Search

Cilj. Pisana je baština jedna od najzastupljenijih pojavnosti kulturne baštine u arhivima, knjižnicama i muzejima te se u njenim vrijednostima, posebice informacijskoj, krije potencijal za organizaciju aktivnosti kojima se podiže razina osviještenosti javnosti i razumijevanja pisane baštine. Organizacija takvih aktivnosti treba proizlaziti iz nepristrane analize pisane baštine čiji je rezultat objektivan opis sadržaja i vrijednosti pisane baštine na kojemu se trebaju temeljiti aktivnosti interpretacije pisane baštine namijenjene široj javnosti ili pak ciljanoj korisničkoj skupini. Cilj rada je prepoznati područja znanja koja informacijski stručnjaci trebaju posjedovati kako bi bili u mogućnosti interpretirati pisanu baštinu. Metodologija. Pretpostavka je da informacijski stručnjaci koji su u dodiru s pisanom baštinom, trebaju posjedovati znanja s područja izgradnje i organizacije zbirki, upravljanja zaštitom kulturne baštine, organizacijom usluga za korisnike, istraživačkog rada i komunikacije kako bi bili osposobljeni za stvaranje objektivnog korpusa znanja o pisanoj baštini. Pregledom literature i razmatranjem navedenih područja, stručnog osoblja arhiva, knjižnica i muzeja te ICOMOS-ovih načela interpretacije i prezentacije baštine izdvojena su i analizirana zajednička područja znanja primjenjiva i na interpretaciju pisane baštine. Rezultati. Informacijski stručnjaci posjeduju preduvjete za provođenje aktivnosti interpretacije pisane baštine, no te je preduvjete potrebno nadograditi kako bi aktivnosti bile smislene i učinkovite. Temeljna je znanja potrebno proširiti poznavanjem pojma interpretacije pisane baštine i svime što obuhvaća počevši od pojma pisane baštine sve do istraživačkog rada i komunikacije. Praktična primjena. Donesena razmatranja i zaključci važni su za prepoznavanje područja znanja i vještina potrebnih za učinkovitu interpretaciju pisane baštine te predstavljaju temelj za daljnja istraživanja i promišljanja o kompetencijama potrebnim za interpretaciju pisane baštine. Originalnost. Rad razmatra koncept interpretacije pisane baštine, poglavito one o kojoj skrbe knjižnice, arhivi i muzeji, te na temelju već poznatih načela interpretacije kulturne baštine, donosi prijedlog temeljnih znanja potrebnih za učinkovitu interpretaciju pisane baštine pohranjene u baštinskim ustanovama.

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG), a lignocellulosic waste material, was evaluated as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions in a batch process. Characterisation of the BSG was performed by chemical analysis, FTIR and SEM. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent particle size, adsorbent concentration and pH on the adsorption process were investigated. High removal of both dyes ranging from 70 to over 90 % was achieved. It was shown that in both cases (MB and CR adsorption) the process could be interpreted in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The kinetics of the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The results indicated the potential use of BSG as a low-cost adsorbent for MB and CR dye removal from aqueous solutions. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

To explore humanities scholars’ perceptions and uses of newspapers as an information source, a study was conducted with Croatian researchers and academics in history and linguistic departments at universities and research institutes. This paper presents only a portion of the findings: those from respondents in the field of linguistics. The aim of this paper is to explore the information behavior, needs and usage patterns of linguistics researchers using newspapers as a source of information, with a specific focus on search and access strategies. The study began with the general hypothesis that newspapers are a relevant information source for scientific research in the humanities, but their potential is not fully exploited because of limited access to newspaper collections and search options. An additional hypothesis was that newspapers are especially important in linguistics research because they reflect the evolution of and changes in a language and provide information on the relations between a language and its socio-political context in a certain place and time. The results partially confirmed these hypotheses, showing a clear divide between those who perceive newspapers as an important research source and those who do not. In addition, in the study respondents expressed the need for better technological solutions but they do not always use those already available to them. The results also show respondents’ perceptions of the value of and actual use of newspapers ; respondents’ information behavior related to newspapers (e.g. type and format of newspapers used, type of information need in newspapers, motivation for newspaper use, employed search strategies and approaches to managing information from newspapers) ; and the challenges researchers face in using newspapers. The results of the survey presented in this paper contribute to analyzing the information needs and behavior of a specific newspaper user group and provide data which can aid in the development of innovative services based on newspaper collections.

In this study different lignocellulosic waste materials (brewers’ spent grain and poplar sawdust) were tested as biosorbents for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The effects of initial dye concentration (5, 15, 25 and 50 mg L-1), adsorbent concentration (5, 10, 15 and 20 g L-1), temperature (25 and 35 °C) and solution pH (3.5, 5.5 and 7.5) on dye removal were investigated. For both tested biosorbents dye removal was rapid within the first 60 min of contact time. The percentage dye removal increased with increase in adsorbent concentration and decrease in the initial dye concentration. The percentage of methylene blue adsorptive removal from 15 mg L-1 aqueous solution concentration (V = 100 mL, adsorbent = 10 g L-1, t =25 °C, contact time 300 min) was over 90% for both tested biosorbents. The temperature had no significant effect on the percentage removal while the decrease in pH caused reduction of percentage removal of methylene blue when brewers’ spent grain was used as biosorbent. Solid-state fermentation of dye-adsorbed brewers’ spent grain was carried out for 30 days using white-rot fungus T. versicolor CCBAS AG613. The visible decolourisation of samples was observed, i.e. a continuous increase of total colour change and colour intensity change of fermented samples compared to their abiotic controls was determined.

The growth kinetics and properties of potentiodynamically formed thin oxide films on Al were investigated in 0.05 M citric acid solutions of different pH (5, 6 and 7) by means of potentiodynamic polarization and a.c. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Al showed passive behaviour within the pH range that was examined. The potentiodynamic growth of the oxide film on Al takes place due to ionic conductivity under the influence of the high electric field. Characteristic kinetic oxide film growth parameters such as the high-field growth exponential law constants (A and B), ionic conductivity through the oxide film, field strength and half barrier width have been calculated. Impedance measurements were used to determine the parameters related to the characteristic sizes and properties of oxide film. The capacitive response of the impedance spectrum was related to the thickness and dielectric properties of the barrier oxide film. The oxide film resistance values were very high, indicating that the oxide films formed under potentiodynamic conditions are highly uniform in thickness and very resistant. The anodic behaviour of Al in the citric solutions under potentiodynamic conditions were characterized by the rapid growth of the oxide film which diminished the influence of relaxation processes on the growth kinetics and structural characteristics of the aluminium/anodic oxide film/electrolyte system.

The traditional life cycle of books has gone through many changes in the digital environment - enough to start questioning the effects of such changes on the process of creating, publishing, distributing, reading and preserving books. This paper focuses on issues concerning the preservation and archiving of published authors’ works in the digital environment for the purpose of their long-term accessibility. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of relevant legal, technical, societal and organisational issues from which challenges, obstacles and responsibilities in ensuring long-term accessibility of e-books arise. Issues related to authorship, editions, changes in content, copyright and digital rights management, selection criteria for preservation, and preservation responsibility will be discussed, specifically focusing on libraries’ and publishers’ roles in this process. The paper is based on a literature review and content analysis aiming to answer two basic research questions: What specific characteristics of e-books influence their preservation possibilities? Who is responsible for long-term accessibility of e-books? U tradicionalnom životnom ciklusu knjige dogodile su se brojne promjene uvjetovane izmještanjem procesa proizvodnje i uporabe knjige u digitalno okruženje. Logično je postaviti pitanje kako su se takve promjene odrazile na cjelokupni proces pisanja, objavljivanja, raspačavanja, čitanja, ali i dugoročnog očuvanja knjiga. Ovaj je rad usmjeren na razmatranje problematike vezane uz zaštitu i arhiviranje objavljenih autorskih radova u digitalnom okruženju u svrhu njihove dugoročne dostupnosti. Cilj je rada dati pregled relevantnih pravnih, tehničkih, društvenih i organizacijskih pitanja iz kojih proizlaze spomenuti izazovi, prepreke i odgovornosti vezane za dugoročnu zaštitu e-knjiga. Raspravit će se pitanja autorstva, izdanja, promjena i autentičnosti sadržaja, autorskih prava, kriterija odabira građe za zaštitu te podjele odgovornosti, posebno se osvrćući na ulogu nakladnika i knjižničara u tom procesu. Rad se oslanja na pregled literature u danom području te na teorijski model upravljanja zaštitom koji se sastoji od pet aspekata, a u ovome radu služi kao okvir za sustavno razmatranje problematike. Dva temeljna pitanja na koja se želi odgovoriti ovim radom su sljedeća: Koje specifične karakteristike e-knjiga utječu na mogućnosti njihove zaštite? Tko je odgovoran za dugoročnu dostupnost e-knjiga?

Synthetic dyes have wide application in many industries such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, paper, leather, plastics etc. The presence of dyes in effluents (namely wastewater) of the above mentioned industries is a major concern due to their high thermal stability and photostability, i.e. their persistence in the environment for an extended period of time. Furthermore, they are recalcitrant towards removal during usually employed wastewater treatment methods. Many agricultural waste materials containing high proportion of cellulose have the ability to adsorb various dyes and represent a simple and low-cost method of coloured wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to preliminary investigate different low-cost bioadsorbents for their potential to remove synthetic dyes malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Six lignocellulosic waste materials, beech sawdust (Fagus sylvatica L.), oak sawdust (Quercus robur L.), poplar sawdust (Populus alba L.), sugar beet waste, apple pomace and spent beer grains were tested for their ability to remove MG and MB from 15 mg L-1 aqueous dye solutions at constant temperature of 25 °C. Activated carbon served as control. Adsorbents were soaked in dye solutions for 5 hours and samples were taken at 30 min intervals for spectrophotometric determination of colour removal. All tested adsorbents showed high colour removal capacity at 5 hours contact time for both used dyes (90.74 – 98.06 % and 94.26 – 100 % for MG and MB, respectively). The results indicate that used bioadsorbents demonstrated the potential to be used as adsorbents for efficient remediation of coloured wastewater.

The electrochemical and surface properties of aluminium in 0.05 M citric acid solutions of pH 2–8 were studied by means of open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic current–time transient measurements. The OCP reached a steady-state value very slowly, probably due to the slow rate of detachment of surface complexes into the solution. Aluminium exhibits passive behaviour in citric acid solutions of pH 4–8. Tafel slopes b c were characteristic for hydrogen evolution on aluminium covered by an oxide film. The corrosion kinetic parameters E corr, i corr and b a suggest that surface processes are involved in the dissolution kinetics, especially in the pH range 3–6. Current–time transient measurements confirm that, in citric acid solutions of pH 3–6, the dissolution is controlled by surface processes, that is, by the rate of detachment of surface complexes, while in solutions of pH 2, 7 and 8 dissolution is under mass-transport control. The addition of fluoride ions to citric acid changes the controlling steps of the dissolution process. Citrate and fluoride ions compete for adsorption sites at the oxide surface, and adsorption of these ions is a competitive and reversible adsorption.

Cilj je ovoga rada predstaviti rezultate istraživanja zastupljenosti i načina provođenja postupaka zaštite knjižnične građe u hrvatskim školskim knjižnicama. Istraživanje je provedeno u lipnju 2013. godine na uzorku od 92 ispitanika. Rezultati su pokazali da je većina ispitanika motivirana za stalnu skrb i zaštitu fondova, međutim, glavni nedostaci u operativnoj provedbi aktivnosti su nedostatak financijskih sredstava i nedostatak stručnih znanja. Zaštita je sastavni dio poslovanja svih pa tako i školskih knjižnica, no opseg i vrstu aktivnosti treba prilagoditi posebnostima poslovanja školskih knjižnica. Cilj provedbe aktivnosti zaštite u školskim knjižnicama je osigurati trajnost i iskoristivost fonda onoliko koliko za njim postoji potreba kako bi se njime podržavao odgojno-obrazovni postupak. Uz to, školska knjižnica ima važnu ulogu u organizaciji i očuvanju tzv. školskih baštinskih zbirki koje nastaju kao rezultat rada učenika na nastavnim i izvannastavnim aktivnostima, bez obzira jesu li na papiru, digitalnom ili na nekom drugom mediju. Provedbom aktivnosti zaštite kroz niz izravnih i neizravnih mjera osigurava se dugoročna upotrebljivost fondova školskih knjižnica, ali se istovremeno i korisnicima prenosi poruka te njeguje svijest o važnosti očuvanja osobne i kolektivne baštine., The goal of this paper is to present the results of a research on practice and methods of library materials preservation in Croatian school libraries. The research was conducted in June 2013 on the sample of 92 school libraries. The results have shown that most libraries are highly motivated to provide continuous care and preserve the library materials, but the biggest problems lay in practical carrying out of these activities due to the lack of financial means and expert knowledge. The library materials preservation is an integral part of managing all libraries, and the school ones, too, but the scope and the methods of preservation should be in accordance with the specific characteristics of school libraries. The goal of preservation activities in school libraries is to ensure long-term use of library materials in accordance with the need of supporting school curriculum. Besides, school libraries have a very important role in organizing and preserving the so-called heritage collections, which are created as a result of the pupils’ work in curricular and extracurricular activities, whether they are on paper or some sort of digital format. Carrying out the library materials preservation activities through a number of direct and indirect measures school libraries ensure future use of their holdings, but at the same time send a message to their users and raises awareness of the importance of preserving the individual and collective heritage.

The aim of this paper was to research whether there had been any statistically significant difference in the content of Cu and Zn in human milk depending on the social status of women (refugee and non-refugee), age, number of deliveries, days after delivery, weight gained by nursing women and smoking habits, as well as whether the infants had received sufficient quantities of these elements. The elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The samples were collected in the Clinical Hospital Osijek and Refugee Centre Nabrde, near Osijek, Eastern Croatia. The Cu in human milk ranged from 0.27 mg/l to 1.35 mg/l, and Zn from 0.62 mg/l to 15.0 mg/l. The mean levels of Cu and Zn for each group, formed according to the results of the questionnaire are presented too. Calculated daily dietary intake of these elements accords with the RDA.

Aluminium levels in human milk in the winter period of 1992./93. ranged from 0.004 mg/l to 2.67 mg/l and the mean value was 0.38 mg/l. The nursing women were divided into several groups according to the results of a questionnaire, i.e. according to their social status (if they were refugees or not), number of deliveries, post partum day, the weight they put on during pregnancy, their age, and smoking habits. The mean levels of aluminium for each group were presented. The measurement of aluminium was done by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Cilj je ovoga rada istražiti postojeće stanje i spremnost hrvatskih knjižnica za planiranje i upravljanje zaštitom u slučaju katastrofa. Knjižnične su zbirke danas izložene brojnim prijetnjama pri njihovoj dugoročnoj zaštiti i očuvanju. Neke prijetnje na knjižničnu građu utječu polako, čak i neprimjetno, ali neupitno, dok se druge pojavljuju naglo i neočekivano. Bez obzira na način na koji se prijetnje pojavljuju ili kako utječu na građu, knjižnice se suočavaju s izazovom da uvijek budu spremne sačuvati i zaštititi svoje zbirke. Preduvjet za učinkovitost zaštite knjižničnih zbirki je dobra organizacija i upravljanje dostupnim sredstvima što omogućuje dugoročno planiranje i donošenje odluka koje se temelje na čvrstim dokazima. Važan dio općeg upravljanja zaštitom je upravljanje zaštitom u slučaju katastrofa. Ono obuhvaća sva pitanja upravljanja koja su neophodna za suočavanje s opasnostima koje prijete knjižničnim zgradama, zbirkama, službama i ljudskim životima. Ključno je pitanje koje je motiviralo istraživanje predstavljeno u radu, sljedeće: jesu li knjižnice koje su iskusile posljedice ratne katastrofe unaprijedile svoje upravljanje zaštitom u slučaju katastrofa? Rat je u Hrvatskoj od 1991. do 1995. godine uništio mnoge knjižnice i njihove zbirke. Hrvatska stručna literatura u 1990-ima ukazuje na nepripremljenost osoblja i nedostatak planiranja. Jesu li hrvatske knjižnice, dvadeset godina kasnije, bolje pripremljene?, The paper attempts to research the present state and readiness of Croatian libraries to plan and conduct safety activities in case of disaster. Library collections are facing many threats in planning long-term protection and preservation. Some of these threats have a slow but unavoidable impact on library materials, while others come suddenly and unexpectedly. No matter how the threats appear, or how they influence library materials, the libraries should always be ready to safeguard and preserve their collections. Regardless of what measures are taken to preserve collections, good organisation is the most important prerequisite for their efficiency. The key to achieving this goal lies in preservation management that enables long-term planning and argumentative decision-making. One of the aspects of preservation planning is disaster management. Disaster management encompasses all management issues necessary to deal with incidents that threaten library buildings, collections, services, and human lives. The key question that has motivated this work is how the libraries that had already faced the consequences of a disaster altered their preservation management practice. During the 1991-1995 war in Croatia many libraries and their collections were destroyed. The conclusions given in the Croatian professional literature of the 1990s were that the libraries had shown unpreparedness and lack of disaster management. Are Croatian libraries today, twenty years later, better prepared? The aim of this work is to investigate the present state of preservation management and disaster management policies and practices of Croatian libraries.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore a theoretical and methodological approach to preservation management in libraries, relying on the basic presumption that preservation is a complex and comprehensive process that involves many different and seemingly diverse aspects whose efficiency lies in preservation management.Design/methodology approachUsing a case study of Croatia, the paper describes a methodology for exploring the general preservation management context and presents a preservation management model that comprises five key components.FindingsThe paper offers insight into preservation management issues in a specific national context.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this paper focuses primarily on written heritage in libraries, it is applicable to other types of heritage and to other types of information institutions.Practical implicationsThe theoretical and methodological approach presented in this paper and described in the example of Croatia can be useful for exploring similar issues in other countries. It can be expanded to other types and forms of heritage and heritage institutions.Originality/valueThe paper describes a model of organising preservation activities into an efficient and successful preservation system, and establishes a methodology for exploring diverse preservation issues on national and institutional levels.

Cilj je ovog rada pregledno izložiti teorijske pretpostavke vezane za zaštitu pisane baštine u knjižnicama i naglasiti pritom važnost i ulogu upravljanja zaštitom. Sustavan i sveobuhvatan pristup problematici zaštite uključuje razumijevanje i definiranje svrhe i ciljeva zaštite, načela koja leže u temelju svih aktivnosti zaštite, nazivlja i metodologije te okvira u kojima se zaštita provodi – strateških, ekonomskih, pravnih, institucionalnih i drugih. Upravo se takav sveobuhvatan pristup, objedinjen pogledima iz različitih vidova zaštite, u potpunosti ostvaruje kroz upravljanje zaštitom. Upravljanje zaštitom moguće je definirati kao sustavnu i planiranu organizaciju osoblja i novčanih sredstava te potrebnih aktivnosti kako bi se osigurala trajnost i dostupnost građe, u skladu s poslanjem određene ustanove. U radu se problematizira pet temeljnih vidova upravljanja zaštitom te propituje mogućnost njihove primjene u planiranju i organizaciji zaštite, što u konačnici vodi prema učinkovitom upravljanju zaštitom pisane baštine u knjižnicama., The paper presents theoretical overview of written heritage preservation issues with an emphasis on preservation management. Systematic and comprehensive approach to preservation issues includes understanding and defining preservation aim and purpose, preservation principles, terminology and methodology as well as frameworks in which preservation is conducted such as strategic, economic, legal, institutional and other. Such comprehensive approach is implemented in preservation management. Preservation management can be defined as a systematic and planned organization of human and financial resources and other infrastructure and activities necessary to insure longevity, welfare and usability of library materials, according to the specific mission of the institution. The paper analyzes five aspects of preservation management and examines the possibility of their use in planning and organizing preservation activities.

Ovaj rad donosi analizu sustava zaštite pisane baštine u Hrvatskoj, usmjeravajući se prvenstveno na pisanu baštinu pohranjenu u knjižnicama. Rad polazi od pretpostavke da je zaštita složen i sveobuhvatan postupak koji u sebi obuhvaća više raznovrsnih i naoko teško povezivih vidova, te stoga njena učinkovitost leži u upravljanju zaštitom. Istraživanje hrvatskog konteksta zaštite pisane baštine teorijski je i metodološki utemeljeno na značajnim i recentnim spoznajama o upravljanju zaštitom i analizi organizacije zaštite u drugim zemljama u svijetu. U skladu s tim, istraživanjem je ispitan, analiziran i vrednovan hrvatski kontekst zaštite pisane baštine koji je promotren kroz zakonodavni, financijski, obrazovni i institucionalni okvir. Na temelju rezultata analize podataka prikupljenih metodom intervjua utvrđena su polazišta za stvaranje i implementaciju modela upravljanja zaštitom pisane baštine u Hrvatskoj. U zaključnim razmatranjima predloženi su prvi koraci u stvaranju modela te odgovornost i poticaj u njihovom ostvarivanju. Ovim se radom želi doprinijeti sustavnijoj i učinkovitijoj zaštiti pisane baštine u hrvatskim knjižnicama., The aim of this work is to analyze the preservation of written heritage in Croatia, focusing primarily on the written heritage in libraries. The basic presumption is that preservation is a complex and comprehensive process that involves many different and seemingly diverse aspects. Therefore, its efficiency lies in preservation management. The research of the Croatian written heritage preservation context is theoretically and methodologically grounded in relevant preservation management literature and the analyses of the organization of preservation in other countries. In accordance with that, the aim of the research was to investigate, analyse and evaluate the preservation of written heritage in Croatia, observed through legal, financial, educational and institutional framework. Based on the results gathered through interviews, a starting point and further steps are suggested for creating the preservation management model for written heritage in Croatia, as well as the responsibility and the initiative in its implementation. The purpose of this work is to contribute to more efficient and systematic preservation of written heritage in libraries.

Svrha ovoga rada jest istražiti problematiku zaštite pisane baštine u samostanskim knjižnicama unutar legislativnih, institucionalnih i organizacijskih okvira te utvrditi nužne organizacijske pretpostavke za njezino poboljšanje. Polazeći od pretpostavke da je knjižna građa pohranjena u samostanskim knjižnicama građa od iznimne kulturne vrijednosti te kao takva ima svojstva kulturnog dobra i dio je hrvatske nacionalne pisane baštine, u radu se propituje prepoznavanje potrebe za sustavnim pristupom njezinoj zaštiti na operativnoj razini, unutar samih knjižnica, kao i na strateškoj razini, od strane nadležnih i drugih relevantnih ustanova u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uz analizu pravnog i institucionalnog okvira djelovanja samostanskih knjižnica te projekata zaštite građe pohranjene u njima, provedene su i tri studije slučaja knjižnica franjevačkih samostana u Mostaru, Požegi i Zadru, intervjui s njihovim voditeljima te intervju s ispitanikom u Hrvatskom zavodu za knjižničarstvo. Rad se konceptualno temelji na teorijskom modelu upravljanja zaštitom pisane baštine u RH te se na temelju prikupljenih podataka i oslanjajući se na model definira postojeće stanje zaštite građe u samostanskim knjižnicama te se predlažu potrebne mjere za sustavnije i učinkovitije upravljanje zaštitom pisane baštine u samostanskim knjižnicama. The aim of the paper is to investigate the preservation of written heritage in monastery libraries from legislative, institutional and organizational perspectives, and establish the necessary organizational prerequisites for improvement. Setting off from the presupposition that the library collections of monastery libraries are of immense cultural value, and can therefore be considered cultural good and part of Croatian written heritage, the paper discussed the need for a systematic approach to its protection, both on the operative level, in libraries themselves, and on the strategic level, by the authorities and other relevant institutions in the Republic of Croatia. In addition to the analysis of the legal and institutional frameworks and library collections preservation projects, three case studies were conducted in Franciscan monasteries in Mostar, Požega and Zadar, including interviews with their managers and one subject from the Croatian Institute of Librarianship. The case study aimed to investigate the context of the preservation of library collections in monastery libraries and provide answers to the following questions: how is the preservation in monastery libraries defined; how does it differ from the preservation in other libraries, and how is the preservation of collections in these libraries organized on institutional, local, and national levels? The research sets off from several core presuppositions: monastery libraries have valuable collections of Croatian and European written heritage; the heritage collections in monastery libraries are not investigated, organized, protected or presented at an adequate level; the responsibility for its preservation is not clearly assigned, there is not enough staff trained for preservation; the improvements in preservation and availability of library collections in monastery libraries should result from a better organization and management of the heritage preservation system in monastery libraries. The conceptual approach to heritage preservation in monastery libraries used in this paper is based on the theoretical model of written heritage preservation management that comprises five aspects bringing together the theoretical, strategic, legal, financial, educational, operative, and cultural components. Monastery libraries are facing many problems in protection and preservation of collections. Most of their problems fall under the economic, legal, material and operative aspects of preservation. In addition to the most common limitations, such as financial constraints, inadequate premises for keeping and storing the collections, they often have staff shortages, especially of trained staff with particular knowledge and skills required to protect the collections of such libraries, which brings the educational aspect of preservation into the foreground. Even though the protection and preservation of library collections in monastery libraries is mostly the responsibility of monastery monks, their knowledge is mostly not expert enough and they cannot be the only ones made responsible for preservation. This issue needs to be considered from the strategic and theoretical aspects of written heritage preservation management. One of the major hurdles is the inadequacy of legislation and its lack of recognition of those collections as national heritage. One of the factors that needs to be taken into consideration are changes that occur in the cultural and social contexts, i.e. changes in relations between church orders and communities in which they are active. Based on the data collected and relying on the conceptual model of written heritage preservation management in the Republic of Croatia, the current state of monastery library collections preservation has been established and measures for a systematic and more efficient management of written heritage preservation in monastery libraries have been proposed.

Svrha je rada ponuditi detaljniji uvid u problematiku zaštite stare knjižnične građe kao doprinos njezinu očuvanju i dugotrajnom korištenju. Zaštita knjižnične građe složeno je pitanje koje se može promatrati s više aspekata. Pored razumijevanja temeljnih pitanja od čega štitimo knjižničnu građu te tko se bavi zaštitom, treba razumjeti i povezanost zaštite s poslanjem, funkcijom, okvirima i poslovanjem institucije unutar koje se ona provodi. U radu se terminološki razrađuju temeljni pojmovi problematike zaštite knjižnične građe s posebnim naglaskom na staru knjižničnu građu te se daje sustavan pregled razina, koncepata, pristupa i metoda zaštite knjižnične građe. Teorijski se razmatra upravljanje i organizacija zaštite stare knjižnične građe te se prikazuju neki od metodoloških aspekata u proučavanju zaštite. Analizirano je nekoliko praktičnih primjera koji mogu poslužiti kao ogledni modeli. Uvid u problematiku zaštite kakav je iznesen u radu valja razumjeti kao podlogu za daljnju primjenu na slične primjere. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed insight into the issues of preserving rare library materials, and contribute to the possibilities of organizing and managing their continuous preservation, availability and use. The preservation of library materials is a complex issue that can be viewed from different aspects. This paper discusses the basic terminology that is used, with the special focus on rare library materials. The preservation of rare library materials is a seemingly simple and clear term, yet it calls for a more detailed consideration and questioning. The preservation of library materials, in addition to basic issues such as what should it be preserved from, who preserves it, etc., presupposes the establishment of clear links with the mission, functions, framework and the way the institution does its business. The aim of the preservation and all related activities, as well as a full understanding of responsibility, is crucial for the efficient preservation of rare library materials as part of written heritage. The paper presents the concepts and approaches to the protection of library materials in relation to specific methods, techniques and procedures. The preservation of library materials may be viewed at different levels that are intertwined through all concepts and approaches, and this issue is analyzed thoroughly. There is wide range of library materials that are considered as rare. These materials consist of numerous and varied matters that have different durability and characteristics. The criteria of age, value and rarity are also subject to terminological re-examination and should be defined as clearly as possible. Among the important elements in the entire process of preserving rare library materials are management and organization mechanisms. The measures that are undertaken in order to achieve the quality and efficient preservation of rare library materials must be managed purposefully and organized in detail. The efficient management and good organization of preservation presupposes a systematic and comprehensive approach applicable independent of the type of institution or type of material. The management and organization issues concerning the preservation of rare library materials is shown as an overview of their most important elements, with a critical evaluation of the most important achievements in theory in practice. The methodological aspect is also very important in investigating the preservation of rare library materials.The special emphasis is placed on the systematic investigation of the status of library holdings and the possibilities offered by the qualitative and quantitative description of holdings on the one hand, and the possibilities offered by the methods of interview and/or questionnaire on the other. Several practical examples that may serve as test models in the approach to this issue have been analyzed.The existing organization of the collection of historical newspapers from the city of Osijek area, and the organization of the collection of old books in the library of the Franciscan monastery in Mostar in relation to their status and protection activities have also been discussed. By comparing these models a significant difference in the material and content characteristics of the analyzed rare library holdings have been identified. This difference calls for the use of different methodologies for investigating the condition of the holdings. The information on the condition of the library holdings and approaches to their preservation serve as a starting point for planning further steps for the efficient preservation of rare library materials. The insights into the problem of preservation presented in this paper should be understood as a foundation for further implementation on similar examples.Key words : preservation of library materials, rare library materials, rare books, historical newspapers, organization and management of preservation, description of the condition of library holdings.

Svrha je rada ponuditi detaljniji uvid u problematiku zaštite stare knjižnične građe kao doprinos njezinu očuvanju i dugotrajnom korištenju. Zaštita knjižnične građe složeno je pitanje koje se može promatrati s više aspekata. Pored razumijevanja temeljnih pitanja od čega štitimo knjižničnu građu te tko se bavi zaštitom, treba razumjeti i povezanost zaštite s poslanjem, funkcijom, okvirima i poslovanjem institucije unutar koje se ona provodi. U radu se terminološki razrađuju temeljni pojmovi problematike zaštite knjižnične građe s posebnim naglaskom na staru knjižničnu građu te se daje sustavan pregled razina, koncepata, pristupa i metoda zaštite knjižnične građe. Teorijski se razmatra upravljanje i organizacija zaštite stare knjižnične građe te se prikazuju neki od metodoloških aspekata u proučavanju zaštite. Analizirano je nekoliko praktičnih primjera koji mogu poslužiti kao ogledni modeli. Uvid u problematiku zaštite kakav je iznesen u radu valja razumjeti kao podlogu za daljnju primjenu na slične primjere., The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed insight into the issues of preserving rare library materials, and contribute to the possibilities of organizing and managing their continuous preservation, availability and use. The preservation of library materials is a complex issue that can be viewed from different aspects. This paper discusses the basic terminology that is used, with the special focus on rare library materials. The preservation of rare library materials is a seemingly simple and clear term, yet it calls for a more detailed consideration and questioning. The preservation of library materials, in addition to basic issues such as what should it be preserved from, who preserves it, etc., presupposes the establishment of clear links with the mission, functions, framework and the way the institution does its business. The aim of the preservation and all related activities, as well as a full understanding of responsibility, is crucial for the efficient preservation of rare library materials as part of written heritage. The paper presents the concepts and approaches to the protection of library materials in relation to specific methods, techniques and procedures. The preservation of library materials may be viewed at different levels that are intertwined through all concepts and approaches, and this issue is analyzed thoroughly. There is wide range of library materials that are considered as rare. These materials consist of numerous and varied matters that have different durability and characteristics. The criteria of age, value and rarity are also subject to terminological re-examination and should be defined as clearly as possible. Among the important elements in the entire process of preserving rare library materials are management and organization mechanisms. The measures that are undertaken in order to achieve the quality and efficient preservation of rare library materials must be managed purposefully and organized in detail. The efficient management and good organization of preservation presupposes a systematic and comprehensive approach applicable independent of the type of institution or type of material. The management and organization issues concerning the preservation of rare library materials is shown as an overview of their most important elements, with a critical evaluation of the most important achievements in theory in practice. The methodological aspect is also very important in investigating the preservation of rare library materials.The special emphasis is placed on the systematic investigation of the status of library holdings and the possibilities offered by the qualitative and quantitative description of holdings on the one hand, and the possibilities offered by the methods of interview and/or questionnaire on the other. Several practical examples that may serve as test models in the approach to this issue have been analyzed.The existing organization of the collection of historical newspapers from the city of Osijek area, and the organization of the collection of old books in the library of the Franciscan monastery in Mostar in relation to their status and protection activities have also been discussed. By comparing these models a significant difference in the material and content characteristics of the analyzed rare library holdings have been identified. This difference calls for the use of different methodologies for investigating the condition of the holdings. The information on the condition of the library holdings and approaches to their preservation serve as a starting point for planning further steps for the efficient preservation of rare library materials. The insights into the problem of preservation presented in this paper should be understood as a foundation for further implementation on similar examples.Key words : preservation of library materials, rare library materials, rare books, historical newspapers, organization and management of preservation, description of the condition of library holdings.

The corrosion of aluminium (Al) in several brands of soft drinks (cola- and citrate-based drinks) has been studied, using an electrochemical method, namely potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the corrosion of Al in soft drinks is a very slow, time-dependent and complex process, strongly influenced by the passivation, complexation and adsorption processes. The corrosion of Al in these drinks occurs principally due to the presence of acids: citric acid in citrate-based drinks and orthophosphoric acid in cola-based drinks. The corrosion rate of Al rose with an increase in the acidity of soft drinks, i.e. with increase of the content of total acids. The corrosion rates are much higher in the cola- based drinks than those in citrate-based drinks, due to the facts that: (1) orthophosphoric acid is more corrosive to Al than is citric acid, (2) a quite different passive oxide layer (with different properties) is formed on Al, depending on whether the drink is cola or citrate based. The method of potentiodynamic polarization was shown as being very suitable for the study of corrosion of Al in soft drinks, especially if it is combined with some non-electrochemical method, e.g. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).

Selenium levels in human milk in the winter period ranged from 5.3 micrograms/l to 23.8 micrograms/l, the mean value being 11.0 micrograms/l. The nursing women were divided into several groups according to the results of a questionnaire, i.e. according to their social status (refugees or otherwise), number of deliveries, post partum days, the weight they had gained during pregnancy, their age and smoking habits. The mean levels of selenium for each group are presented. Selenium was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of three parameters (temperature, water content and type of flour) on the rate of pH value during fermentation of bread dough produced with sourdough. Fermentations of sourdough were conducted according to following experimental design: at three fermentation temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C), using two types of flour (T-400 and T-1100) and two different water contents during 20 hours. Sourdough produced by the fermentation with Lactobacillus brevis L-62 was used for bread dough fermentation. Different rates of change in pH per minute (RCpH) for all analyzed samples were calculated. According to experimental data and calculated kinetic parameters, neither of analyzed parameters had statistically significant influence on pH profile during bread dough fermentation. Sourdough fermented on 30 °C could be selected as an optimal, because at this temperature pH values of bread dough decreased more rapidly, except sourdough produced from T-400 flour type and 1:1 water:flour ratio. It leads to assumption that the most of lactic acid bacteria actions occur during sourdough fermentation, whereas their influence on bread dough fermentation is considerably fewer. From that reason, influence of selected parameters on pH value changes during bread dough fermentation was considerably lower.