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Objective: In this case, we present a patient who despite iatrogenic common carotid artery disruption had no neurological impairment after vascular reconstruction. Case report: During the neck dissection in a young patient a complete abruption of the common carotid artery occurred. Median sternotomy was done for proximal bleeding control. Vascular reconstruction was done using temporary carotid shunting. The patient had no neurological consequences afterward. Conclusion: The lesion of major neck vessels is one of the most severe complications during the surgery which must be dealt with as soon as possible in best way in order to avoid permanent brain damage. In situations of iatrogenic lesions of major neck arteries heparin admission, which is usually normal therapy during vascular reconstruction, is not an option due to abrupt and uncontrollable bleeding. Thus, establishing surgically proximal and distal vascular control over the bleeding artery by vessel clamping and urgent placing of temporary intraluminal carotid shunting and best medical intraoperative therapy in this critical period of surgery might be the crucial therapeutic moment for brain protection.

Summary Background Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86–1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91–1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable. Funding UK Medical Research Council and Health Technology Assessment Programme.

The goal: To compare the results of most distal femoral bypasses in our institution with results in literature. Patients and Methods: A single centre retrospective analysis of femoral to crural and distal-leg bypass performed in University Hospital Centre Zagreb between 2014 and 2018. Results: Primary one-year patency is even a bit better in our hospital than in literature (80% vs 77% respectively) and secondary patency is in the range of the world literature (54% vs 68% respectively). Conclusion: Surgical revascularization in form of the most distal bypasses, performed in this institution observed, although reserved for a smaller number of patients, is very good and reliable method of treatment, and its results are at the level of world standards and percentages.

Aim: In this case we report acute left arm ischemia after thoracic endovascular aortic repair of the saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm due to a rare anatomical variation of the left vertebral artery. Case report: Thoracic aortic stent-graft was deployed to cover the aneurysm, but six hours later acute left arm ischemia occurred due to a rare form of vertebral artery origin from the aortic arch instead of from the left subclavian artery. This hostile anatomy led to an iatrogenic acute ischemia which was the indication for an emergency left-common-carotid-to-subclavian-artery bypass grafting. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary approach and careful pre-procedural planning should always be the standard procedure in complex cases to avoid this complication., Cilj: U ovom slučaju prikazujemo akutnu ishemiju lijeve ruke nakon endovaskularnog popravka sakularne aneurizme torakalne aorte nastale zbog rijetke anatomske varijacije lijeve vertebralne arterije. Prikaz slučaja: Torakalni aortni stent-graft postavljen je za rješavanje aneurizme, ali šest sati kasnije nastala je akutna ishemija lijeve ruke uslijed rijetkog položaja ishodišta lijeve vertebralne arterije luka aorte umjesto iz lijeve arterije subklavije. Ova otežavajuća anatomija dovela je do nastanka jatrogene akutne ishemije što je bila indikacija za hitnim karotiko-subklavijalnim premoštenjem. Zaključak: Multidisciplinarni pristup i pažljivo planiranje prije postupka uvijek bi trebao biti standardni postupak u složenim slučajevima kako bi se izbjegla ova komplikacija.

We report a case of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with unrecognized primary aortoduodenal fistula (ADF), treated by endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). Endograft infection was diagnosed 12 months thereafter. The associated ADF was uncovered during open surgery, which included endograft extraction, in situ aortic reconstruction with a cryopreserved homograft (CHG) and duodenal repair. The patient was urgently reoperated in the early postoperative course, due to CHG rupture and subsequent hemorrhagic shock. After establishing control of hemorrhage, CHG was explanted, followed by aortic ligation and extraanatomical reconstruction with axillofemoral bypass. The importance of timely diagnosis of primary ADF prior to AAA repair, as well as treatment options and optimal materials for simultaneous aortic and bowel reconstruction in the setting of primary or secondary ADF, are discussed.

Any alteration or impairment to normal wound healing can result in the development of chronic wounds, which may lead to serious complications such as infection and loss of body fluid and proteins. Primary closure alone may not be sufficient to fulfill the criteria of successful defect reconstruction. Therefore, additional procedures such as skin grafting must be considered as an option.The case of a 43-year-old woman with diabetes who was admitted to the University Hospital Rebro (Zagreb, Croatia) due to an infected, nonhealing wound on her left foot. Skin grafts combined with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) before and after graft application improved wound healing in this patient.In this patient, the combination of skin grafts with NPWT before and after graft application reduced the comorbidities and complications often seen in the diabetic patient population. Herein, the authors utilized a quicker, cost-efficient, and safer technique of wound closure compared with traditional nonsurgical methods.

Djeca su zbog hiperaktivnosti često izložena ozljedama. Visoka pojavnost prijeloma i moguća invalidnost unatoč primjerenom liječenju opravdavaju istraživanja u području prevencije nastanka prijeloma. Preventivni postupci mogući su jedino uz poznavanje uzroka i okolnosti nastanka prijeloma. Cilj je ovog rada analizirati okolnosti i mjesta nastanka prijeloma bedrene kosti po dobnim skupinama djece. U ovu retrospektivnu studiju uključeno je 103-je djece u dobi do 18 godina, liječene u Kliničkome bolničkom centru Zagreb ili Klinici za dječje bolesti Zagreb u razdoblju 2012. – 2016. Analizirano je 35 djevojčica (33%) i 71 dječak (67%) s prijelomom femura. Prosječna dob djece iznosila je pet godina. Najveći broj ozlijeđene djece, 52 (55,2%) bio je u najmlađoj dobnoj skupini, od 0 do 4 godine života. Najčešći su bili prijelomi dijafi ze – 66 (62%), a najrjeđi distalne metafi ze – 14 (13%). Kod kuće je nastao 41 (38%), na ulici ili cesti 38 (36%), na rekreacijskome mjestu 22 (21%), a 3 (3%) prijeloma nastala su u školi ili vrtiću. Najčešći uzroci nastanka prijeloma bili su padovi – 38 (57,5%), nezgode s motornim vozilima – 35 (33,0%) te sudaranja ili izravni udarci – 10 (9,5%). Oko trećine djece s prijelomom femura imalo je pridružene ozljede, a četiri petine uzrokovane su nezgodama s motornim vozilima. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da su prijelomi bedrene kosti najučestaliji u najmlađim dobnim skupinama, a najčešće nastaju kao posljedica nezgoda kod kuće, i to padovima, rjeđe na ulici i rekreacijskim mjestima. Roditelje predškolske djece treba poučiti o prevenciji padova kod kuće, a djecu školske dobi o opasnostima od prijeloma na rekreacijskim mjestima i u cestovnom prometu., Children are often exposed to injuries due to their hyperactivity. Femur fractures can however leave permanent consequences despite adequate treatment. The high prevalence and possible invalidity justify research in the fi eld of prevention of this injury. But prevention is possible only by knowing the causes and circumstances of the fractures. The aim of this research is to analyze the circumstances and places of occurrence in femur fractures according to children age groups. This retrospective study includes 103 children up to the age of 18 years treated at the University Hospital Center of Medicine Zagreb, or at the Clinic for children diseases Zagreb in the period from 2012 to 2016. The study includes 35 (33 %) girls and 71 (67 %) boys, a total of 106 children with femur fractures. The average age was fi ve years. The majority of the injured children, 52 children (55,2 %), belonged to the youngest age group from 0 to 4 years of age. Diaphysis fractures were the most common with 66 fractures (62 %), and the rarest were fractures of the distal metaphysis with 15 fractures (13 %). The fractures occurred at home in 41 cases (38 %), in the street in 38 cases (36 %), at recreation in 22 cases (21 5), and at school or kindergarten in 3 cases (3 %). The most common causes of femur fractures were falls in 38 cases (57,5 %), motor vehicle accidents in 35 cases (33 %), and crashes and blows in 10 cases (9,5 %). One third of the children with femur fractures had associated injuries, and four fi fths of them were caused by motor vehicle accidents. The results of this study show that femur fractures are most frequent in the youngest age groups, and are generally a consequence of accidents at home (mostly falls), seldom in the streets or recreational places. Parents of preschool children should be educated about prevention of falling at their homes, and parents of school children should be educated about the dangers of fractures at recreational places and traffi c

We report a patient who was initially treated for a suprarenal mycotic aortic aneurysm. The aneurysm repair was performed using a cryopreserved arterial homograft and debranching of visceral arteries. Five years later, the patient was referred due to a large symptomatic false aneurysm at the distal homograft anastomosis. Endovascular repair was indicated and performed using a bifurcated Medtronic composite stent graft. The procedure was uneventful, while control angiography showed complete exclusion of the false aneurysm. Within 6 months of follow-up, the endograft showed favorable position and maintained patency with no signs of endoleaks. We discuss the role of the cryopreserved homografts for in situ repair of mycotic aortic aneurysms and comment on possible late complications after placing those grafts.

Jednodnevna i ambulantna kirurgija dva su modaliteta izvanbolničkog liječenja koje se provodi u dnevnoj kirurškoj bolnici. Svrha ovog istraživanja, provedenog u Dnevnoj bolnici Kirurške klinike, bila je prikupiti i analizirati pokazatelje strukture bolesnika, dijagnoza, učinjenih zahvata i organizacije ambulantne kirurgije. Studija analizira 3409 ambulantnih kirurških zahvata i histoloških dijagnoza odstranjenog tkiva kod 2736 bolesnika (1457 ženskog i 1279 muškog spola). Specijalist dermatolog uputio je 408 (14,9%) bolesnika, a ostali su došli prema preporuci liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite. Prema uputnoj dijagnozi, benigne promjene imala su 2522 (92%) bolesnika, displastične 47 (2%), a maligne njih 167 (6%). Prosječna životna dob bila je 52,8 godina. Bolesnici s benignom novotvorinom bili su znatno niže prosječne dobi (44,2) od onih s malignom (66,5). Najčešća uputna dijagnoza bila je D22 – melanocitni madež. Od ukupno 38, deset najčešćih čini 87% svih uputnih dijagnoza. Prema 10. reviziji Međunarodne klasifikacije bolesti (MKB-10), to su: D22 (33,9%), D23 (21,3%), D21 (13,4%), D17 (6,9%), D21.0 (3,2%), C44 (2,4%), D21.1 (1,7%), L02 (1,6%), L08 (1,6%) i B07 (1,3%). Od kirurških postupaka najčešće su izvođeni ekstirpacija, ekscizija i biopsija pigmentne promjene ili novotvorine kože. Kada su ambulantni zahvati rađeni zbog sumnje na benignu bolest, patohistološka je dijagnoza potvrdila 94,6% uputnih i samo 48% sumnji na malignu novotvorinu. Od bolesnika upućenih s dijagnozom benigne novotvorine 114 (4,5%) imalo je maligni tumor kože. Malignih novotvorina ukupno je bilo 219 (8,0%), a melanoma 24 (0,8%). Od ukupno 16 anatomskih regija ljudskog tijela tri čine 56% svih lokalizacija izvođenja zahvata. To su leđa (750), glava (520) i prsište (260). Zahvate je radilo dvadeset i dvoje liječnika različitih specijalizacija, najčešće specijalisti opće kirurgije (64,2%). Specijalisti plastične i rekonstruktivne kirurgije ukupno su operirali 458 (16,0%) bolesnika. Dječji kirurzi operirali su 381 (13,9%), a ostali 130 (4,8%) bolesnika. Ambulantna je kirurgija kirurgija kože, potkožja i mekih tkiva koja su redovito zahvaćena benignim tumorima ili pigmentnim promjenama, pretežito lokaliziranim na trupu i glavi. Samo je 43,8% bolesnika s dokazanim malignitetom bilo klinički prepoznato, što uz veću pojavnost malignih histoloških (8%) nego uputnih dijagnoza (6%) upućuje da dobar dio bolesnika nije prošao temeljit dijagnostički postupak., Day surgery and ambulatory surgery are two modalities of outpatient treatment carried out in day surgery department in Croatia. The purpose of this study, conducted in day surgery department, was to collect and analyze indicators of patient structure, diagnoses, performed procedures and organization of ambulatory surgery. This study analyzes 3409 ambulatory procedures and histological diagnoses of removed tissue in 2736 patients (1457 female and 1279 male). The indications for treatment were in 408 (14.9%) cases set by dermatologists while others were referred by primary healthcare physicians. According to the referral diagnosis, 2522 (92%) patients had benign, 47 (2%) dysplastic, and 167 (6%) malignant changes. The average patient age was 52.8 years. Patients with benign changes were, in average, significantly younger (44.2) than those with malignant ones (66.5). The most common referral diagnosis was D-22 melanocytic nevus. From a total of 38, 10 most common diagnoses constitute 87% of all referral diagnoses. According to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10), these are: D22 (33.9%), D23 (21.3%), D21 (13.4%), D17 (6.9%), D21.0 (3.2%), C44 (2.4%), D21.1 (1.7%), L02 (1.6%), L08 (1.6%), B07 (1.3%). The main surgical procedures include extirpation, excision and biopsy of pigmented changes or skin neoplasms. When a procedure was performed because of a suspected benign lesion, pathohistological diagnosis confirmed 94.6% of such referral diagnoses as benign, whereas only 48% of clinically suspected malignant neoplasms were pathohistologically malignant. Out of patients referred with a clinically diagnosed benign lesion, 114 (4.5%) patients had a pathohistologically confirmed malignant skin tumor. The total number of malignant neoplasms was 219 (8.0%), and of melanoma 24 (0.8%). Out of 16 anatomical regions of the human body surgical procedures performed in three localizations make 56% of all localizations of performed procedures. These are: back (750), head (520) and chest (260). The procedures were performed by 22 physicians of various specialties, mostly by general surgeons (64.2%). Plastic and reconstructive surgeons performed 458 (16%), pediatric surgeons 381 (13.9%) and others 130 (4.8%) procedures. Ambulatory surgery is the surgery of skin, subcutaneous and soft tissue, usually affected by benign tumors or pigmentary changes, located mostly on the head and trunk. Only 43.8% of patients with verified malignancy were clinically recognized, which indicates, along with the higher incidence of malignancy in pathohistological (8%) than referral (6%) diagnoses, that a significant number of patients did not undergo a thorough diagnostic procedure.

Prijelomi distalnog dijela radijusa najčešći su prijelomi u djece i čine oko 25% svih prijeloma. Glavni mehanizam nastanka je pad na ispruženu ruku. Ovi prijelomi najčešće nastaju kao posljedica nesretnih slučajeva, a rjeđe zbog ozljeda i patoloških stanja. U ovom retrospektivnom istraživanju analizirali smo 182 bolnički liječena prijeloma distalnog radijusa, od čega 61 (29,8%) otpada na epifizeolize. Uzroci su podijeljeni u tri skupine: pad 124 (68,1%), ozljeda u prometu 50 (27,5%) i udarac 8 (4,4%). Padovi najčešće nastaju tijekom igre ili sporta – 72 (39,6%), a prometne ozljede tijekom vožnje bicikla – 30 (52%) i koturaljki – 25 (43%). Djeca su se najčešće ozljeđivala na mjestima sportske i rekreacijske aktivnosti – 115 (63%), na ulici 38 (21%) te u školi 16 (9%). U naše djece najveća je pojavnost prijeloma distalnog radijusa tijekom sportskih i rekreacijskih aktivnosti, a najmanja u školi i kod kuće., Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures in children and account for about 25% of all fractures. The main mechanism of occurrence is a fall on the outstretched hand. These fractures usually occur as a result of accidents, and rarely because of injuries and pathological conditions. In this retrospective study, we analyzed 182 hospital-treated distal radius fractures, of which 61 fractures (29.8%) represent epiphysiolysis. The causes are divided into three groups: fall 124 (68.1%), injuries in traffic 50 (27.5%), and strikes 8 (4.4%). Falls usually occur during sport or game playing 72 (39.6%), and traffic injuries occur during cycling 30 (52%) and roller skating 25 (43%). Children were most often injured in the areas of sports and recreational activities 115 (63%), on the street 38 (21%), and at the school 16 (9%). In our children the highest incidence of distal radius fractures was during sports and recreational activities, and the lowest in school and at home.

Svrha ovoga prospektivnog istraživanja, provedenog u jednom istraživačkom centru, bila je usporediti vrijednosti tjelesne temperature izmjerene dvjema metodama: standardnim staklenim termometrom u aksilarnoj regiji i infracrvenim temperaturama timpanične i frontalne regije u afebrilne djece. Studija obuhvaća 345-ero afebrilne djece životne dobi od 4 do 16 godina, koja su radi elektivnog zahvata boravila na odjelu dječje kirurgije. Temperature su mjerene u 1000 navrata simultano aksilarno, u slušnom kanalu i frontalno. Koristili smo se dvama različitim infracrvenim termometrima; jednom vrstom za timpaničnu, drugom za frontalnu temperaturu. Aksilarna temperatura definirana je kao standard i mjerena je klasičnim staklenim termometrom. Svaki je pacijent bio izložen konstantnoj temperaturi okoliša minimalno 10 minuta prije simultanog mjerenja temperatura. Prosječna frontalna temperatura bila je 36,9 ± 0,38 °C i jednaka je aksilarnoj tempera­turi, 36,9 ± 0,16 °C. Prosječna timpanična temperatura bila je 36,3 ± 0,98 °C. Srednja je razlika timpanične i aksilarne temperature –0,4 °C. Izmjereni niz timpaničnih temperatura u skupini naših ispitanika ima trostruko veću disperziju nego frontalni niz i pet puta veću nego aksilarne temperature. Aksilarne temperature, mjerene klasičnim staklenim termometrom, imaju najmanju disperziju izmjerenih vrijednosti, slijede frontalne temperature mjerene infracrvenim termometrom, a najmanje su pouzdane izmjerene timpanične temperature., The purpose of this study was to compare the results of body temperature measurements obtained by standard axillary thermometers with the results of infrared tympanic and frontal skin thermometry in afebrile children. This study comprises a single-center, prospective comparison trial. A total of 345 afebrile children aged 4 to 16 years hospitalized in the pediatric surgery department for elective surgery were included. One thousand axillary, tympanic and frontal measurements were obtained and compared. We used two different infrared thermometers in this study; one type measured the tympanic temperature, the other the temperature on the forehead. The axillary temperature measured with the glass thermometer was set as the standard. Each patient was exposed to a constant environmental temperature for a minimum of 10 min before simultaneous temperature measurements. The mean frontal temperature 36.9± 0.38 °C was equal to the axillary temperature 36.9± 0.16 °C. The mean tympanic temperature was 36.3 ± 0.98 °C. The mean difference between the tympanic and axillary temperatures was –0.4 °C. The tympanic temperature had a threefold greater dispersion than frontal and a fivefold greater dispersion than axillary temperature. The results of this study suggest that the axillary temperature measured with glass thermometer has the least dispersion. Somewhat less reliable is the frontal temperature measured with infrared thermometer. The least reliable is tympanic temperature measurement.

Egzotermna reakcija sadre iznimno je važno svojstvo koje treba poznavati s obzirom na komplikacije što mogu nastati zbog povišenja temperature u tijeku sadrenja. Razvoj komplikacija izravno utječe na tijek, duljinu i kvalitetu liječenja. U ovom radu bilježe se temperature površine sadrenih pripravaka veličine 10 × 10 cm, brzovežućim sadrenim zavojem širine 10 cm, triju različitih proizvođača: Safix plus (Hartmann, Njemačka), Cellona (Lohmann & Rauscher, Austrija) i Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar d. o. o., Hrvatska). Priređene su tri debljine sadrenih pločica (10, 15 i 30 slojeva). Sadrenje je načinjeno u vodi temperature 22 i 34 °C. Unatoč sličnom obrascu ponašanja svih triju sadrenih zavoja izmjerene su razlike. Sve tri vrste sadrenih zavoja koji se rabe u Hrvatskoj u standardnim uvjetima sadrenja imaju nisku razinu egzotermne reakcije, a prosječne su površne temperature niske te nema potencijalne opasnosti od opeklinskih ozljeda. Ako se sadrenje obavljalo u vodi temperature 34 °C, najviše srednje temperature zabilježene su na pločicama (u 15 slojeva) sadrenog zavoja Gipsan (46,2 °C), zatim Cellone (41,3 °C) i Safixa plus (38,9 °C). Pri istoj temperaturi vode sadrenja najviša srednja temperatura izmjerena je na površini pločice (30 slojeva) sadrenog zavoja Gipsan (48,4 °C), zatim Cellone (45,4 °C), a najniža kod pločica sadrenog zavoja Safix plus (41,7 °C). Kada se rabe u debljini od 15 do 30 slojeva, a sadre se vodom temperature 34 °C, sadrene pločice svih proizvođača razvijaju srednje temperature više od 40 °C, u trajanju od 8 do 12 minuta. Od ispitivanih sadrenih zavoja Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar d. o. o., Hrvatska) razvijao je najviše temperature, a neke pločice bile su ugrijane na 50 °C. Razine egzotermnih reakcija ispitivanih sadrenih zavoja međusobno se razlikuju prema svim ispitivanim uvjetima, posebice pri sadrenju vodom temperature 34 °C., Exothermic reaction of plaster is a very important characteristic to understand, especially when it comes to complications which can occur during local temperature change during molding plaster of Paris. And these complications directly influence the speed and quality of treatment. In this paper we measured temperatures of plaster bandage tiles 10×10 cm, from three different manufacturers in Croatian hospitals: Safix plus (Hartmann, Germany), Cellona (Lohmann &Rauscher, Austria) and Gipsan ( Ivo Lola Ribar, Croatia). We made three different plaster tiles 10×10 cm, from 10, 15 and 30 layers of plaster bandages. We immersed plaster tiles in two different water temperatures, one group in water 22 °C, and another in 34 °C. Although all plaster bandages have similar chemical characteristics, we have measured some differences. All three kinds of plaster bandages used in Croatia have low exothermic reaction when plaster molding is done in standard conditions, average local temperature is low and there is no danger of local burns. We immersed a plaster tile with 15 layers in water on 34° C, and highest average temperature was measured at Gipsan (46.2 °C), then Cellona (41.3 °C) and Safix plus (38.9 °C). On the same water immersion temperature, on plaster tile with 30 layers average temperatures were Gipsan (48.4°C), Cellona (45.4 °C), and lowest in Safix plus (41.3 °C). Plaster tiles form all manufacturers, when used 15-30 layers thick, and water immersion temperature is 34°C, develop average temperature over 40°C, in duration from 8-12 minutes. Between three different plaster bandages analyzed, Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar, Croatia) developed highest temperature, and some plaster tiles were measured over 50 °C.

Fizikalna svojstva sadrenih zavoja bitan su čimbenik u ostvarenju osnovne funkcije sadrenih imobilizacija (zadržavanje ulomaka kosti u dobrom položaju), a time izravno utječu na brzinu i kvalitetu cijeljenja prijeloma. U ovom radu mjere se fizikalna svojstva (masa, specifična težina, brzina sušenja, krutost i čvrstoća) i bilježe razlike sadrenog ­postupka, brzovežućih sadrenih zavoja širine 10 cm triju različitih proizvođača: Safix plus (Hartmann, Njemačka), Cellona (Lohman Rauscher, Austrija) i Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar d. o. o., Hrvatska). Sadreno je deset slojeva zavoja u pločice dimenzija 10 × 10 cm. Od svakog proizvoda načinjene su 24 pločice sadrene u vodi temperature 22 °C i isto toliko u vodi temperature 34 °C. Prosječna specifična težina originalnog pakiranja zavoja bila je: Cellona 0,52 g/cm3, Gipsan 0,50 g/cm3, Safix plus 0,38 g/cm3. Tri dana nakon sadrenja prosječna specifična težina pločica bila je: Gipsan 1,15 g/cm3, Safix plus 1,00 g/cm3, Cellona 1,10 g/cm3. Prosječna vlažnost od 50% pločicâ Safix i Cellona trajala je 18 sati, a pločicâ Gipsan 48 sati nakon sadrenja. Treći dan nakon sadrenja prosječna vlažnost pločica Gipsan bila je 30%, Safixa 24%, a Cellone 16%. Najveću krutost imale su pločice sadrenog zavoja Cellona sadrene vodom temperature 34 °C (11,75 ± 3,18 MPa), a najma­nju (7,21 ± 0,9 MPa) pločice sadrenog zavoja Gipsan sadrene vodom temperature 22 °C. Sadreni zavoj Cellona, sadren vodom temperature 34 °C, pokazuje najveću čvrstoću materijala (4390 ± 838 MPa), a najmanju (771 ± 367 MPa) pločice sadrenog zavoja Gipsan sadrene vodom temperature 22 °C. Sadrenjem zavoja Cellona i Gipsan u toplijoj vodi (34 °C) pločice su bile veće krutosti i čvrstoće. Pločice Safix plus nemaju ovo svojstvo. Sve tri vrste sadrenih zavoja razlikuju se prema fizikalnim svojstvima. S obzirom na masu i specifičnu težinu prije i nakon sadrenja razlike su minimalne. Prema brzini sušenja, čvrstoći i krutosti postoje veće razlike., The physical properties of plaster bandages are a very important factor in achieving the basic functions of ­immobilization (maintaining bone fragments in the best possible position), which directly affects the speed and quality of fracture healing. This paper compares the differences between the physical properties of plaster bandages (mass, specific weight, drying rate, elasticity and strength) and records the differences in plaster modeling of fast bonding 10 cm wide plaster bandages, from three different manufacturers: Safix plus (Hartmann, Germany), Cellona (Lohman Rauscher, Austria) and Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar ltd., Croatia). Plaster tiles from ten layers of plaster, dimension 10 x 10 cm were made. The total number of tiles from each manufacturer was 48. The water temperature of 22 °C was used for the first 24 tiles and 34 °C was used for the remainder. The average specific weight of the original packaging was: Cellona (0.52 g/cm3), Gipsan (0.50 g/cm3), Safix plus (0.38 g / cm3). Three days after plaster tile modeling an average specific weight of the tiles was: Gipsan (1.15 g/cm3), Safix plus (1.00 g/cm3), Cellona (1.10 g/cm3). The average humidity of 50% for Safix plus and ­Cellona plaster tiles was recorded 18 hours after modeling, while for the Gipsan plaster tiles, this humidity value was seen after 48 hours. On the third day after plaster modeling the average humidity of the plaster tiles was 30% for Gipsan, 24% for Safix and 16% for Cellona. Cellona plaster tiles made with 34 °C water achieved the highest elasticity (11.75±3.18 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made with 22 °C had the lowest (7.21±0.9 MPa). Cellona plaster tiles made with 34 °C water showed maximum material strength (4390±838 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made with 22 °C water showed the lowest material strength (771±367 MPa). The rigidity and strength of Cellona and Gipsan plaster are higher in tiles made in warmer water, and for Safix plus are higher in tiles made in cooler water. All three types of plaster differentiate in physical properties. The differences in mass and specific weight before and after plaster modeling are minimal. There are greater differences in ­drying rate, elasticity and strength between the three different plaster materials

Trauma is the most common cause of hospitalisation in children, and forearm fractures comprise 35% of all paediatric fractures. One-third of forearm fractures are distal forearm fractures, which are the most common fractures in the paediatric population. This type of fracture represents an everyday problem for the paediatric surgeon. The three phases of fracture healing in paediatric trauma are associated with skin temperature changes that can be measured and then compared with standard plain radiographs of visible callus formation, and eventually these methods can be used in everyday practice. Thermographic assessment of temperature distribution within the examined tissues enables a quick, non-contact, non-invasive measurement of their temperature. Medical thermography is used as a screening method in other parts of medicine, but the use of this method in traumatology has still not been researched.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major pathogens in hospitals, and since the 1990s it has been recognized as an important pathogen in community infections. (1) The aim of this study was to analyze MRSA strains from a vascular surgery ward over a five-year period, since the vascular ward is considered to be a high-risk site for different multi-resistant pathogens, among which MRSA is very important. The method used for the microbiological identification and susceptibility testing of strains was the Vitek2 system. For the detailed characterization of the MRSA strains, we used the following molecular methods: SCCmec typing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) detection. During the 5-year period, 77 MRSA strains were isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility: 100% of MRSA isolates were susceptible to oxazolidinones and glycopeptides, 55% were susceptible to gentamycin, and 98% were susceptible to tetracyclines. SCCmec typing: 43 of 77 (55.8%) strains were typed as SCCmec I. The number of isolates with SCCmec II was 28 (36.4%). Three isolates carried SCCmec III. After the PFGE analysis, the isolates were grouped into six similarity groups: A-F. The largest number of isolates (80.6%) belonged to one of two groups: A: 35 (46.8%) and D: 25 (33.8%). Conclusion: The analysis of MRSA strains in the vascular surgery ward revealed high homogeneity among the strains, the majority of which belonged to SCCmec type I. This type, together with the susceptibility profile and PFGE grouping, is considered to be typical of Hospital-Acquired (HA) MRSA.