bilateral amygdala, accumbens, and hippocampus reductions in ADHD. We extend the brain maturation delay theory for ADHD to include subcortical structures and refute medication effects on brain volume suggested by earlier meta-analyses. Lifespan analyses suggest that, in the absence of well powered longitudinal studies, the ENIGMA cross-sectional sample across six decades of ages provides a means to generate hypotheses about lifespan trajectories in brain phenotypes.FundingNational Institutes of Health.

Published
2017

3. Longitudinal changes of ADHD symptoms in association with white matter microstructure: A tract-specific fixel-based analysis

Author

Leerstoel Baar, Development and Treatment of Psychosocial Problems, Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Damatac, Christienne G., Soheili-Nezhad, Sourena, Blazquez Freches, Guilherme, Zwiers, Marcel P., de Bruijn, Sanne, Ikde, Seyma, Portengen, Christel M., Abelmann, Amy C., Dammers, Janneke T., van Rooij, Daan, Akkermans, Sophie E.A., Naaijen, Jilly, Franke, Barbara, Buitelaar, Jan K., Beckmann, Christian F., Sprooten, Emma, Leerstoel Baar, Development and Treatment of Psychosocial Problems, Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Damatac, Christienne G., Soheili-Nezhad, Sourena, Blazquez Freches, Guilherme, Zwiers, Marcel P., de Bruijn, Sanne, Ikde, Seyma, Portengen, Christel M., Abelmann, Amy C., Dammers, Janneke T., van Rooij, Daan, Akkermans, Sophie E.A., Naaijen, Jilly, Franke, Barbara, Buitelaar, Jan K., Beckmann, Christian F., and Sprooten, Emma

Published
2022

4. Longitudinal changes of ADHD symptoms in association with white matter microstructure: a tract-specific fixel-based analysis

Author

Damatac, Christienne G., primary, Soheili-Nezhad, Sourena, additional, Freches, Guilherme Blazquez, additional, Zwiers, Marcel P., additional, de Bruijn, Sanne, additional, Ikde, Seyma, additional, Portengen, Christel M., additional, Abelmann, Amy C., additional, Dammers, Janneke T., additional, van Rooij, Daan, additional, Akkermans, Sophie E. A., additional, Naaijen, Jilly, additional, Franke, Barbara, additional, Buitelaar, Jan K., additional, Beckmann, Christian F., additional, and Sprooten, Emma, additional

Published
2021
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6. A randomised controlled trial (MindChamp) of a mindfulness‐based intervention for children with ADHD and their parents.

Author

Siebelink, Nienke M., Bögels, Susan M., Speckens, Anne E. M., Dammers, Janneke T., Wolfers, Thomas, Buitelaar, Jan K., and Greven, Corina U.

Subjects
TREATMENT of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, MINDFULNESS, FAMILY psychotherapy, EXECUTIVE function, PARENTING, TREATMENT effectiveness, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, PRE-tests & post-tests, QUESTIONNAIRES, STATISTICAL sampling, PSYCHIATRIC treatment, LONGITUDINAL method
Abstract

Background: Family mindfulness‐based intervention (MBI) for child attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) targets child self‐control, parenting and parental mental health, but its effectiveness is still unclear. Methods: MindChamp is a pre‐registered randomised controlled trial comparing an 8‐week family MBI (called 'MYmind') in addition to care‐as‐usual (CAU) (n = 55) with CAU‐only (n = 48). Children aged 8–16 years with remaining ADHD symptoms after CAU were enrolled together with a parent. Primary outcome was post‐treatment parent‐rated child self‐control deficits (BRIEF); post hoc, Reliable Change Indexes were explored. Secondary child outcomes included ADHD symptoms (parent/teacher‐rated Conners' and SWAN; teacher‐rated BRIEF), other psychological symptoms (parent/teacher‐rated), well‐being (parent‐rated) and mindfulness (self‐rated). Secondary parent outcomes included self‐ratings of ADHD symptoms, other psychological symptoms, well‐being, self‐compassion and mindful parenting. Assessments were conducted at post‐treatment, 2‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. Results: Relative to CAU‐only, MBI+CAU resulted in a small, statistically non‐significant post‐treatment improvement on the BRIEF (intention‐to‐treat: d = 0.27, p =.18; per protocol: d = 0.33, p =.11). Significantly more children showed reliable post‐treatment improvement following MBI+CAU versus CAU‐only (32% versus 11%, p <.05, Number‐Needed‐to‐Treat = 4.7). ADHD symptoms significantly reduced post‐treatment according to parent (Conners' and SWAN) and teacher ratings (BRIEF) per protocol. Only parent‐rated hyperactivity impulsivity (SWAN) remained significantly reduced at 6‐month follow‐up. Post‐treatment group differences on other secondary child outcomes were consistently favour of MBI+CAU, but mostly non‐significant; no significant differences were found at follow‐ups. Regarding parent outcomes, significant post‐treatment improvements were found for their own ADHD symptoms, well‐being and mindful parenting. At follow‐ups, some significant effects remained (ADHD symptoms, mindful parenting), some additional significant effects appeared (other psychological symptoms, self‐compassion) and others disappeared/remained non‐significant. Conclusions: Family MBI+CAU did not outperform CAU‐only in reducing child self‐control deficits on a group level but more children reliably improved. Effects on parents were larger and more durable. When CAU for ADHD is insufficient, family MBI could be a valuable addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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7. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis

Author

Leerstoel Orobio de Castro, Social and personality development: A transactional approach, Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Kuntsi, Jonna, Asherson, Philip, Rubia, Katya, Kelly, Clare, Martino, Adriana Di, Milham, Michael P, Castellanos, Francisco X, Frodl, Thomas, Zentis, Mariam, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Reif, Andreas, Pauli, Paul, Jernigan, Terry L, Haavik, Jan, Plessen, Kerstin J, Lundervold, Astri J, Hugdahl, Kenneth, Seidman, Larry J, Biederman, Joseph, Rommelse, Nanda, Heslenfeld, Dirk J, Hartman, Catharina A, Hoekstra, Pieter J, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Polier, Georg von, Konrad, Kerstin, Vilarroya, Oscar, Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Soliva, Joan Carles, Durston, Sarah, Buitelaar, Jan K, Faraone, Stephen V, Shaw, Philip, Thompson, Paul M, Franke, Barbara, Leerstoel Orobio de Castro, Social and personality development: A transactional approach, Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Kuntsi, Jonna, Asherson, Philip, Rubia, Katya, Kelly, Clare, Martino, Adriana Di, Milham, Michael P, Castellanos, Francisco X, Frodl, Thomas, Zentis, Mariam, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Reif, Andreas, Pauli, Paul, Jernigan, Terry L, Haavik, Jan, Plessen, Kerstin J, Lundervold, Astri J, Hugdahl, Kenneth, Seidman, Larry J, Biederman, Joseph, Rommelse, Nanda, Heslenfeld, Dirk J, Hartman, Catharina A, Hoekstra, Pieter J, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Polier, Georg von, Konrad, Kerstin, Vilarroya, Oscar, Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Soliva, Joan Carles, Durston, Sarah, Buitelaar, Jan K, Faraone, Stephen V, Shaw, Philip, Thompson, Paul M, and Franke, Barbara

Published
2017

8. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis

Author

Ontwikkelingsstoornissen Ond., Brain, Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Kuntsi, Jonna, Asherson, Philip, Rubia, Katya, Kelly, Clare, Martino, Adriana Di, Milham, Michael P, Castellanos, Francisco X, Frodl, Thomas, Zentis, Mariam, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Reif, Andreas, Pauli, Paul, Jernigan, Terry L, Haavik, Jan, Plessen, Kerstin J, Lundervold, Astri J, Hugdahl, Kenneth, Seidman, Larry J, Biederman, Joseph, Rommelse, Nanda, Heslenfeld, Dirk J, Hartman, Catharina A, Hoekstra, Pieter J, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Polier, Georg von, Konrad, Kerstin, Vilarroya, Oscar, Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Soliva, Joan Carles, Durston, Sarah, Buitelaar, Jan K, Faraone, Stephen V, Shaw, Philip, Thompson, Paul M, Franke, Barbara, Ontwikkelingsstoornissen Ond., Brain, Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Kuntsi, Jonna, Asherson, Philip, Rubia, Katya, Kelly, Clare, Martino, Adriana Di, Milham, Michael P, Castellanos, Francisco X, Frodl, Thomas, Zentis, Mariam, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Reif, Andreas, Pauli, Paul, Jernigan, Terry L, Haavik, Jan, Plessen, Kerstin J, Lundervold, Astri J, Hugdahl, Kenneth, Seidman, Larry J, Biederman, Joseph, Rommelse, Nanda, Heslenfeld, Dirk J, Hartman, Catharina A, Hoekstra, Pieter J, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Polier, Georg von, Konrad, Kerstin, Vilarroya, Oscar, Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni, Soliva, Joan Carles, Durston, Sarah, Buitelaar, Jan K, Faraone, Stephen V, Shaw, Philip, Thompson, Paul M, and Franke, Barbara

Published
2017

9. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults:a cross-sectional mega-analysis

Author

Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Jernigan, Terry L, Plessen, Kerstin J, Shaw, Philip, Hoogman, Martine, Bralten, Janita, Hibar, Derrek P, Mennes, Maarten, Zwiers, Marcel P, Schweren, Lizanne S J, van Hulzen, Kimm J E, Medland, Sarah E, Shumskaya, Elena, Jahanshad, Neda, Zeeuw, Patrick de, Szekely, Eszter, Sudre, Gustavo, Wolfers, Thomas, Onnink, Alberdingk M H, Dammers, Janneke T, Mostert, Jeanette C, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, Kohls, Gregor, Oberwelland, Eileen, Seitz, Jochen, Schulte-Rüther, Martin, Ambrosino, Sara, Doyle, Alysa E, Høvik, Marie F, Dramsdahl, Margaretha, Tamm, Leanne, van Erp, Theo G M, Dale, Anders, Schork, Andrew, Conzelmann, Annette, Zierhut, Kathrin, Baur, Ramona, McCarthy, Hazel, Yoncheva, Yuliya N, Cubillo, Ana, Chantiluke, Kaylita, Mehta, Mitul A, Paloyelis, Yannis, Hohmann, Sarah, Baumeister, Sarah, Bramati, Ivanei, Mattos, Paulo, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Douglas, Pamela, Banaschewski, Tobias, Brandeis, Daniel, Jernigan, Terry L, Plessen, Kerstin J, and Shaw, Philip

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis.METHODS: In this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised protocols of individuals with ADHD compared with those who do not have this diagnosis. Our primary outcome was to assess case-control differences in subcortical structures and intracranial volume through pooling of all individual data from all cohorts in this collaboration. For this analysis, p values were significant at the false discovery rate corrected threshold of p=0·0156.FINDINGS: Our sample comprised 1713 participants with ADHD and 1529 controls from 23 sites with a median age of 14 years (range 4-63 years). The volumes of the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0·15), amygdala (d=-0·19), caudate (d=-0·11), hippocampus (d=-0·11), putamen (d=-0·14), and intracranial volume (d=-0·10) were smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls in the mega-analysis. There was no difference in volume size in the pallidum (p=0·95) and thalamus (p=0·39) between people with ADHD and controls. Exploratory lifespan modelling suggested a delay of maturation and a delay of degeneration, as effect sizes were highest in most subgroups of children (<15 years) versus adults (>21 years): in the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0·19 vs -0·10), amygdala (d=-0·18 vs -0·14), caudate (d=-0·13 vs -0·07), hippocamp

Published
2017

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